The neutrophil chemoattractant peptide proline-glycine-proline is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by unrelenting polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) inflammation and vascular permeability. The matrikine proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and acetylated PGP (Ac-PGP) have been shown to induce PMN inflammation and endothelial permeability in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the presence and role of airway PGP peptides in acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was instilled intratracheally in mice to induce ALI, and increased Ac-PGP with neutrophil inflammation was noted. The PGP inhibitory peptide, arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR), was administered (it) 30 min before or 6 h after LPS injection. Lung injury was evaluated by detecting neutrophil infiltration and permeability changes in the lung. Pre- and posttreatment with RTR significantly inhibited LPS-induced ALI by attenuating lung neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary permeability, and parenchymal inflammation. To evaluate the role of PGP levels in ARDS, minibronchoalveolar lavage was collected from nine ARDS, four cardiogenic edema, and five nonlung disease ventilated patients. PGP levels were measured and correlated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score, PaO2 to FIO2 (P/F), and ventilator days. PGP levels in subjects with ARDS were significantly higher than cardiogenic edema and nonlung disease ventilated patients. Preliminary examination in both ARDS and non-ARDS populations demonstrated PGP levels significantly correlated with P/F ratio, APACHE score, and duration on ventilator. These results demonstrate an increased burden of PGP peptides in ARDS and suggest the need for future studies in ARDS cohorts to examine correlation with key clinical parameters.

Robotic management of genitourinary injuries from obstetric and gynaecological operations: a multi-institutional report of outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of robotic repair of injuries to the ureter or bladder from obstetrical and gynaecological (OBGYN) surgery PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients from four different high-volume institutions between 2002 and 2013 that had a robot-assisted (RA) repair by a urologist after an OBGYN genitourinary injury. RESULTS: Of the 43 OBGYN operations, 34 were hysterectomies: 10 open, 10 RA, nine vaginally, and five pure laparoscopic. Nine patients had alternative OBGYN operations: three caesarean sections, three oophorectomies (one open, two laparoscopic), one RA colpopexy, one open pelvic cervical cerclage with mesh and one RA removal of an invasive endometrioma. In all, 49 genitourinary (GU) injuries were sustained: ureteric ligation (26), ureterovaginal fistula (10), ureterocutaneous fistula (one), vesicovaginal fistula (VVF; 10) and cystotomy alone (two). In all, 10 patients (23.3%) underwent immediate urological repair at the time of their OBGYN RA surgery. The mean (range) time between OBGYN injury and definitive delayed repair was 23.5 (1-297) months. Four patients had undergone prior failed repair: two open VVF repairs and two balloon ureteric dilatations with stent placement. In all, 22 ureteric re-implants (11 with ipsilateral psoas hitch) and 15 uretero-ureterostomies were performed. Stents were placed in all ureteric cases for a mean (range) of 32 (1-63) days. In all, 10 VVF repairs and two primary cystotomy closures were performed. Drains were placed in 28 cases (57.1%) for a mean (range) of 4.1 (1-26) days. No case required open conversion. Two patients (4.1%) developed ureteric obstruction after RA repair requiring dilatation and stenting. The mean (range) follow-up of the entire cohort was 16.6 (1-63) months. CONCLUSIONS: RA repair of GU injuries during OBGYN surgery is associated with good outcomes, appears safe and feasible, and can be used successfully immediately after injury recognition or as a salvage procedure after prior attempted repair. RA techniques may improve convalescence in a patient population where quick recovery is paramount.

Evaluation of current synthetic mesh materials in pelvic organ prolapse repair.

With increasing use of synthetic material in pelvic organ prolapse repair, the reporting and incidence of associated complications also have increased. The role of synthetic mesh in pelvic organ prolapse repair remains controversial and it is a therapeutic dilemma whether to continue its use in patients with poor native tissues, despite the recent public safety notification provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this article, we review the biomaterials used in pelvic organ prolapse repair and discuss the outcomes and associated complications, paying emphasis to the benefits and the risks.

