Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Alleviates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver surgery and transplantation, especially in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanism of NASH susceptibility to IRI has not been fully clarified. We investigated the role of liver-produced histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) in NASH IRI. A NASH mouse model was established using C57BL/6J mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD) for 6 weeks. The MCDD and standard diet groups were exposed to 60 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We further evaluated the impact of HRG in this context using HRG knockdown (KD) mice. IRI increased HRG expression in the standard diet group, but not in the MCDD group after I/R. HRG expression was inversely correlated with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). HRG KD mice showed severe liver injury with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. Pretreatment with supplementary HRG protected against I/R with the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. In vitro, hepatocytes showed that the expression of HRG was upregulated under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, but not in response to oleic acid-treated hepatocytes. The decrease in HRG expression in fatty hepatocytes was accompanied by decreased farnesoid X receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha subunit expression. HRG is a hepatoprotective factor during hepatic IRI because it decreases neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. The decrease in HRG is a cause of susceptibility to IRI in steatotic livers. Therefore, HRG is a new therapeutic target for minimizing liver damage in patients with NASH.

Palonosetron versus Granisetron in Combination with Aprepitant and Dexamethasone for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting after Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy: A Single-Institutional Retrospective Cohort Study.

The triplet antiemetic regimen is administered to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC). However, the superiority of palonosetron over first-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists in triplet antiemetic therapy remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of palonosetron (PALO) and granisetron (GRA) in triplet antiemetic therapy for CINV. This study included 267 patients who received MEC at our hospital between April 2017 and September 2020. Patients were pretreated with antiemetic therapy comprising PALO or GRA and dexamethasone on day 1 and aprepitant on days 1-3. We evaluated the rate of complete response (CR) (i.e., no vomiting and no use of rescue medication) in the acute phase (0-24 h), delayed phase (24-120 h), and overall phase (0-120 h) after first-cycle chemotherapy. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for non-CR. The rate of CR in the overall and delayed phases was significantly higher in the PALO group (91.9 and 91.9%, respectively) than in the GRA group (74.1 and 75.5%, respectively). In the acute phase, the incidence was not different between the GRA and PALO groups (96.5 and 99.2%, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that female sex and the use of GRA were risk factors for non-CR. Subgroup analysis revealed the superiority of PALO over GRA in female patients, but not in male patients. In conclusion, PALO was more effective than GRA in triplet antiemetic therapy in preventing CINV during MEC, especially for female patients.

Safety and efficacy of S-1 plus oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 combination therapy in patients with previously untreated HER2-negative unresectable, advanced, or recurrent gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: a phase II trial (KSCC1501A).

BACKGROUND: In a randomized pivotal global phase III study, S-1 and oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 (SOX100) combination chemotherapy was as effective as S-1 and cisplatin for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) and showed a favorable safety profile. In this phase II study, we analyzed survival outcomes to assess the efficacy and safety of the SOX regimen with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 (SOX130) in AGC. METHODS: Patients with HER2-negative AGC received 80 mg/m2/day S-1 orally on days 1-14 and 130 mg/m2 oxaliplatin intravenously on day 1 of each 21-day cycle until the criteria for treatment withdrawal were fulfilled. The primary endpoint was the response rate (RR), and the null hypothesis of RR in the current trial was 45%. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded according to CTCAE version 4.0. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were enrolled from June 2015 to November 2016, but eight were excluded for ineligibility. Therefore, all final analyses were conducted with 63 patients. The confirmed RR was 46.0% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 36.1-56.3), and the disease control rate was 77.8% (90% CI: 68.1-85.1). The median PFS and OS were 4.9 (95% CI: 4.2-7.1) and 14.8 (95% CI: 11.1-18.9) months, respectively. Incidences of grade 3-4 AEs > 10% were anorexia (19.0%), peripheral neuropathy (12.7%), nausea (11.1%), and thrombocytopenia (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first evaluation of SOX130 in patients with HER2-negative AGC. SOX130 showed an acceptable safety profile, but the prespecified statistical efficacy targets were not achieved.

