Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis and Small Aortic Annulus: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment in patients with severe aortic stenosis and small aortic annulus (SAA) remains to be determined. This study aimed to compare the hemodynamic and clinical outcomes between transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients with a SAA. METHODS: This prospective multicenter international randomized trial was performed in 15 university hospitals. Participants were 151 patients with severe aortic stenosis and SAA (mean diameter <23 mm) randomized (1:1) to TAVR (n=77) versus SAVR (n=74). The primary outcome was impaired valve hemodynamics (ie, severe prosthesis patient mismatch or moderate-severe aortic regurgitation) at 60 days as evaluated by Doppler echocardiography and analyzed in a central echocardiography core laboratory. Clinical events were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 75.5±5.1 years, with 140 (93%) women, a median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality of 2.50% (interquartile range, 1.67%-3.28%), and a median annulus diameter of 21.1 mm (interquartile range, 20.4-22.0 mm). There were no differences between groups in the rate of severe prosthesis patient mismatch (TAVR, 4 [5.6%]; SAVR, 7 [10.3%]; P=0.30) and moderate-severe aortic regurgitation (none in both groups). No differences were found between groups in mortality rate (TAVR, 1 [1.3%]; SAVR, 1 [1.4%]; P=1.00) and stroke (TAVR, 0; SAVR, 2 [2.7%]; P=0.24) at 30 days. After a median follow-up of 2 (interquartile range, 1-4) years, there were no differences between groups in mortality rate (TAVR, 7 [9.1%]; SAVR, 6 [8.1%]; P=0.89), stroke (TAVR, 3 [3.9%]; SAVR, 3 [4.1%]; P=0.95), and cardiac hospitalization (TAVR, 15 [19.5%]; SAVR, 15 [20.3%]; P=0.80). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe aortic stenosis and SAA (women in the majority), there was no evidence of superiority of contemporary TAVR versus SAVR in valve hemodynamic results. After a median follow-up of 2 years, there were no differences in clinical outcomes between groups. These findings suggest that the 2 therapies represent a valid alternative for treating patients with severe aortic stenosis and SAA, and treatment selection should likely be individualized according to baseline characteristics, additional anatomical risk factors, and patient preference. However, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution because of the limited sample size leading to an underpowered study, and need to be confirmed in future larger studies. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03383445.

Macroscopic and microscopic features of surgically explanted transcatheter aortic valve prostheses.

OBJECTIVES: With the extended indications of transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) replacement (TAVR) to lower-risk patients, there is an increasing number of patients requiring surgical explantation of failed TAV. We sought to describe macroscopic and microscopic features of surgically explanted percutaneous aortic valve prostheses. METHODS: Preoperative and surgical characteristic of patients undergoing surgical explantation of TAV were retrospectively analyzed from 2007 to 2020. Surgical and pathologic features of these valves, and outcomes of the surgical valve replacement were described. RESULTS: Out of 1764 patients who underwent a TAVR procedure, 21 were operated for TAV failure. Isolated or combined indications for surgery included: significant paravalvular leak (n = 15), delayed prosthesis migration (n = 5), significant increase of trans-TAV gradients (n = 6), and endocarditis (n = 3). Mean time elapsed between TAVR and explantations was 674.9 ± 803.9 days. Macroscopic lesions found on explanted percutaneous valves were severe adhesions to the aorta (n = 10), calcifications (n = 7), leaflet thrombosis (n = 4), and vegetations (n = 3). Except for patients with endocarditis, one or more pathological lesions were found in 15 patients. Pathology analyses on these valves showed fibro-calcific degenerations (n = 12), pannus formation (n = 9), and chronic inflammation (n = 3). One patient (4.8%) died after surgical explantation, and 13 (61.9%) had concomitant procedures. The survival rate at 1 year was 94.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Microscopic findings of fibro-calcific leaflet degeneration, and pannus formation in addition to macroscopic calcification and thrombosis present early, (within a mean of 2 years) after TAVR. Further investigation with a higher number of patients and echocardiographic follow-up is warranted.

Levosimendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Levosimendan is an inotropic agent that has been shown in small studies to prevent or treat the low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of levosimendan in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less who were undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous levosimendan (at a dose of 0.2 µg per kilogram of body weight per minute for 1 hour, followed by a dose of 0.1 µg per kilogram per minute for 23 hours) or placebo, with the infusion started before surgery. The two primary end points were a four-component composite of death through day 30, renal-replacement therapy through day 30, perioperative myocardial infarction through day 5, or use of a mechanical cardiac assist device through day 5; and a two-component composite of death through day 30 or use of a mechanical cardiac assist device through day 5. RESULTS: A total of 882 patients underwent randomization, 849 of whom received levosimendan or placebo and were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. The four-component primary end point occurred in 105 of 428 patients (24.5%) assigned to receive levosimendan and in 103 of 421 (24.5%) assigned to receive placebo (adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 1.54; P=0.98). The two-component primary end point occurred in 56 patients (13.1%) assigned to receive levosimendan and in 48 (11.4%) assigned to receive placebo (adjusted odds ratio, 1.18; 96% CI, 0.76 to 1.82; P=0.45). The rate of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic levosimendan did not result in a rate of the short-term composite end point of death, renal-replacement therapy, perioperative myocardial infarction, or use of a mechanical cardiac assist device that was lower than the rate with placebo among patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who were undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. (Funded by Tenax Therapeutics; LEVO-CTS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02025621 .).

Timing and evolution of advanced conduction disturbances in patients with right bundle branch block undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

AIMS: This study sought to determine the timing and evolution over time of advanced conduction disturbances (CDs) in patients with baseline right bundle branch block (RBBB) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and ten consecutive patients with pre-existing RBBB were included (out of 1341, 8.2%). All arrhythmias during the hospitalization period were recorded. Follow-up was performed at 30 days, 1 year, and yearly thereafter. Conduction recovery and ventricular pacing percentage (VPP) was evaluated at 30 days in those patients with permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI). Sixty-one (55.5%) patients suffered advanced CDs [97% complete or high-degree atrioventricular block (CHB/HAVB)], and the vast majority (98%) occurred within the first 3 days post-procedure (intraprocedural: 85%). Fifty-two (47.3%) patients had PPMI (vs. 11.0% in non-RBBB patients, P < 0.001). Ventricular pacing percentage at 1 month was higher in patients with persistent-intraprocedural CHB/HAVB compared to those with transient-intraprocedural or post-procedural CHB/HAVB [99 (interquartile range, IQR 97-100)% vs. 72 (IQR 30-99)%, P = 0.02]. Complete recovery (VPP < 1%) was observed in only one patient (2%) with CHB/HAVB. After hospital discharge, no symptomatic bradyarrhythmias or sudden death occurred within 30 days. Patients with pre-existing RBBB exhibited a higher risk of PPMI at 4-year follow-up (26% vs. 8% in non-RBBB patients, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with pre-existing RBBB, the vast majority of advanced CDs occurred within the 3 days following TAVR, and most did not recover at 1-month, particularly those with intra-procedural persistent CHB/HAVB. These results should help to determine the hospitalization length and timing of PPMI in RBBB patients undergoing TAVR.

Annulus root enlargement during redo aortic valve replacement: Perioperative results and hemodynamic impact.

