VirPipe: an easy-to-use and customizable pipeline for detecting viral genomes from Nanopore sequencing.

Detection and analysis of viral genomes with Nanopore sequencing has shown great promise in the surveillance of pathogen outbreaks. However, the number of virus detection pipelines supporting Nanopore sequencing is very limited. Here, we present VirPipe, a new pipeline for the detection of viral genomes from Nanopore or Illumina sequencing input featuring streamlined installation and customization. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: VirPipe source code and documentation are freely available for download at https://github.com/KijinKims/VirPipe, implemented in Python and Nextflow.

First detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) from urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Republic of Korea.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an emerging zoonotic pathogen, poses a significant public health concern worldwide. Recently, rat HEV (Rocahepevirus ratti genotype C1; HEV-C1) has been reported to cause zoonotic infections and hepatitis in humans. Human infections with HEV-C1 are considered to be underestimated worldwide due to limited knowledge of transmission routes, genome epidemiology, and the risk assessment of zoonosis associated with these viruses. A total of 186 wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were collected from the Republic of Korea (ROK) between 2011 and 2021. The prevalence of HEV-C1 RNA was 8 of 180 (4.4%) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We first reported three nearly whole-genome sequences of HEV-C1 newly acquired from urban rats in the ROK. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Korea-indigenous HEV-C1 formed an independent genetic group with those derived from R. norvegicus rats in other countries, indicating geographical and genetic diversity. Our findings provide critical insights into the molecular prevalence, genome epidemiology, and zoonotic potential of Rocahepevirus. This report raises awareness of the presence of Rocahepevirus-related hepatitis E among physicians in the ROK.

High-resolution phylogeographical surveillance of Hantaan orthohantavirus using rapid amplicon-based Flongle sequencing, Republic of Korea.

Orthohantaviruses, etiological agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, pose a critical public health threat worldwide. Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) outbreaks are particularly endemic in Gyeonggi Province in northern area of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Small mammals were collected from three regions in the Gyeonggi Province during 2017 and 2018. Serological and molecular prevalence of HTNV was 25/201 (12.4%) and 10/25 (40%), respectively. A novel nanopore-based diagnostic assay using a cost-efficient Flongle chip was developed to rapidly and sensitively detect HTNV infection in rodent specimens within 3 h. A rapid phylogeographical surveillance of HTNV at high-resolution phylogeny was established using the amplicon-based Flongle sequencing. In total, seven whole-genome sequences of HTNV were newly obtained from wild rodents collected in Paju-si (Gaekhyeon-ri) and Yeoncheon-gun (Hyeonga-ri and Wangnim-ri), Gyeonggi Province. Phylogenetic analyses revealed well-supported evolutionary divergence and genetic diversity, enhancing the resolution of the phylogeographic map of orthohantaviruses in the ROK. Incongruences in phylogenetic patterns were identified among HTNV tripartite genomes, suggesting differential evolution for each segment. These findings provide crucial insights into on-site diagnostics, genome-based surveillance, and the evolutionary dynamics of orthohantaviruses to mitigate hantaviral outbreaks in HFRS-endemic areas in the ROK.

Impacts of social distancing policy and vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea.

This paper investigates the dynamic impact of social distancing policy on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection control, mobility of people, and consumption expenditures in the Republic of Korea. We employ structural and threshold vector autoregressive (VAR) models using big-data-driven mobility data, credit card expenditure, and a social distancing index. We find that the social distancing policy significantly reduces the spread of COVID-19, but there exists a significant, growing trade-off between infection control and economic activity over time. When the level of stringency in social distancing is already high, its marginal effect on mobility is estimated to be smaller than when social distancing stringency is low. The effect of social distancing also becomes secondary after vaccination. Increased vaccination is found to significantly reduce the critical cases while it increases visitors and consumption expenditures. The results also show that the effect of social distancing policy on mobility reduction is strongest among the population of age under 20 and the weakest among the population of age over 60.

Exercise training-induced changes in metabolic syndrome parameters, carotid wall thickness, and thyroid function in middle-aged women with subclinical hypothyroidism.