Antithrombin III for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

AIM: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is one of the most critical disorders in liver disease patients. These patients have the imbalance of coagulation and coagulation inhibition resulting from decreased levels of coagulation inhibitory factors, such as protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III (AT-III). We designed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of AT-III for PVT in liver disease patients with those who received no treatment. METHODS: Eligible patients were diagnosed with the association of thrombus, without tumor thrombus, and thrombus in more than 50% of the cross-sectional lumen of the portal vein. Patients with 70% or less serum level of AT-III were included. The study drug was given up to three times in a 5-day consecutive infusion interval if the thrombus decreased in size. Efficacy was evaluated by contrast enhanced computed tomography using a five-grade scale (complete response, partial response, slight response, no response, and progression). From October 2014 through to March 2016, 36 patients were randomly assigned to the AT-III group and 37 patients to the placebo group. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with complete response or partial response of PVT was significantly higher in the AT-III group (55.6%; 20/36 patients; 95% confidence interval, 38.1-72.1) than in the placebo group (19.4%; 7/36 patients, 95% confidence interval, 8.2-36.0) (P = 0.003). The overall incidence of adverse events and adverse drug reactions did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Antithrombin III is one of the essential therapies for patients with PVT in cases with lower concentration levels of AT-III.

Customization of laparoscopic gastric devascularization and splenectomy for gastric varices based on CT vascular anatomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic gastric devascularization(Lap GDS) and splenectomy (SPL) for gastric varices is technically challenging because of highly developed collateral vessels and bleeding tendency. We investigated the feasibility of customization of Lap GDS and SPL based on CT vascular anatomy. METHODS: We analyzed 61 cirrhotic patients with gastric varices who underwent Lap GDS and SPL between 2006 and 2014. Lap GDS was customized according to the afferent feeding veins (left gastric vein (LGV) and/or posterior gastric vein (PGV)/short gastric vein (SGV)) and efferent drainage veins (gastrorenal shunt and/or gastrophrenic shunt, or numerous retroperitoneal veins) based on CT imaging. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with efferent drainage veins suitable for balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) underwent B-RTO instead of surgical GDS, with subsequent Lap SPL. Among 27 patients with gastric varices unsuitable for B-RTO, 15 patients with PGV/SGV underwent Lap GDS of the greater curvature and SPL, and 12 patients with LGV or LGV/PGV/SGV underwent Lap GDS of the greater and lesser curvature and SPL. The mean operation time was 294 min and mean blood loss was 198 g. There was no mortality or severe morbidity. Gastric varices were eradicated in all 61 patients, with no bleeding or recurrence during a mean follow-up of 55.9 months. The cumulative 3-, 5-, and 7-year survival rates were 92, 82, and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lap GDS and SPL customized based on CT vascular anatomy is a safe and effective procedure for treating gastric varices.

Impact of Splenic Volume and Splenectomy on Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Within Milan Criteria After Curative Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal hypertension (PH) is very poor. Splenomegaly is considered important evidence of PH. Our aim was to clarify the prognostic value of splenic volume (SV) and the effect of splenectomy on the prognosis of HCC within the Milan criteria after curative hepatectomy. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, we reviewed 160 patients with HCC that met the Milan criteria, including 138 who had undergone hepatectomy and 22 who had undergone hepatectomy and splenectomy between July 2004 and December 2010. SV was measured by three-dimensional computed tomography and patients allocated to three groups (high SV ≥300 mL; low <300 mL; and splenectomy) to compare post-hepatectomy survival rates. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that SV is an independent prognostic factor for overall and disease-free survival. The overall survival rates at 5 years in the high SV, low SV, and splenectomy groups were 39, 75, and 88%, respectively. The overall survival rate in the high SV group was significantly worse than in the low SV and splenectomy groups (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the low SV and splenectomy groups (P = 0.831). CONCLUSIONS: High SV is an independent predictor of post-hepatectomy HCC recurrence and overall survival. There is no significant difference in prognosis between low SV and splenectomy groups, even though the latter had high SV. Combined splenectomy with hepatectomy for HCC and PH may improve prognosis and be an appropriate alternative when liver transplantation cannot be performed.