Small cell carcinoma arising from the bulbar urethra: a case report and literature review.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the genitourinary tract are rare and aggressive tumors carrying a bad prognosis. With squamous cell and transitional cell carcinoma being the most commonly reported urethral malignancies, primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urethra is extremely rare. To date, only 5 cases have been reported in the literature. We present the first case of primary SCC occurring in the bulbar urethra in an 89-year-old male. We discuss the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of SCC of the urethra. Furthermore, we summarize the available literature and discuss the possible treatment options for this rare yet aggressive neoplasm.

Contemporary revision penile prosthesis surgery is not associated with a high risk of implant colonization or infection: a single-surgeon series.

INTRODUCTION: Revision penile prosthesis surgery has traditionally been associated with a greater risk of postoperative infection than primary implant placement. This has been attributed to the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteria found surrounding the implant at the time of revision surgery. AIM: To validate whether contemporary revision surgery remains associated with a high risk of asymptomatic colonization and postoperative infection. METHODS: A comprehensive, prospective database consisting of consecutive patients undergoing primary and revision penile prosthesis surgery at our center was analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The infection risk in primary and revision implant surgery was compared. The prevalence of asymptomatic implant colonization during revision surgery, and whether this was associated with clinical infection was evaluated. The spectrum of bacterial species causing infection in this contemporary single-surgeon series was described. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen primary and 72 revision implant recipients were studied. Infection developed in four (3.4%) patients undergoing primary implants, two (4.3%) patients undergoing removal and replacement for mechanical malfunction, and three (12%) patients undergoing rerouting for extrusion (P = 0.26). Intraoperative cultures were positive in 5 (9.8%) of 51 revision patients, none of whom developed infections. Organisms causing infection included Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Unexpectedly, an adjuvant, alcohol-based skin prep in our last 83 patients reduced the infection risk to 1.2%. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the infection risk associated with revision of malfunctioning devices was no greater than primary implant placement. Rerouting was associated with a higher infection risk, likely due to technical factors, and not implant colonization. Less than 10% of our revision implants were colonized, and this had no bearing on the development of a postoperative infection. S. epidermidis was not the most common organism implicated in device infections. Finally, our experience with an adjuvant, alcohol-based skin prep warrants further randomized prospective evaluation.

Differentiation of oncocytoma and renal cell carcinoma in small renal masses (<4 cm): the role of 4-phase computerized tomography.

PURPOSE: We investigate the use of 4-phase computerized tomography with intravenous contrast to help distinguish oncocytoma from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in tumors <4 cm. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients who underwent surgical management for renal tumors <4 cm from 2005 to 2008. Patients who had pre-operative CT evaluation as per our institution's renal mass protocol and had confirmed pathological diagnosis of either oncocytoma or RCC were included in the study. Enhancement readings were obtained for the tumor and the renal cortex using the same slice simultaneously. RESULTS: Our cohort involved 69 patients (46 men, 23 women; mean age 66) who presented with 79 renal masses. Histopathologically 40 were clear cell, 22 papillary, 5 chromophobe RCC and 12 oncocytoma. On the arterial, venous and delayed phase images, oncocytoma showed the highest mean enhancement change, i.e.,546, 396 and 239% followed by clear cell RCC 261, 261 and 174%, chromophobe RCC 147, 127 and 66% and papillary RCC 137, 184 and 118%, respectively. The enhancement pattern differed significantly on comparing oncocytoma with RCC (P < 0.007). The mean percentage contrast excreted at the end of the delayed phase was 33.3, 13.8, 32 and 53% for clear cell, papillary, chromophobe and oncocytoma, respectively. CONCLUSION: The enhancement and washout values in Hounsfield units obtained by multiphasic CT scan aid in distinguishing oncocytoma from the commonly seen subtypes of RCC in renal masses <4 cm. This preliminary study demonstrates that arterial phase enhancement greater than 500% and washout values of greater than 50% are exclusively seen in renal oncocytomas.