This study analyzed the differences in effects of a 12-week combination of exercise training program with resistance training and aerobic exercises on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, carotid wall thickness, and thyroid function, between subclinical hypothyroidism patients and obese groups, in middle-aged women. Subjects consisted of either 20 middle-aged women in the subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) group or 20 obese (body mass indices [BMI], ≥ 25 kg/m2) women without hypothyroidism in the obese (OB) group. The body composition, blood lipid factors, hormones associated with thyroid functions, blood pressure (BP), and carotid intima-media thickness were measured, while physical fitness was ascertained. In the SCH group, waist circumference (WC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were outside the normal ranges, while WC and systolic BP (SBP) were outside the normal ranges in the OB group. Following the 12-week training program, significantly positive changes occurred in body fat percentage, sit and reach test results, and SBP (p < 0.05) in the SCH group, while in the OB group, significantly positive changes in BMI, WC, sit and reach test results, SBP, and diastolic BP (DBP, p < 0.05) were observed. In addition, both groups showed significant decreases in intima-media thickness of the right carotid bifurcation (p < 0.05). However, in the two groups, the 12-week exercise training program did not have similar significant impact on the hormones related to thyroid functions and blood lipids. Therefore, further research on exercise training that can effectively induce changes in the hormones associated with thyroid functions in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism is necessary.

Effects of intermittent ladder-climbing exercise training on mitochondrial biogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress of the cardiac muscle in obese middle-aged rats.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of intermittent ladder-climbing exercise training on mitochondrial biogenesis and ER stress of the cardiac muscle in high fat diet-induced obese middle-aged rats. We induced obesity over 6 weeks of period in 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats around 50 weeks old, and were randomly divided into four experimental groups: chow, HFD, exercise+HFD, and exercise+chow. The exercising groups underwent high-intensity intermittent training using a ladder-climbing and weight exercise 3 days/week for a total of 8 weeks. High-fat diet and concurrent exercise resulted in no significant reduction in body weight but caused a significant reduction in visceral fat weight (p<0.05). Expression of PPARδ increased in the exercise groups and was significantly increased in the high-fat diet+exercise group (p<0.05). Among the ER stress-related proteins, the expression levels of p-PERK and CHOP, related to cardiac muscle damage, were significantly higher in the cardiac muscle of the high-fat diet group (p<0.05), and were significantly reduced by intermittent ladder-climbing exercise training (p<0.05). Specifically, this reduction was greater when the rats underwent exercise after switching back to the chow diet with a reduced caloric intake. Collectively, these results suggest that the combination of intermittent ladder-climbing exercise training and a reduced caloric intake can decrease the levels of ER stress-related proteins that contribute to cardiac muscle damage in obesity and aging. However, additional validation is required to understand the effects of these changes on mitochondrial biogenesis during exercise.

Effects of 12-week exercise training on osteocalcin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and insulin resistance in elderly females with osteoporosis.

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of exercise training on bone metabolism markers, inflammatory markers, and physical fitness in patients with osteoporosis from an osteoporosis-related immunological perspective. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-nine elderly female subjects (age, 74.2 ± 3.2 years) were classified into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on the T-score measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The exercise was performed voluntarily by the patients for 1 hour per day, three times per week, for 12 weeks. [Results] The differences between bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and osteocalcin concentrations increased significantly in the osteoporosis group after 12 weeks of exercise and were significantly higher than those in the normal and osteopenia groups. However, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance score decreased significantly in the osteoporosis group after 12 weeks of exercise. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations tended to decrease in all groups after 12 weeks of exercise and showed an inverse correlation with osteocalcin concentration; however, no statistical significance was observed. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that an exercise program in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis effectively reduces the risk of osteoporotic fracture and related diseases since it improves bone density and physical fitness and reduces inflammatory marker levels.

Effect of Taekwondo Training on Physical Fitness and Growth Index According to IGF-1 Gene Polymorphism in Children.

This study analyzed the effect of regular Taekwondo training for 16 weeks on physical fitness and growth index depending on different IGF-1 gene polymorphisms. The subjects of the study were 44 male students who were 8 year years old. The IGF-1 gene showed the highest frequency of 18 CA repeat (190 bp) in 50% of subjects, and was found in the homozygote (n=11), heterozygote (n=22) and non-carriers (n=11). The results of the physical fitness and growth index among the gene polymorphism groups indicated no significant differences but the expected height of the non-carrier group was significantly high (p<0.05). After Taekwondo training, the homozygote group and the non-carrier groups demonstrated significant (p<0.05) increase in grip strength and in time in the standing with one leg while closing eyes test, respectively. Only the homozygote group had a significant (p< 0.05) increase in thigh circumference. IGF-1 concentration significantly (p<0.05) increased in the heterozygote group, while HOMA-IR significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the homozygote group. Furthermore, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in glucose in both the homozygote and the non-carriers groups. The difference between physical fitness and growth index depending on the IGF-1 gene polymorphism after Taekwondo training did not show consistent impact.

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D and α-actinin-3 R577X Genotypes with Growth Factors and Physical Fitness in Korean Children.