Correction to: S-1 and irinotecan plus bevacizumab as second-line chemotherapy for patients with oxaliplatin-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter phase II study in Japan (KSCC1102).

In the original publication, in Abstract, the sentence that reads as, "Oral S-1 at a dose of 80 mg/m2 was…………. drug-free interval" should read as, "Oral S-1 at a dose of 40 mg/m2 was administered twice daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 1-week drug-free interval.

Graft selection strategy in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: When both hemiliver grafts meet volumetric criteria.

To ensure donor safety in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the left and caudate lobe (LL) is the preferred graft choice. However, patient prognosis may still be poor even if graft volume (GV) selection criteria are met. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of right lobe (RL) donation when the LL graft selection criteria are met. Consecutive donors (n = 135) with preoperative LL graft volumetric GV/standard liver volume (SLV) of ≥35% and RL remnant of ≥35% were retrospectively studied. Patients were divided into 2 groups: LL graft and RL graft. Recipient's body surface area (BSA), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and the donor's age were higher in the RL group. The donor's BSA and preoperative volumetric GV/SLV of the LL graft were smaller in the RL group. The predicted score (calculated using data for graft size, donor age, MELD score, and the presence of portosystemic shunt, which correlated well with graft function and with 6-month graft survival) of the RL group, was significantly lower if the LL graft were used, but using the actual RL graft improved the score equal to that of the LL group. Six-month and 12-month graft survival rates did not differ between the 2 groups. In patients with a poor prognosis, a larger RL graft improved the predicted score and survival was equal to that of patients who received LL grafts. In conclusion, graft selection by GV, donor age, and recipient MELD score improves outcomes in LDLT. Liver Transplantation 22 914-922 2016 AASLD.

Skeletal muscle mass assessed by computed tomography correlates to muscle strength and physical performance at a liver-related hospital experience.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate whether skeletal muscle mass measured by computed tomography (CT) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) correlated to muscle strength and physical performance in liver-related hospital cases. METHODS: We prospectively conducted this study in 120 liver-related hospital cases. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by CT scan and BIA. Muscle strength was determined by hand grip strength and physical performance by usual gait speed. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle mass measured using CT significantly correlated to usual gait speed (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.0001) and hand grip strength (r(2) = 0.66, P < 0.0001), but the correlations were lower using BIA (r(2) = 0.1, P = 0.0005; r(2) = 0.54, P < 0.0001). With regard to liver function, the relationship between skeletal muscle mass measured by CT and BIA and two muscle function parameters in the Child-Pugh A group were significant. In contrast, skeletal muscle mass measured by BIA in the Child-Pugh B or C group was not significantly related to usual gait speed. CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle mass measured by CT was significantly correlated to hand grip strength and usual gait speed, with higher correlations compared with BIA. Moreover, skeletal muscle mass measured by CT significantly correlated with two muscle functions, even in patients with Child-Pugh B or C.

S-1 and irinotecan plus bevacizumab as second-line chemotherapy for patients with oxaliplatin-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter phase II study in Japan (KSCC1102).

BACKGROUND: Combination chemotherapy with S-1 and irinotecan is one of the standard treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Japan. However, there are few alternative practical second-line therapies. We conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of S-1 and irinotecan plus bevacizumab as a second-line treatment for oxaliplatin-refractory mCRC. METHODS: Patients with mCRC who were previously treated with oxaliplatin-containing regimens were enrolled. Oral S-1 at a dose of 40 mg/m(2) was administered twice daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 1-week drug-free interval. Irinotecan at a dose of 150 mg/m(2) and bevacizumab at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg were administered on day 1. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled, and 34 and 36 patients were assessed for response and safety, respectively. The overall response rate was 20.6 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 8.7-37.9), and the disease control rate was 76.5 % (95 % CI 58.8-89.3). The median PFS was 5.6 months (95 % CI 3.8-7.0). The median overall survival was 16.4 months (95 % CI 8.1-20.0). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events included neutropenia (25.0 %), anorexia (22.2 %), anemia (16.7 %), and fatigue/malaise (16.7 %). The most common grade 3/4 adverse event of special interest for bevacizumab was hypertension (30.6 %). One treatment-related death caused by gastrointestinal bleeding occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the combination of S-1 and irinotecan plus bevacizumab is effective and tolerable as second-line chemotherapy for patients with oxaliplatin-refractory mCRC.