Bladder dysfunction in patients with diabetes.

With diabetes mellitus (DM) reaching epidemic proportions, the identification of voiding dysfunction as a common and burdensome complication of this disease is critical. Research into diabetic voiding dysfunction significantly lags behind other complications of DM, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Recent studies have revealed that DM predisposes patients to a wide range of lower urinary tract dysfunction, from the classic diabetic cystopathy of incomplete emptying to urgency incontinence. In this review, we discuss the current concepts of diabetic voiding dysfunction with a critical analysis of the available evidence.

Voiding dysfunction in the female patient: is the "syndrome" paradigm valid?

Voiding dysfunction in the female patient significantly affects the patient's quality of life. The condition is poorly understood, has varied etiology and clinical presentation, and lacks standard definitions with no consensus on diagnostic criteria. It consists of a constellation of symptoms involving both phases of the micturition cycle. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of female lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is of paramount importance. However, the differentiation of female LUTS into various syndromes is currently controversial. This article comprehensively reviews the commonly encountered female non-neurogenic LUTS (overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, and painful bladder syndrome); discusses the contemporary management of these syndromes; and emphasizes a syndromic approach to the condition.

What is the predictive value of urodynamics to reproduce clinical findings of urinary frequency, urge urinary incontinence, and/or stress urinary incontinence?

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of urodynamics to reproduce clinical findings of urinary frequency (UF), urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and/or stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients diagnosed with UF, UUI, and/or SUI and subsequently underwent urodynamics. Urodynamic findings were correlated with clinical findings to determine the predictive value of urodynamics. RESULTS: A total of 537 patients (366 females and 171 males) met study criteria. Two hundred seventy-eight patients had symptoms of UUI; 59% demonstrated detrusor overactivity on urodynamics. Three hundred eight patients had SUI on history and physical examination; 45% had urodynamic stress incontinence. A low maximum cystometric capacity (<200 ml) was not significantly associated with urinary frequency (p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Urodynamics has a low predictive value to reproduce clinical findings of UF, UUI, and/or SUI. Many patients with evidence of UF, UUI, and/or SUI on history and/or physical examination do not demonstrate supporting urodynamic evidence.

The use of botulinum toxin a in idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome.

Overactive bladder syndrome continues to be a significant burden for the general population. Current first-line medical therapy often includes antimuscarinic medications designed for overactive bladder. Poor efficacy and significant side effects of these antimuscarinic medications have left patients and physicians looking for alternative treatments. There is increasing evidence that intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin A can effectively treat these patients. We present a current and extensive review of the literature covering the use of botulinum toxin A in patients with overactive bladder with or without idiopathic detrusor overactivity.

An Occult Malignancy Behind a Demyelinating Disease: POEMS Syndrome.

We report a case of a 38-year-old man presenting with bilateral lower extremity weakness and paresthesias that progressed during a 4-month period to severe polyneuropathy forcing the patient to be bed bound. Throughout his multiple hospitalizations, he was treated erroneously for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, without significant improvement in his symptoms. In addition, he developed hepatosplenomegaly (organomegaly); endocrinopathies such as diabetes mellitus, central hypogonadism, and hypothyroidism; monoclonal spike evidenced in the serum electrophoresis; and hyperpigmentation of skin, altogether consistent with POEMS syndrome. During his last hospitalization he developed excruciating pain on his left hip, and imaging revealed the presence of a 9 × 6 cm osteolytic mass with sclerotic rim in the left acetabulum. Biopsy of the mass confirmed an isolated IgG lambda plasmacytoma. The patient received radiation to his left acetabular lesion followed by left hip replacement. Subsequently, the patient underwent autologous bone marrow transplant. Eighteen months after his initial presentation, he had satisfactory clinical response and is functional without significant limitations. POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to an underlying plasma cell disorder, which can oftentimes be overlooked and misdiagnosed. The median age of presentation is 51 years, and only 31% of the cases occur in fairly young patients under the age of 45 as evidenced in this case. As clinicians, we should be aware of the constellation of features associated with POEMS syndrome and be able to recognize them promptly.