OBJECTIVES: Redo aortic valve replacement (AVR) might present an increased risk for predicted patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM). Aortic root enlargement (ARE) procedures can decrease PPM and improve hemodynamic parameters. It is crucial to evaluate the safety of ARE in the context of redo AVR to allow better patient selection. METHODS: This is a matched case-control study of 125 patients who underwent a redo AVR between 1991 and 2016, 21 patients had a concomitant ARE procedure. Patients were matched for age, gender, presence of coronary artery disease, renal clearance, left ventricular ejection fraction, and body mass index. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes were postoperative impact of the ARE procedures on echocardiographic measurements and survival. RESULTS: Preoperatively, indexed aortic valve area (0.49 vs 0.66 cm2 /m2 ; P = .02) and left ventricle outflow tract diameters (20.1 vs 22.2 mm; P < .01) were significantly smaller in the ARE group. ARE procedures increased the aortic valve area by an average of 0.4 cm2 (pre = 0.9, post = 1.3; P < .01), with a reduction of maximum and mean transvalvular gradients of 26.6 mm Hg (pre = 56.8, post = 30.2; P < .01) and 17.1 mm Hg (pre = 31.9, post = 14.8; P < .01), respectively. Postoperatively, the occurrence of MACE was similar (ARE = 19%, no ARE = 14%; P = .68). Survival rates were similar (P = .29). CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing redo AVR, ARE is not associated with higher perioperative mortality and morbidity when compared with patients undergoing AVR without ARE. The fear of perioperative complications potentially associated with ARE should not be a prohibiting factor in symptomatic redo patients with small aortic annulus and predicted PPM.

Rate, Timing, Correlates, and Outcomes of Hemodynamic Valve Deterioration After Bioprosthetic Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of structural valve deterioration after bioprosthesis (BP) aortic valve replacement (AVR) established on the basis of reoperation may substantially underestimate the true incidence. The objective is to determine the rate, timing, correlates, and association between hemodynamic valve deterioration (HVD) and outcomes assessed by Doppler echocardiography after surgical BP AVR. METHODS: A total of 1387 patients (62.2% male, 70.5±7.8 years of age) who underwent BP AVR were included in this retrospective study. Baseline echocardiography was performed at a median time of 4.1 (1.3-6.5) months after AVR. All patients had an echocardiographic follow-up ≥2 years after AVR (926 at least 5 years and 385 at least 10 years). HVD was defined by Doppler assessment as a ≥10 mm Hg increase in mean gradient or worsening of transprosthetic regurgitation ≥1/3 class. HVD was classified according to the timing after AVR: "very early," during the first 2-years; "early," between 2 and 5 years; "midterm," between 5 and 10 years; and "long-term," >10 years. RESULTS: A total of 428 patients (30.9%) developed HVD. Among these patients, 52 (12.0%) were classified as "very early," 129 (30.1%) as "early," 158 (36.9%) as "midterm," and 89 (20.8%) as "long-term" HVD. Factors independently associated with HVD occurring within the first 5 years after AVR were diabetes mellitus ( P=0.01), active smoking ( P=0.01), renal insufficiency ( P=0.01), baseline postoperative mean gradient ≥15 mm Hg ( P=0.04) or transprosthetic regurgitation ≥mild ( P=0.04), and type of BP (stented versus stentless, P=0.003). Factors associated with HVD occurring after the fifth year after AVR were female sex ( P=0.03), warfarin use ( P=0.007), and BP type ( P<0.001). HVD was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.86-2.57; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HVD as identified by Doppler echocardiography occurred in one third of patients and was associated with a 2.2-fold higher adjusted mortality. Diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency were associated with early HVD, whereas female sex, warfarin use, and stented BPs (versus stentless) were associated with late HVD.

RNA expression profile of calcified bicuspid, tricuspid, and normal human aortic valves by RNA sequencing.

The molecular mechanisms leading to premature development of aortic valve stenosis (AS) in individuals with a bicuspid aortic valve are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between calcified bicuspid aortic valves (BAVc) and tricuspid valves with (TAVc) and without (TAVn) AS using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We collected 10 human BAVc and nine TAVc from men who underwent primary aortic valve replacement. Eight TAVn were obtained from men who underwent heart transplantation. mRNA levels were measured by RNA-Seq and compared between valve groups. Two genes were upregulated, and none were downregulated in BAVc compared with TAVc, suggesting a similar gene expression response to AS in individuals with bicuspid and tricuspid valves. There were 462 genes upregulated and 282 downregulated in BAVc compared with TAVn. In TAVc compared with TAVn, 329 genes were up- and 170 were downregulated. A total of 273 upregulated and 147 downregulated genes were concordantly altered between BAVc vs. TAVn and TAVc vs. TAVn, which represent 56 and 84% of significant genes in the first and second comparisons, respectively. This indicates that extra genes and pathways were altered in BAVc. Shared pathways between calcified (BAVc and TAVc) and normal (TAVn) aortic valves were also more extensively altered in BAVc. The top pathway enriched for genes differentially expressed in calcified compared with normal valves was fibrosis, which support the remodeling process as a therapeutic target. These findings are relevant to understand the molecular basis of AS in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid valves.