Profile of plasma amino acids values as a predictor of sepsis in patients following living donor liver transplantation: Special reference to sarcopenia and postoperative early nutrition.

AIM: Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of mortality and sepsis after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, the exact mechanisms by which sarcopenia affects poor prognosis or worse immunity against postoperative sepsis are unclear, particularly regarding muscular amino acid metabolism, and the authors aimed to identify the role of plasma amino acids in sarcopenia by retrospective study. METHODS: The area of the psoas muscle in 228 recipients of LDLT was retrospectively measured by dynamic computed tomography. Additionally, plasma amino acid levels were measured both pre- and postoperatively. The impact of plasma amino acids for postoperative sepsis and the relationship between sarcopenia and early nutrition after LDLT were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the plasma amino acids, only leucine, isoleucine and glutamine in patients with sarcopenia were significantly lower than those without sarcopenia (each, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified the lower plasma glutamine levels as a risk factor of postoperative sepsis after LDLT (odds ratio 5.371, P = 0.002). In sarcopenia patients, plasma glutamine levels after LDLT were significantly decreased compared with before LDLT in patients both with and without postoperative early nutrition. However, in non-sarcopenia patients with early nutrition, plasma glutamine levels after LDLT were comparable with those before LDLT. CONCLUSION: This is the first report to study the profile of plasma amino acid change before and after LDLT. Low preoperative glutamine values were an independent risk factor for predicting postoperative sepsis. The efficacy of postoperative early nutrition may prevent postoperative sepsis by improving glutamine levels.

Optimal changes in portal hemodynamics induced by splenectomy during living donor liver transplantation.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of splenectomy in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS: Adult-to-adult LDLTs (n = 276) were divided into those with simultaneous splenectomy during LDLT (Splenectomy group, n = 154) and those without (Non-Splenectomy group, n = 122). RESULTS: In the Splenectomy group, splenectomy decreased the portal venous pressure from 24.0 to 19.1 mmHg (p < 0.001). At the end of surgery, the portal venous pressure was significantly lower and the graft compliance was significantly higher in the Splenectomy group compared with the Non-Splenectomy group. The graft portal venous flow was also better in the Splenectomy group (y = 625-5.1x; r (2) = 0.08, p < 0.01) than in the Non-Splenectomy group (y = 470-2.9x; r (2) = 0.04, p = 0.03). Fourteen days after LDLT, the total bilirubin and ascites output were lower in the Splenectomy group than in the Non-Splenectomy group. Among the patients with hepatitis C, splenectomy was associated with a significantly higher rate of a sustained viral response (59.4 vs. 35.9%, p = 0.020) than was noted in those without splenectomy (n = 39). There were no patients with post-splenectomy sepsis under vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: By decreasing the portal pressure and increasing the graft vascular compliance, splenectomy conferred better graft outcomes in adult-to-adult LDLT.

Re-evaluation of the predictive score for 6-month graft survival in living donor liver transplantation in the modern era.

The limitations of donor age, graft size, and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score have not been apparent in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Our team developed a formula for predicting graft survival after LDLT; the formula includes the graft weight, donor age, MELD score, and portosystemic shunt status. The aims of this study were to re-evaluate the reliability of our formula and to assess whether our modified treatment strategy has improved 6-month graft survival. Two hundred seventeen patients were allocated into 2 groups: patients with predictive scores ≥ 1.30 (n = 162) and patients with predictive scores < 1.30 (n = 55). The latter group was also divided into subgroups of patients with scores of 1.15 to 1.30 (n = 37) and patients with scores < 1.15 (n = 18). Survival rates for patients with scores < 1.30 were significantly worse than rates for patients with scores ≥ 1.30 (P = 0.006). Survival rates for patients with scores < 1.15 were significantly worse than rates for patients with scores of 1.15 to <1.30 (P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that a predictive score < 1.15 (odds ratio = 7.87, P = 0.006) and a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (odds ratio = 13.3, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for 6-month graft mortality. In conclusion, predictive scores reliably predict 6-month graft survival and could allow a widening of the safe ranges for donor ages and graft sizes.

