RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Otologic surgery is undertaken to treat ailments of the ear, including persistent infections, hearing loss, vertigo, and cancer. Typically performed on otherwise-healthy patients in outpatient facilities, the application of image-guided surgery (IGS) has been limited because accurate (<1 mm), non-invasive fiducial systems for otologic surgery have not been available. We now present such a fiducial system. METHODS: A dental bite-block was fitted with a custom-designed rigid frame with 7 fiducial markers surrounding each external ear. The bones containing the ear (i.e., the temporal bones) of 3 cadaveric skulls were removed and replaced with discs containing 13 surgical targets arranged in a cross-hair pattern about the centroid of each ear. The surgical targets (26/skull) and fiducial markers (14/skull) were identified both within CT scans using a published algorithm and in physical space using an infrared optical tracking system. Fiducial registration error (FRE), fiducial localization error (FLE), and target registration error (TRE) were calculated. RESULTS: For all trials, root mean square FRE = 0.66, FLE = 0.72, and TRE = 0.77 mm. The mean TRE for n = 234 independent targets was 0.73 with a standard deviation of 0.25 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel, non-invasive fiducial system (the EarMark), submillimetric accuracy was repeatably achieved. This system will facilitate image-guided otologic surgery.