Simultaneous Transcatheter Aortic and Mitral Native Valve Replacement: A Step-by-Step Procedural Approach.

Multivalvular heart disease (MVHD) is present in one-third of patients with valvular heart disease (VHD). Compared to single VHD patients, these patients have a more significant hemodynamic impact and are often left under medical treatment. Most importantly, when undergoing multiple valve interventions, they show worse rates of heart failure and mortality. The guidelines-supported interventions in patients with MVHD in combined aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis include percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy, open mitral commissurotomy, or surgical mitral valve replacement followed by transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement, trying to minimize the increased mortality risk of double-valve replacement. Simultaneous transcatheter valve replacement (STVR) for native MVHD is still off-label and not yet considered in clinical guidelines since the evidence of its results is limited to a few cases reported worldwide. However, fully percutaneous transfemoral STVR seems promising for MVHD patients thanks to its minimal invasiveness, the continuous improvement of the transcatheter heart valve devices, the likely shorter length of stay and the fastest recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first case ever reported of fully percutaneous STVR for native MVHD in aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Deep understanding of both pathologies and their interactions, not only from a pathological point of view but from the procedural planning and procedural steps point of view is mandatory. Hereby we present the specific STVR procedural planning considerations, a step-by-step guide on how to perform an aortic and mitral STVR and its critical considerations, as well as the procedural and follow-up results.

Long-term results of patients undergoing the Ross procedure after a previous aortic valve surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing a Ross procedure in the context of a redo aortic valve (AV) surgery. METHODS: Prospectively collected data in all consecutive adults who underwent a Ross procedure were analyzed to compare the Ross procedure performed as a first surgery (RF) or as a redo surgery (RP). RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2021, 395 Ross procedures were performed at our center (RF, n = 345; RP, n = 50). A 2:1 propensity score matching was performed (RF, n = 100; RP, n = 50). The overall median follow-up was 11.6 years (interquartile range, 5.0-21.8 years) and 100% complete. Mean survival at 20 years was 87 ± 12% in the RF group and 87 ± 8% in the RP group (P = .30). The cumulative incidence of autograft reintervention at 10 years and 20 years was 6 ± 3% and 21 ± 6%, respectively, in the RF group and 9 ± 5% and 25 ± 8%, respectively, in the RP group (P = .74). The AV gradient remained stable up to 20 years in both groups (P = .42). The size of the sinuses of Valsalva tended to increase over time in the RF group but remained stable in the RP group (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The ross procedure after a previous sternotomy for AV surgery is safe and offers good long-term results. Patients undergoing redo AV intervention have similar results as patients undergoing a primary Ross procedure, perhaps with a lower risk of autograft dilatation.