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration is feasible for prolonged portosystemic shunts after living donor liver transplantation.

PURPOSES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) in patients after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS: Five patients with gastric varices (GVx) and/or liver dysfunction who were treated with B-RTO from January 2001 to December 2007 were enrolled in this study (GVx, n = 2; liver dysfunction, n = 1; both, n = 2). The eradication rate of the GVx, portal vein hemodynamics and improvement of liver function were evaluated. RESULTS: B-RTO was performed successfully, and the GVx disappeared or decreased markedly in all patients. Recurrence of GVx was not observed during the follow-up. Significantly increased portal vein inflow and improved liver function were observed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: B-RTO may be an effective treatment for patients after LDLT to prevent bleeding from GVx or to modulate portal vein inflow that is reduced by prolonged large portosystemic shunts.

Outcomes of emergency surgery for acute abdomen in dialysis patients: experience of a single community hospital.

PURPOSE: Long-term dialysis often causes physiological and metabolic problems that may affect the outcomes of surgery. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether emergency surgery for acute abdomen yields similar outcomes in dialysis patients versus non-dialysis patients. METHODS: The subjects were 126 patients who underwent emergency surgery for acute abdomen between January, 2007 and November, 2011 in our hospital. They were divided into a dialysis group (HD group; n = 9) and a non-dialysis group (non-HD group; n = 117) and their postoperative morbidity and mortality were compared. RESULTS: Postoperative morbidity and mortality were significantly worse in the HD group. All 9 of these patients succumbed to postoperative complications versus only 5 of the 117 patients in the non-HD group. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of emergency surgery for acute abdomen were significantly worse for dialysis patients than for non-dialysis patients. Prompt diagnosis, initiation of the most suitable surgical procedure, and meticulous postoperative cares are imperative to improving the surgical outcomes of dialysis patients.

Nasal MRSA screening for surgical patients: predictive value for postoperative infections caused by MRSA.

PURPOSE: Postoperative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are occasionally fatal. We hypothesized that nasal MRSA screening might predict the risk of postoperative MRSA infections. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the relationship between the positivity of nasal MRSA screening and postoperative MRSA infections. METHODS: Six hundred and fourteen surgical patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit and underwent nasal MRSA screening between April 2006 and March 2011 were divided into MRSA-positive and -negative groups. The incidence of postoperative MRSA infections in the MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative groups were compared, and various risk factors for MRSA infections were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative MRSA infections, such as pneumonia and enteritis, in the MRSA-positive group was significantly higher than that in the MRSA-negative group (41.9 vs. 3.1 %). The significant independent risk factors for postoperative MRSA infections were a positive MRSA screening, an operation lasting more than 300 min and an emergency operation. A positive MRSA screening was the most statistically significant risk factor for postoperative MRSA pneumonia and enteritis, but was not a risk factor for MRSA surgical site infections. CONCLUSION: Nasal MRSA screening can help to identify patients who have an increased risk of developing postoperative MRSA infections, and would enable physicians to take a prompt action if these complications occur.

[Transdisciplinary Approach for Sarcopenia. Clinical significance of sarcopenia in the patients with chronic liver disease].

Recently, many studies of the patients with chronic liver disease have focused on sarcopenia. In the patients with chronic liver disease, sarcopenia occurs, because of advanced liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) . In both diseases, sarcopenia is an important prognostic factor. Thus, sarcopenia has been reported to be a predictor for recurrence of HCC and early mortality after liver transplantation. In the patients with HCC, the mechanism of sarcopenia is unknown. In the patients with endostea liver failure, muscle compensates energy breakdown of the liver and muscle atrophy occurs. Further research is necessary to clarify whether nutritional support and muscle training prevent from sarcopenia and as a result, improve survival of the patients with chronic liver disease.