Feasibility of renal transplantation after unroofing of a large renal cyst in an expanded criteria donor.

We present a case in which a deceased donor kidney with a large simple cyst was successfully unroofed and transplanted to a 61-year-old male. The donor was a 62-year-old male with a history of hypertension for 2 years; cerebral vascular accident was the cause of death. A large 8-cm cyst distorting the renal hilum was identified upon the procurement of the deceased donor kidney. Prior to transplantation, the large cyst was unroofed from the allograft; the frozen section confirmed a benign cyst and the transplant was performed. Postoperatively, the serum creatinine level was 1.4 mg/ml at 22-month follow-up and the patient was normotensive. Deceased donor kidneys with giant cysts distorting the renal hilum can be effectively transplanted.

Single-center clinical comparison of two reinforced ureteral access sheaths for retrograde ureteroscopic treatment of urinary lithiasis.

BACKGROUND: Ureteral access sheaths (UAS) are used to facilitate ureteroscopic procedures. Difficulties in use, including sheath distortion, buckling, and difficulty in placement, have been reported. However, few clinical comparisons have been performed. We present the first large-scale comparison of the Applied ForteXE(®) and ACMI-Gyrus Uropass(®) UAS. METHODS: We retrospectively compared patients who underwent ureteroscopy for urolithiasis with one of two types of UAS: Applied Forte XE(®) or ACMI-Gyrus Uropass(®). Demographics, operative parameters, and outcomes were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: In 125 (64.4%) male and 69 (35.6%) female patients, 194 UAS were used. One hundred and thirteen (58.2%) Applied Forte XE(®) and 81 (41.8%) ACMI-Gyrus Uropass(®) were utilized. Success rates for sheath deployment were as follows: overall = 186/194 (95.8%); Applied Forte XE(®) = 107/113 (94.7%); and ACMI-Gyrus Uropass(®) = 79/81 (97.5%) (P = 0.472). Of the 194 patients 131 (67.5%) had a pre-existing stent. Sheath deployment failures occurred in 7 men and 1 woman, of which 4/8 (50%) had no pre-existing stent. Limitations of deployed sheaths occurred at low frequency in both Applied Forte XE 17/107 (15.9%) and ACMI-Gyrus 6/79 (7.6%), with no significant difference observed (P = 0.120). Limitations in use was high in men (P = 0.019). At a mean follow-up of 41 months, no ureteral strictures were noted. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were seen in overall success rates for both sheaths. Both sheaths had high deployment success rates and a similar low frequency of sheath-related limitations. We noted increased limitations in the use of deployed sheaths in men. Successful sheath use may depend on both the sheath itself and patient/operative parameters.

Current concepts in the management of adrenal incidentalomas.

Adrenal tumors are among the commonest incidental findings discovered. The increased incidence of diagnosing adrenal incidentalomas is due to the widespread availability and use of noninvasive imaging studies. Extensive research has been conducted to define a cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to guide physicians in managing incidental adrenal lesions. However, there is little consensus on the optimal management strategy. Published literature to date, describes a wide spectrum of treatment options ranging from excision of all adrenal lesions regardless of the size and functional status to extensive hormonal and radiological evaluation to avoid surgery. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the presentation, evaluation and management of adrenal incidentalomas. Additionally, we propose a management algorithm to optimally manage these tumors.