Five-year outcomes of transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TC-TAVR) has emerged as an alternative access route for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, scarce data exist on long-term outcomes following TC-TAVR. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes at 5 years after TC-TAVR. METHODS: A total of 110 consecutive patients who underwent TC-TAVR were included. Baseline, procedural, and follow-up data were collected prospectively in a dedicated database. The primary endpoint was the incidence of a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, stroke, and repeat hospitalization at 5-year follow-up. Echocardiography results, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, and quality of life (QoL) as assessed with the EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) were examined over the 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: The median patient age was 77 years (interquartile range [IQR], 72-82.2 years), 42.3% were women, and the median Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score was 5.02% (IQR, 3.4%-7.5%). The incidence of the composite primary endpoint was 54.5%. Death from any cause occurred in 45.6% of patients (11.9 per 100 patient-years); stroke in 8.2% (1.9 per 100 patient-years); disabling stroke in 2.7% (0.7 per 100 patient-years); and rehospitalization in 27.2%. The improvements in valve hemodynamics, NYHA class, and EQ-VAS following the procedure persisted at 5-year follow-up (P < .001). The incidence of bioprosthetic valve failure was 0.9%. CONCLUSIONS: About half of the moderate-to high-risk patients undergoing TC-TAVR survived with no major cardiovascular events at the 5-year follow-up. The yearly incidence of stroke events was low, and early improvements in valve hemodynamics, functional status, and QoL persisted at 5 years. These results suggest the long-term safety and efficacy of TC-TAVR and would support this approach as an alternative to surgery in non-transfemoral candidates.

Heart failure hospitalization following surgical or transcatheter aortic valve implantation in low-risk aortic stenosis.

AIMS: In low-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), sutureless surgical aortic valve replacement (SU-SAVR) may be an alternative to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The risk of heart failure hospitalization (HFH) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in this population is incompletely characterized. This study aims to investigate the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of HFH in patients undergoing SU-SAVR versus TAVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients referred for AVR between 2013 and 2020 at two centres were consecutively included. The decision for SU-SAVR or TAVI was determined by a multidisciplinary Heart Team. Cox regression and competing risk analysis were conducted to assess adverse events. Of 594 patients (mean age 77.5 ± 6.4, 59.8% male), 424 underwent SU-SAVR, while 170 underwent TAVI. Following a mean follow-up of 34.1 ± 23.1 months, HFH occurred in 112 (27.8%) SU-SAVR patients and in 8 (4.8%) TAVI patients (P < 0.001). The SU-SAVR cohort exhibited higher all-cause mortality (138 [32.5%] patients compared with 30 [17.6%] in the TAVI cohort [P < 0.001]). These differences remained significant after sensitivity analyses with 1:1 propensity score matching for baseline variables. SU-SAVR with HFH was associated with increased all-cause mortality (61.6% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.001). Independent associates of HFH in SU-SAVR patients included diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower glomerular filtration rate and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. SU-SAVR patients with HFH had a 12-month LVEF of 59.4 ± 12.7. CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk AS, SU-SAVR is associated with a higher risk of HFH and all-cause mortality compared to TAVI. In patients with severe AS candidate to SU-SAVR or TAVI, TAVI may be the preferred intervention.

Long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up of the Freestyle stentless aortic bioprosthesis.

BACKGROUND: Stentless aortic bioprostheses were designed to provide enhanced hemodynamic performance and potentially greater longevity. The present report describes the outcomes of patients with the Freestyle stentless bioprosthesis followed for ≤18 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1993 and 2011, 430 patients underwent primary aortic valve replacement with a Freestyle bioprosthesis in the subcoronary position. Mean age was 68.2 ± 8.2 years. All of the clinical and echocardiographic data were collected prospectively. Mean overall follow-up was 9.1 ± 4.4 years and was complete in all of the patients. In-hospital mortality was 3.5% (n=15). Overall, 10- and 15-year survival were 60.7% and 35.0%, respectively. Fifty-one patients required reoperation during follow-up, including 27 for structural valve deterioration (SVD). Overall, freedom from reoperation was 91.0% and 75.0% at 10 and 15 years, whereas freedom from reoperation for SVD was 95.9% and 82.3%, respectively. At 10 and 15 years, freedom from reoperation for SVD was 94.0% and 62.6% for patients <60 years of age and 96.3% and 88.4% for patients ≥60 years of age (P=0.002). The median time to explant for SVD was 10.7 years. SVD presented mostly as acute, severe aortic insufficiency attributed to leaflet tear (77.8%). The independent risk factors for reoperation for SVD were age <60 years (P=0.001) and dyslipidemia (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Aortic valve replacement with the Freestyle bioprosthesis in a subcoronary position provides good long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes for patients >60 years of age. Severe aortic insufficiency with leaflet tear is the major mode of SVD leading to reoperation in these patients.