[Case report of introducing MMF and steroids as an immunosuppressive therapy after living-donor liver transplantation for a patient with the diabetic nephropathy].

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroid is mainly used as immunosuppressive therapy after the living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, the nephrotoxicity caused by CNI remains a critical problem for patients with chronic renal failure, especially on early postoperative period. A 62-year-old woman with decompensated liver cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B (Child-Pugh C, MELD score 11 points) and chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy (Cr 1.56 mg/dl, GFR 27 ml/min/1.73 m2) experienced LDLT. During the reconstruction of hepatic vein, the supra-and infra-hepatic vena cava was totally clamped. The estimated right lobe liver graft volume was 540 g, representing 51.3% of the standard liver volume of the recipient. Because of the perioperative renal dysfunction due to diabetic nephropathy and the total clamping the vena cava which induced the congestion kidney, MMF (1500 mg/day) and steroid (250 mg/day converted into predonisolone) were mainly introduced as an immunosuppressive therapy after LDLT. The low-dose CNI, tacrolimus also induced the nephrotoxicity and was given for only a short time. Finally, according to the postoperative renal function, the low-dose CNI, cyclosporin (50 mg/day) was able to be added to the introduced immunosuppressive therapy. After having left the hospital, MMF (1500 mg/day), steroid (20 mg/day converted into predonisolone) and cyclosporin (75 mg/day) continued to be given as the immunosuppressive therapy and neither acute graft rejection nor drug-induced renal dysfunction was occurred. This is a case report of introducing with mainly MMF and steroid as an immunosuppressive therapy after LDLT for a patient with perioperative renal dysfunction.

Results of laparoscopic gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in high-risk patients - estimation of surgical risk of gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Surgical risk of laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer in high risk patients was evaluated with E-PASS scoring system. METHODOLOGY: This study was based on 63 patients with gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy; 14 patients belonging to high risk group (ASA≥3) and 49 classified as low risk group (ASA≤2). Fifty six patients who underwent conventional gastrectomy were used for comparison. RESULTS: Intra- and postoperative complications were found in 4 and 3 of 14 high risk patients, respectively. We found a significant correlation between E-PASS score and complications. E-PASS score in high risk group was significantly higher than the value in low risk group. The estimated in-hospital mortality rate was significantly different between the two groups. When conventional gastrectomy group for high risk patients was compared, postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were similar in two surgical procedures; however E-PASS score and the estimated in-hospital mortality rate with conventional gastrectomy were significantly higher than the value with laparoscopic gastrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: There were no fatal complications in high risk patients with laparoscopic gastrectomy and E-PASS score was within safety margin. Extension of laparoscopic surgery in high risk patients was feasible when careful procedure was performed by a surgical team.

Significant prognostic factors in patients with Stage IV gastric cancer with special reference to the curability of surgery.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to determine an effective treatment strategy for patients with Stage IV gastric cancer. METHODS: We analyzed the significant prognostic factors in 74 patients who underwent surgery between 1989 and 2005, and were finally determined to have Stage IV gastric cancer. These patients were classified as curability A (n = 0), B (n = 29) and C (n = 45) according to the criteria outlined by Japanese Gastric cancer society. Anti-tumor drugs were used after surgery in some cases. There were 32 patients who received either no treatment or an oral anti-tumor drug, and 42 patients who received new chemotherapeutic regimens. RESULTS: According to a univariate analysis, the postoperative mean survival times were significantly different; tumor size ≤ 12 cm, a tumor without lymphatic involvement, more than D2 lymphadenectomy, and classification as curability B were favorable prognostic factors. The multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size, lymphadenectomy and curability were independent prognostic factors. In curability B patients, venous involvement was an independent prognostic factor. In curability C patients, both the tumor size and postoperative chemotherapy affected their prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with curable Stage IV gastric cancer, at least a D2 gastrectomy to reduce the absolute volume of tumor cells, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, may be essential to improve their prognosis. In incurable cases, aggressive new chemotherapeutic regimens should be the treatment of choice for the prolongation of survival.