Role of botulinum toxin-A in refractory idiopathic overactive bladder patients without detrusor overactivity.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) in idiopathic overactive bladder patients (OAB) refractory to anti-muscarinic therapy, without detrusor overactivity (DOA) on urodynamics. METHODS: Patients with refractory idiopathic OAB without DOA on urodynamics were prospectively enrolled. Subjects completed a 3-day voiding diary (3-VD), urogenital distress inventory-6 questionnaire (UDI-6) and graded their quality of life on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) prior to study enrollment and at week 12 postinjection. All patients underwent multichannel urodynamics at study enrollment and 12 weeks postinjection. Improvement was analyzed based on 3-VD, UDI-6 questionnaire, VAS scores, and urodynamic parameters at week 12 postinjection compared to study enrollment. RESULTS: The study included 32 patients. Mean ± SD age was 56 ± 16. There were 27 women and 5 men. Nineteen patients had OAB without incontinence (OAB-dry) and 13 patients had OAB with incontinence (OAB-wet). In OAB-dry patients, mean ± SD urinary frequency dropped from 24 ± 11 to 10 ± 4 by week 12. In OAB-wet patients, mean ± SD urge incontinence episodes dropped from 7.9 ± 5 to 0 ± 2.6 by week 12. Mean UDI-6 and VAS scores improved significantly in both groups by week 12 (P = 0.0001). On comparing urodynamic parameters, OAB-wet patients showed significant decrease in maximum detrusor pressure during the voiding phase at week 12 compared to baseline values (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Refractory idiopathic OAB patients without DOA on urodynamics may benefit from intradetrusor BTX-A.

Surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma accounts for 5% of all urothelial tumors. Compared to lower urinary tract tumors, upper tract urothelial carcinoma is diagnosed more frequently at advanced stages. Open radical nephroureterectomy remains the gold standard treatment option for upper tract tumors. However, with the advancement of minimally invasive techniques and the benefits of these procedures regarding perioperative morbidity, cosmesis, and earlier convalescence, these options have shown promise in managing the patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Despite the perioperative advantages, concerns exist on the oncological safety after minimally invasive surgery. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins and implications for renal surgery.

Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and renal veins are extremely rare. However, with the increasing use of computed tomography (CT), these anomalies are more frequently diagnosed. The majority of venous anomalies are asymptomatic and they include left sided IVC, duplicated IVC, absent IVC as well as retro-aortic and circumaortic renal veins. The embryological development of the IVC is complex and involves the development and regression of three sets of paired veins. During renal surgery, undiagnosed venous anomalies may lead to major complications. There may be significant hemorrhage or damage to vascular structures. In addition, aberrant vessels may be mistaken for lymphadenopathy and may be biopsied. In this review we discuss the embryology of the IVC and the possible anomalies of IVC and its tributaries paying particular attention to diagnosis and implications for renal surgery.

Repeat intradetrusor injections of onabotulinum toxin a for refractory idiopathic overactive bladder patients: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES: : The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat intradetrusor onabotulinum toxin A injection in patients with idiopathic overactive bladder refractory to anticholinergic medications. Furthermore, 2 doses, 100 and 150 U, were compared. METHODS: : We prospectively enrolled 60 patients in our investigator-initiated, single-center randomized trial. Thirty patients were randomized to each dosage arm. Total study duration was 3 years. Patients were eligible to receive 6 onabotulinum toxin A injections. Subjects completed a 3-day voiding diary and Urogenital Distress Inventory 6 (UDI-6) questionnaire and graded their quality of life on a visual analog scale (VAS) before study enrollment and at week 6 after every injection. The outcome was based on the amount of improvement noted on the UDI-6 and VAS scores at 6 weeks post every injection as compared with study enrollment. RESULTS: : There were 9 men and 51 women. The mean UDI-6 and VAS scores improved significantly (P = 0.0001) at week 6 after initial onabotulinum toxin A injection, and no change was seen when comparing repeat injections; 20% and 10% of the patients randomized to 150 and 100 U required performing clean intermittent catheterization, respectively. The mean UDI-6 scores after repeat onabotulinum toxin A injections did not differ significantly between 100 and 150 U. CONCLUSIONS: : Repeat injections of onabotulinum toxin A are capable of significantly improving UDI-6 scores and quality of life in refractory patients with idiopathic overactive bladder. There was no evidence of decreased efficacy after repeat injections. Lower clean intermittent catheterization rates were noted in patients randomized to 100 U as compared with 150 U. Both doses, 100 and 150 U, were equally efficacious.