Should Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries be Used in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease?

Preoperative renal dysfunction is a major determinant of operative and long-term mortality following cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to assess early and long-term results of CABG in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) strategy, compared to those without CKD. We retrospectively analyzed data for 2,111 consecutive patients who underwent CABG with BITA between 2000 and 2019. One-to-many propensity score matching was performed to produce a cohort of 132 patients with CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), matched to 358 patients with normal renal function (non-CKD). The primary end-point of interest was late freedom from all-cause mortality. Late hospital readmissions were also assessed. Mean eGFR and serum creatinine were: 49.8 versus 84.3 mL/min/m2 and 146.1 versus 83.6 µmol/L (CKD vs non-CKD, P< 0.001). In-hospital outcomes were similar among matched patients, including mortality (CKD 0.8% vs non-CKD 0%, P= 0.31). At a median follow-up of 6.9 years, there was no significant difference in survival between both groups (hazard ratio (HR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87-2.16, P= 0.17). Hospital readmission for cardiovascular causes (including repeat coronary revascularization) was comparable between the 2 groups. However, the risk of hospital readmission for renal causes was higher in patients with CKD (6.7%) compared to non-CKD (1.2%). In a propensity score-matched cohort of patients undergoing BITA-CABG, CKD was not associated with increased early or late mortality, nor was there a greater risk of hospital readmission for cardiovascular events.

Preoperative physical frailty assessment among octogenarians undergoing cardiac surgery: Upgrading the "eyeball" test.

OBJECTIVES: There are many well-described, but as yet unproven, physical ability tools to assess frailty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 4 preoperative physical tests in predicting mortality, morbidity, and functional outcomes among octogenarians undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2019, 200 patients aged 80 years or more undergoing elective cardiac surgery were prospectively recruited. Four physical tests were performed preoperatively: 5-m walk time, timed up-and-go, 5 time sit-to-stand, and handgrip strength tests. The primary end point was a composite of in-hospital mortality, neurologic, and pulmonary complications. Multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 1.5%. Slow performance on the 5-m walk test (time ≥6.4 seconds) was the only independent predictor of the composite end point among the tests evaluated (odds ratio, 2.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-5.45; P = .006). At follow-up, patients with a slow 5-m walk test had a significantly lower midterm survival compared with patients with a normal test result (1-year survival 91.5% vs 98.7%, log-rank P = .03). Mean Physical and Mental Component Scores of the 12-item short form survey were 47.2 ± 8.3 and 53.6 ± 5.9, respectively, which are comparable to those of a general population aged more than 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-m walk time test is an independent predictor of a composite of in-hospital mortality and major morbidity, as well as midterm survival. This test could be used as a simple adjunctive preoperative tool for octogenarians undergoing cardiac surgery.

Prosthetic choice in mitral valve replacement for severe chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: Long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic choice for mitral valve replacement is generally driven by patient age and patient and surgeon preference, and current guidelines do not discriminate between different etiologies of mitral valve disease. Our objective was to assess and compare short- and long-term outcomes after mitral valve replacement among patients with biological or mechanical prostheses in the setting of severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2016, 424 patients underwent mitral valve replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation at our institution, using biological prosthesis in 188 (44%) and mechanical prosthesis in 236 (56%). A 1:1 propensity score match (n = 126 per group) and inverse probability of treatment weighting were used to compare groups. Short-term outcomes included in-hospital mortality and other cardiovascular adverse events. Long-term outcomes included survival and hospital readmission for cardiovascular causes, stroke, and major bleeding. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality and early postoperative adverse events were similar between groups in the propensity score match and inverse probability of treatment weighting cohorts. Overall long-term survival was similar at 5 and 9 years, but mechanical prosthesis recipients were more frequently readmitted to hospital for cardiovascular causes, including stroke and non-neurological bleeding in propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses (all P values < .004). Type of prosthesis did not independently influence all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.43; P = .959), but placement of a mechanical prosthesis was associated with increased risk of readmission for cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.32; P = .004) among matched patients. CONCLUSIONS: The type of prosthesis has no influence on long-term survival among patients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation undergoing mitral valve replacement. There may be an increased risk of neurologic events and serious bleeding associated with mechanical prostheses.

