Mumps encephalitis with akinesia and mutism.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination is routine in many countries, but the mumps vaccine remains voluntary and is not covered by insurance in Japan. A 5-year-old Japanese boy who had not received the mumps vaccine was affected by mumps parotitis. Several days later, he presented with various neurological abnormalities, including akinesia, mutism, dysphagia, and uncontrolled respiratory disorder. Mumps encephalitis was diagnosed. Despite steroid pulse and immunoglobulin treatment, the disease progressed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed necrotic changes in bilateral basal ganglia, midbrain, and hypothalamus. At 1 year follow up, he was bedridden and required enteral feeding through a gastric fistula and tracheostomy. Mumps vaccination should be made routine as soon as possible in Japan, because mumps encephalitis carries the risk of severe sequelae.

A case of generalized lymphatic anomaly causing skull-base leakage and bacterial meningitis.

Generalized lymphatic anomaly is a multifocal lymphatic malformation that affects the skin, thoracic viscera, and bones. A 3year-old Japanese boy presented with right facial palsy due to cystic tumors in the ipsilateral petrous bone. Pericardial effusion had been found incidentally and generalized lymphatic anomaly had been diagnosed by pericardial biopsy. Petrous bone tumor had been followed up without surgery. At the age of seven he presented with fever and disturbance of consciousness, and bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae was diagnosed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed middle skull-base leakage due to lymphatic malformation. He achieved complete recovery under intensive care with antibiotics and mechanical ventilation. One year later, he presented with multiple cystic formations in bilateral femora. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient was healthy with no recurrence of meningitis and osteolytic lesions in the femora were non-progressive. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful for demonstration of skull-base leakage by generalized lymphatic anomaly. We should consider generalized lymphatic anomaly among the differential diagnoses for skull-base leakage.

Early combined treatment with steroid and immunoglobulin is effective for serious Kawasaki disease complicated by myocarditis and encephalopathy.

Severe-type Kawasaki disease (KD) complicated by serious myocarditis and encephalopathy can be successfully treated without abnormality of the coronary arteries by steroid pulse treatment and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). A 4-year-old Japanese girl was diagnosed with KD due to a 6-day history of fever, rash, flushed lips, conjunctival hyperemia, palmar edema, and cervical lymphadenopathy. The day after initiation of IVIg and aspirin, cardiac gallop rhythm was identified. Cardiac ultrasonography revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction. Disturbance of consciousness, hallucinations, and slurred speech were also observed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormalities, but electroencephalography revealed high-voltage slow waves. Despite this serious disease, cardiac function and neurological abnormalities showed complete recovery without dilatation of the coronary arteries by steroid pulse treatment and additional IVIg. Follow-up at 15 months revealed no abnormality of the coronary arteries. In conclusion, we suggest that early combined treatment with steroid and IVIg is effective for serious KD complicated by myocarditis and encephalopathy.

A case of acute acalculous cholecystitis complicated by primary Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is a rare complication of infectious mononucleosis (IM). An immunocompetent 6-year-old Japanese girl complained of epigastralgia during the course of IM. Ultrasonography (US) revealed a markedly thickened and sonolucent gallbladder wall. No gallstones were apparent. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) confirmed primary EBV infection. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M showed a false-positive result in the acute phase, probably due to cross-reaction to EBV nuclear antigen. We diagnosed her as AAC related with primary EBV infection. She recovered completely by conservative treatment. US should be performed in consideration of the possibility of AAC when a patient with IM complains of epigastralgia.

A case of Barber-Say syndrome in a male Japanese newborn.

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE: We reported a case of Barber-Say syndrome (BSS) in a Japanese newborn. Distinctive features of BSS were found; macrostomia, gingival dysplasia, cup-shaped low-set ears, wrinkling redundant skin, and hypertrichosis. Fundus showed subretinal drusenoid deposits, a novel finding of BSS. Genetic analysis is underway using next-generation genome sequencing and microarray analysis.