Prevalence of Weight Stigma in Medical Settings Among Reproductive-Aged Women in the All of Us Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze health care treatment experiences among a diverse cohort of reproductive-aged women from the All of Us study, focusing on variations due to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study that used data from the All of Us Research Program. We analyzed weight bias among reproductive-aged women aged 18-44 years. Weight bias was assessed using a proxy 7-item survey that evaluated discrimination in health care experiences, including courtesy, respect, service quality, being treated as competent, displaying fear, being treated as inferior, and being listened to during health care visits. RESULTS: Overall, 16,791 reproductive-aged women (mean [SD] age, 35.8 [6.3]) were included in the study. Of 11,592 patients with data available on BMI, 582 were Asian (5.0%), 1,984 (17.1%) were Hispanic or Latinx, 1,007 (8.7%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 7,370 (63.6%) were non-Hispanic White. Approximately 24.2% of participants (n=2,878) had obesity, and 11.1% of participants (n=1,292) had severe obesity. In general, participants in higher BMI categories had negative experiences in the health care setting. Women with severe obesity were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to report poor experiences with their health care clinicians compared with women with healthy weight. CONCLUSION: Results show significant disparities in the health care experiences among reproductive-aged women. As participants' BMI category increased, so did their negative experiences in the health care setting. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address these inequities. Health care systems must prioritize strategies to ensure that all individuals, regardless of weight or BMI, receive equitable and respectful care.

Factors Associated with the Decision to Complete Bariatric Metabolic Surgery among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sample of Adults: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Less than 50% of eligible candidates who are referred complete Bariatric Metabolic Surgery (BMS). The factors influencing the decision to complete BMS, particularly how these factors vary across different racial and ethnic groups, remain largely unexplored. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included adult patients referred to a bariatric surgeon or obesity medicine program between July 2019-September 2022. Sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), anxiety, depression, body appreciation, and patient-physician relationship information were collected via survey and electronic health records. The association between BMS completion and potential decision-driving factors was examined using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 406 BMS -eligible patients participated in the study (mean [SD] age: 47.5 [11.6] years; 87.2% women; 18.0% Hispanic, 39% non-Hispanic Black [NHB], and 39% non-Hispanic White [NHW]; mean [SD] BMI: 45.9 [10.1] kg/m2). A total of 147 participants (36.2%) completed BMS. Overall, the most influential factor driving the decision to complete BMS was younger age (< 68.4 years), higher patient satisfaction, and BMI (≥ 38.0 kg/m2). Hispanic participants prioritized age (< 55.4 years), female sex, and body appreciation. For NHB participants, the highest ranked factors were age < 56.3 years, BMI ≥ 35.8 kg/m2, and higher patient satisfaction. For NHW patients, the most influential factors were age (39.1 to 68.6 years) and higher body appreciation. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight racial and ethnic group differences in the factors motivating individuals to complete BMS. By acknowledging these differences, healthcare providers can support patients from different backgrounds more effectively in their decision-making process regarding BMS.

Association of Social Support and Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Completion Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Patients.

PURPOSE: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is presently the most evidence-based, effective treatment of obesity. Nevertheless, only half of the eligible individuals who are referred for this procedure complete it. This study aims to investigate the association between social support and MBS completion, considering race and ethnicity. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 413 participants were enrolled between 2019 and 2022. Using the 19-item Brief Family Relationship Scale, which comprises three subscales (eight-item Cohesion subscale, four-item Expressiveness subscale, and seven-item Conflict subscale), the quality of family relationship functioning was assessed. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between MBS completion and social support status, adjusting for variables including race, ethnicity, age, gender, body mass index, and insurance. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 47.55 years (SD 11.57), with 87% of the participants being female and 39% non-Hispanic White. Nearly 35% of participants (n = 145) completed MBS. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed overall cohesion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.52 [95% CI, 1.15-2.00]; p = .003) and overall expressiveness (aOR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.22-2.05]; p < .001) were associated with higher odds of pursuing MBS. There was no significant interaction between overall cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, and race/ethnicity (p = .61, p = .63, p = .25, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that there is a link between family-based social support and MBS completion, regardless of race and ethnicity. Future research should continue to explore the complex interplay between family dynamics and MBS outcomes, considering cultural variations to enhance the effectiveness of obesity interventions within diverse communities.