Mid-term clinical and echocardiographic results of the INSPIRIS RESILIA aortic valve: a retrospective comparison to the Magna Ease.

OBJECTIVES: The INSPIRIS aortic valve combines the RESILIA proprietary tissue preservation process and an expandable stent frame to benefit future transcatheter valve-in-valve procedures. As the INSPIRIS valve became commercially available in 2017, mid-term outcome reports are scarce. We aimed to evaluate mid-term safety and echocardiographic performance of the INSPIRIS valve in comparison to its predecessor, the Carpentier Edwards Perimount Magna Ease (ME). METHODS: This study was a retrospective single-centre study. Clinical results included early postoperative outcomes, mid-term mortality and readmission for cardiovascular cause or stroke. Echocardiographic follow-up (FU) was performed at discharge and 1-3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Clinical end point analyses were accomplished with a propensity score matching analysis and FU echocardiographic data comparisons using pairwise analyses and linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS: We included 953 patients who received an INSPIRIS (n = 488) or ME (n = 463) bioprosthesis between January 2018 and July 2021. In the matched population (n = 217 per group), no significant difference in short-term outcomes was observed, survival was similar at 30 months (INSPIRIS: 94% vs ME: 91%, P = 0.89), but freedom from readmission was higher in the INSPIRIS group (94% vs 86%, P = 0.014). INSPIRIS valves had a lower gradient at discharge (∼10 vs 14 mmHg, P < 0.001), 1-3 months (∼10 vs 12 mmHg, P < 0.001) and 24 months (∼11 vs 17 mmHg, P < 0.001) in paired analyses and significantly lower evolution of mean transvalvular gradients compared to ME. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest comparative evaluation of the INSPIRIS to the ME valves, which demonstrated safe clinical outcomes and favourable haemodynamic performance at 2 years. Long-term FU is underway.

Long-term echocardiographic data, mechanisms of failure, and reintervention outcomes of the Epic valve in mitral position-a large observational cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Long-term echocardiographic reports on mitral valve (MV) porcine xenograft bioprosthesis (Epic) are lacking, and postreintervention outcomes of failed Epic are unknown. We aimed to assess the mechanisms and independent predictors of Epic failures and to compare short- and mid-term outcomes according to reintervention type. METHODS: We included consecutive patients (n = 1397; mean age: 72 ± 8 years; 46% female; mean follow-up: 4.8 years) who received the Epic during mitral valve replacement (MVR) at our institution. Clinical, echocardiographic, reintervention, and outcomes data were retrieved from our prospective institution's database or government statistics. RESULTS: Gradients and effective orifice area of the Epic were stable over 5-years follow-up. A total of 70 (5%) patients had a MV reintervention at median follow-up of 3.0 (0.7-5.4) years due to prosthesis failure, by redo-MVR (n = 38; 54%), valve-in-valve (n = 19; 27%), paravalvular leak (PVL) closure (n = 12; 17%), or thrombectomy (n = 1). Mechanisms of failure were 27 (1.9%) structural valve deterioration (SVD; all leaflet tear); 16 (1.1%) non-SVD (15 PVL, 1 pannus); 24 (1.7%) endocarditis; and 4 (0.3%) thrombosis. Freedom from all-cause and SVD-related MV reintervention at 10 years are 88% and 92%, respectively. Independent predictors of reintervention were age, baseline atrial fibrillation, initial MV etiology, and moderate or greater PVL at discharge (all P ≤ .05). Comparison of redo-MVR and valve-in-valve revealed no significant difference in early outcomes or mid-term mortality (all P ≥ .16). CONCLUSIONS: The Epic Mitral valve has stable hemodynamics through 5 years and is associated with low incidence of SVD and reintervention, mostly due to endocarditis and leaflet tear without calcification. Reintervention type had no influence on early outcomes and mid-term mortality.

