RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studies on the association between preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and dementia are limited. Indeed, PRISm has often been overlooked or ignored as an index of lung function impairment. Therefore, we investigated the association of PRISm with the risk for the development of dementia in an older Japanese population. METHODS: A total of 1202 community-dwelling, older Japanese participants aged ≥65 years without dementia were followed up for a median of 5.0 years. Participants were categorized by spirometry as follows: normal spirometry (FEV1/FVC ≥0.70 and FEV1 ≥80% predicted), PRISm (≥0.70 and <80%), airflow limitation (AFL) Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 1 (<0.70 and ≥80%), and AFL GOLD 2 to 4 (<0.70 and <80%). Hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 122 participants developed dementia. The age- and sex-adjusted incidences of dementia in the participants with normal spirometry, PRISm, AFL GOLD 1, and AFL GOLD 2 to 4 were 20.5, 37.0, 18.4, and 28.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Participants with PRISm had a higher risk of dementia (HR 2.04 [95%CI, 1.19-3.49]) than those with normal spirometry after adjusting for confounders. Moreover, both reduced FEV1% predicted values and FVC% predicted values were associated with the risk for dementia. CONCLUSION: PRISm was associated with an increased risk of dementia in a general older Japanese population.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complication has long been considered a factor associated with poor prognosis in patients with miliary tuberculosis. However, few reports exist on the prognostic factors of miliary tuberculosis including those complicating ARDS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined prognoses and other clinical information obtained from medical records of a total of 68 patients diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis. Clinical findings were compared between patients who died within three months (non-survivor group) and those who survived beyond three months (survivor group), and risk factors for death within three months of diagnosis were examined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen of 68 patients diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis died within three months. Most patients were aged 60 years or older (63 patients; 91.2%), with a peak in the 80â¯s (32 patients; 47.1%). Of the 68 patients with miliary tuberculosis, 13 (19%) had ARDS. The risk of death within three months increased with increasing age and ARDS onset during the disease course. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that, in addition to age (odd ratio (OR): 15.5) and the presence/absence of ARDS (OR: 12.0), consciousness disturbance (OR: 81.53) and high BUN levels (OR: 5.71) were independent factors for death within three months. CONCLUSION: In patients with miliary tuberculosis, old age, ARDS, consciousness disturbance, and high BUN levels were factors associated with poor prognosis.