The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Improving Vaccination Confidence & Addressing Vaccination Disparities to Help Improve Vaccine Uptake: A Systematic Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of vaccination to support individual health across the life-course, with vaccination playing a central strategy role in mitigating transmission and disease. This required unprecedented mobilization and coordination across all sectors to meet people where they are, enable equitable access, and build vaccination confidence. A literature search was conducted with combinations of the keywords and variations of vaccination and faith-based organizations (FBOs). Search inclusion criteria were: (1) FBO programs that supported public health emergency efforts, including vaccination efforts as the primary outcome; and (2) articles written in English language. A total of 37 articles met inclusion criteria (n = 26 focused on general public health campaigns, n = 11 focused on vaccination efforts). The findings related to public health campaigns fell into four themes: FBO's ability to (1) tailor public health campaigns; (2) mitigate barriers; (3) establish trust; and (4) disseminate and sustain efforts. The findings related to vaccine uptake efforts fell into three themes: (1) pre-pandemic influenza and HPV vaccination efforts, (2) addressing vaccine disparities in minority communities, and (3) enabling COVID-19 vaccination. This review demonstrated that FBOs have a vital role in both public health campaigns and vaccination initiatives to support high vaccine uptake and confidence.

The Role of Body Appreciation in the Decision to Complete Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Among Ethnically Diverse Patients.

PURPOSE: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an evidence-based safe, effective treatment for obesity. However, only half of referred or eligible persons complete the procedure for unknown reasons. The proposed study examined the association between the degree of body appreciation and the decision to complete MBS by ethnicity. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 409 participants who had been referred to a bariatric surgeon or an obesity medicine program between August 2019 and May 2022. Participants completed a survey about health behaviors and psychosocial characteristics, including body appreciation by MBS completion status (Y/N). Multivariate logistic regression models generated adjusted odd ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of body appreciation among MBS completers vs. non-completers. RESULTS: The sample mean age was 47.18 years (SD 11.63), 87% were female. 39.6% identified as non-Hispanic White (NHW), 38.5% as non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and 17.6% as Hispanic. Over a third of the sample (31.05%, n = 127) completed MBS. "Often" experiencing body appreciation was the most significant predictor of MBS completion (aOR: 28.19, 95% CI: 6.37-124.67, p-value < 0.001), followed by "Sometimes" (aOR: 20.47, 95% CI: 4.82-86.99, p-value < 0.001) and "Always" (aOR: 13.54, 95% CI: 2.55-71.87, p-value < 0.01) after controlling for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. There was not a significant interaction between body appreciation and race/ethnicity (p-value = 0.96). CONCLUSION: Results showed a significant association between body appreciation and MBS completion, controlling for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. MBS clinical settings may want to assess body appreciation as a pre-operative screener among ethnically diverse patients.

Depression and Anxiety as Predictors of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Completion Among Ethnically Diverse Patients.

BACKGROUND: Mental health conditions including depression and anxiety are often prevalent among metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) patients, but it is not known if these conditions predict the decision to complete the procedure and if this varies by race and ethnicity. This study aimed to determine if depression and anxiety are associated with MBS completion among a race/ethnically diverse sample of patients. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included participants who were referred to an obesity program or two MBS practices between August 2019 and October 2022. Participants completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) instrument to determine history of anxiety and/or depression, as well as MBS completion status (Y/N). Multivariable logistic regression models determined the odds of MBS completion by depression and anxiety status adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 413 study participants (87 % women, 40% non-Hispanic White, 39% non-Hispanic Black, and 18% Hispanic). Participants with a history of anxiety were less likely to complete MBS (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.90, p = 0.020). Women had increased odds of a history of anxiety (aOR = 5.65, 95% CI = 1.64-19.49, p = 0.006) and of concurrent anxiety and depression (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.39-6.79, p = 0.005) compared to men. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that participants with anxiety were 48% less likely to complete MBS compared to those without anxiety. Additionally, women were more likely to report a history of anxiety with and without depression versus men. These findings can inform pre-MBS programs about risk factors for non-completion.