Is Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Futile in Patients Over Ninety Years of Age?

Background: Clinical outcomes and quality of life (QoL) indices are not well described after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in patients aged ≥ 90 years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of TAVR among nonagenarian patients between 2008 and 2020. The survival of TAVR patients among nonagenarians was compared to the provincial estimated survival for an age- and sex-matched general population. QoL was assessed up to 1 year postintervention, using standardized questionnaires. Results: During the study period, n = 268 patients aged ≥ 90 years were evaluated for severe aortic stenosis. TAVR was performed in n = 171 (48% female; median [IQR] Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale score: 4 [3-4]); n = 84 underwent medical therapy; and n = 13 underwent surgical aortic valve replacement. Survival was significantly better following TAVR, compared to that after MT (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.99 [1.37-2.88], P < 0.001). TAVR patients demonstrated a survival advantage compared with the general population, with an estimated relative mortality of 0.86 (0.75-0.87). TAVR patients showed sustained improvements in functional status and QoL up to 1 year compared to baseline (all P < 0.05): the 6-minute walk test results improved from 192 to 252 m; the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score improved from 64 to 81; the Duke Activity Status Index score improved from 13 to 16; and the health state scale result of the Euro Quality of life - 5 Dimensions improved from 63% to 74%. Conclusions: Nonagenarians undergoing TAVR experience a slightly better survival rate, compared to that of an age- and sex-matched general population, and they have significant improvements in functional status and several QoL indices following the procedure.

Introduction: Les résultats cliniques et les indices de la qualité de vie (QdV) après le remplacement valvulaire aortique par cathéter (RVAC) chez les patients ≥ 90 ans ne sont pas bien décrits. Méthodes: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte rétrospective sur le RVAC chez les patients nonagénaires entre 2008 et 2020. Nous avons comparé la survie des patients nonagénaires qui avaient subi un RVAC à la survie provinciale estimée d'une population générale appariée selon l'âge et le sexe. Nous avons évalué la QdV jusqu'à 1 an après l'intervention au moyen de questionnaires standardisés. Résultats: Durant la période étudiée, nous avons inclus des patients (n =268) âgés de ≥ 90 ans et évalués pour une sténose aortique sévère. Le RVAC a été réalisé chez 171 patients (48 % de sexe féminin ; score médian [écart interquartile] à l'échelle de fragilité clinique de Rockwood [Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale] : 4 [3-4]) ; 84 ont reçu un traitement médical (TM) ; 13 ont subi un remplacement valvulaire aortique chirurgical. La survie était significativement meilleure à la suite du RVAC, comparativement à celle des patients TM (rapport de risque ajusté [IC à 95 %] : 1,99 [1,37-2,88], P < 0,001). Par rapport à la population générale, les patients ayant subi un RVAC ont démontré un avantage sur le plan de la survie, soit une mortalité relative estimée de 0,86 (0,75-0,87). Les patients ayant subi un RVAC ont montré des améliorations continues de l'état fonctionnel et de la QdV jusqu'à 1 an par rapport au début (toutes les valeurs P < 0,05) : les résultats à l'épreuve de marche de 6 minutes sont passés de 192 à 252 m ; les scores au questionnaire Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) sont passés de 64 à 81 ; les scores au questionnaire Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) sont passés de 13 à 16 ; les résultats à l'échelle de l'état de santé de l'EQ-5D (de l'EuroQol Group) sont passés de 63 % à 74 %. Conclusions: Les nonagénaires qui subissent un RVAC ont un taux de survie légèrement meilleur à celui d'une population générale appariée selon l'âge et le sexe, et montrent des améliorations significatives de leur état fonctionnel et de plusieurs indices de la QdV à la suite de l'intervention.