Long-term physical, mental and social health effects of COVID-19 in the pediatric population: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The majority of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom presentations in adults and children appear to run their course within a couple of weeks. However, a subgroup of adults has started to emerge with effects lasting several months or more after initial infection, which raises questions about the long-term physical, mental and social health effects of COVID-19 in the pediatric population. The purpose of this review was to determine these impacts well into the second year of the pandemic. METHODS: A search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Cochrane between 11/1/2019 and 9/1/2021. Search inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) COVID-19 illness and symptoms in children; (2) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in children; (3) English language; and (4) human studies only. RESULTS: The few studies that have documented long-term physical symptoms in children show that fatigue, difficulty in concentrating (brain fog), sleep disturbances, and sensory problems are the most reported outcomes. Most studies examining the impact of COVID-19 in pediatric populations have focused on initial clinical presentation, and symptoms, which are similar to those in adult populations. In addition, COVID-19 has had a moderate impact on children and adolescents' social environment, which may exacerbate current and future physiological, psychological, behavioral, and academic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There are limited studies reporting long physical symptoms of COVID-19 in the pediatric population. However, pediatric COVID-19 cases are underreported due to low rates of testing and symptomatic infection, which calls for more longitudinal studies. Children who have experienced COVID-19 illness should be monitored for long physiological, psychological, behavioral, and academic outcomes.

Association Between Patient Satisfaction With Their Patient-Physician Relationship and Completion of Bariatric Surgery by Race and Ethnicity Among US Adults.

Importance: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an effective and safe treatment for obesity and its comorbidities, but less than 50% of those who are eligible and referred for MBS complete the procedure. The patient-physician relationship could be a decisive factor in the decision to complete MBS; however, this relationship has not been explored, particularly among racially and ethnically diverse populations. Objective: To examine the association between patient-reported satisfaction with their patient-physician relationship and MBS completion by self-reported racial and ethnic group. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study included 408 patients who were referred to a bariatric surgeon or obesity medicine program between July 24, 2019, and May 19, 2022. Exposure: Patient satisfaction with their physician was measured by 7 dimensions (general satisfaction, technical quality, interpersonal manner, communication, financial aspects, time spent with physician, and accessibility and convenience) using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form. Main Outcomes and Measures: Completion status for MBS (yes or no). Results: A total of 408 patients (mean [SD] age, 47.3 [11.6] years; among 366 with data available, 317 [86.6%] women and 49 [13.4%] men) were included in the study. Of 363 patients with data available on race and ethnicity, 66 were Hispanic/Latinx (18.2%), 136 (37.5%) were non-Hispanic Black, 146 (40.2%) were non-Hispanic White, and 15 (4.1%) were other race or ethnicity. A total of 124 patients (30.4%) completed MBS. Overall, the mean (SD) patient satisfaction score was significantly greater in MBS completers vs noncompleters (3.86 [0.56] vs 3.61 [0.64]; P < .001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed technical quality was the most significant factor for MBS completion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.99 [95% CI, 1.24-3.19]), followed by communication (aOR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.16-2.72]) and accessibility and convenience (aOR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.03-2.53]). The interaction between racial and ethnic groups and patient satisfaction was not significant (eg, mean [SD] score for Hispanic/Latinx completers, 3.95 [0.55] vs 3.77 [0.60] for non-Hispanic White completers; P = .46 for interaction). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that there is an association between patient satisfaction with the patient-physician relationship and the decision to complete MBS regardless of race and ethnicity. These findings have important implications for strategies to improve the proportion of qualified patients who complete MBS to achieve improved health outcomes.

Comparison of Long-Term Complications of COVID-19 Illness among a Diverse Sample of Children by MIS-C Status.

Most pediatric COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic; however, a small number of children are diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but severe condition that is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Persistent symptoms of COVID-19 illness in children diagnosed with/without MIS-C is largely unknown. A retrospective EHR review of patients with COVID-19 illness from one pediatric healthcare system to assess the presence of acute (<30 days) and chronic (≥30, 60-120, and >120 days) long-term COVID symptoms was conducted. Patients/caregivers completed a follow-up survey from March 2021 to January 2022 to assess the presence of long COVID. Results showed that non-MIS-C children (n = 286; 54.49% Hispanic; 19.23% non-Hispanic Black; 5.77% other ethnicity; 79.49% government insurance) were younger (mean age 6.43 years [SD 5.95]) versus MIS-C (n = 26) children (mean age 9.08 years, [SD 4.86]) (p = 0.032). A share of 11.5% of children with MIS-C and 37.8% without MIS-C reported acute long COVID while 26.9% and 15.3% reported chronic long COVID, respectively. Females were almost twice as likely to report long symptoms versus males and those with private insurance were 66% less likely to report long symptoms versus those with government insurance. In conclusion, a substantial proportion of ethnically diverse children from low resource backgrounds with severe COVID illness are reporting long-term impacts. Findings can inform pediatric professionals about this vulnerable population in post-COVID-19 recovery efforts.