This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=856, age 10.32±0.07 yr). The anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors for the ACE gene ID or the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism. However, the DD type of ACE gene was highest in the side step test (p<0.05), and the DD type was significantly higher than the II+ID type (p<0.05) in the early bone age. The combined group of the ACE gene II+ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type significantly showed lower early bone age (p< 0.05). This study did not find any individual or compounding effects of the polymorphism in the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors of Korean children. However, the exercise experience and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of the bones.

Effects of an elastic band resistance exercise program on lower extremity muscle strength and gait ability in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of a resistance exercise programs aiming to improve muscular function in order to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease in elderly people. [Subjects and Methods] Elderly patients with mild dementia were randomly assigned to an elastic band resistance exercise group (74.21±6.09 years). The experimental group (n=23) performed upper and lower extremity exercises three times per week for five months. Physical fitness was measured according to chair leg squat, one-leg stance, timed up-and-go test, 2-minute walking test, and gait ability before and after exercise. [Results] Static balance ability in which the participant stood on one foot with eyes open (left and right) increased significantly, but the dynamic balancing ability in the timed up-and-go test did not improve significantly. Cardiorespiratory function and gait speed improved significantly. [Conclusion] The five-month elastic band resistance exercise program improved muscle strength and endurance, cardiovascular function, and gait speed. Therefore, it may be an effective rehabilitation program for elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Simultaneous determination of free capsorubin and capsanthin in red pepper powder using u-HPLC.

A simultaneous ultra-HPLC (u-HPLC) method for the determination of free capsorubin and capsanthin in red pepper powder was validated in terms of its precision, accuracy, and linearity. The u-HPLC separation was performed on an RP C18 column (particle size 2 pm, id 2 mm length 100 mm) and with a photodiode-array detector. The recoveries of capsorubin were greater than 83.8 +/- 1.7%; the LOD and LOQ of the u-HPLC analyses were 0.043 and 0.129 mg/kg, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions for capsorubin were less than 9.01%. The recoveries of capsanthin were greater than 87.7 +/- 1.5%, and the LOD and LOQ were 0.101 and 0.306 mglkg, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions for capsanthin were less than 12.66%. All calibration curves for capsorubin and capsanthin exhibited good linearity (r2 = 0.99) within the tested ranges.

Intensity Differences of Resistance Training for Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Resistance training is used as adjunctive therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the treatment effects of different intensities of resistance training in terms of glycemia, lipids, blood pressure, adaptations, and body measurements. A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica dataBASE), EBSCO (Elton B. Stephens Company) host, Cochrane Library, WOS (Web of Science), and Scopus databases with a cut-off date of April 2022, and reference lists of relevant reviews were also consulted. The literature screening and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers. RoB2 (Risk of bias 2) tools were used for the literature quality assessment, the exercise intensity was categorized as medium-low intensity and high intensity, and the meta subgroup analysis was performed using R Version. A fixed or random effects model was selected for within-group analysis based on the heterogeneity test, and a random effects model was used for the analysis of differences between subgroups. A total of 36 randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 1491 participants. It was found that resistance training significantly improved HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), fasting blood glucose, TG (triglycerides), TC (total cholesterol), and LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels in patients with T2DM and caused a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, percent of fat mass, and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) indexes. The effects of high and medium-low intensity resistance training on T2DM patients were different in terms of HOMA-IR, maximal oxygen consumption, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass indexes. Only medium-low intensity resistance training resulted in a decrease in HOMA-IR. In addition to weight (MD = 4.25, 95% CI: [0.27, 8.22], I2 = 0%, p = 0.04; MD = -0.33, 95% CI: [-2.05, 1.39], I2 = 0%, p = 0.76; between groups p = 0.03) and HOMA-IR (MD = 0.11, 95% CI: [-0.40, -0.63], I2 = 0%, p = 0.85; MD = -1.09, 95% CI: [-1.83, -0.36], I2 = 87%, p = < 0.01; between groups p = 0.0085), other indicators did not reach statistical significance in the level of difference within the two subgroups of high intensity and medium-low intensity. The treatment effects (merger effect values) of high intensity resistance training were superior to those of medium-low intensity resistance training in terms of HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL levels and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, waist circumference, fat mass, and percentage of fat mass. Therefore, high intensity resistance training can be considered to be a better option to assist in the treatment of T2DM and reduce the risk of diabetic complications compared to medium-low intensity resistance training. Only one study reported an adverse event (skeletal muscle injury) associated with resistance training. Although results reflecting the difference in treatment effect between intensity levels reached no statistical significance, the practical importance of the study cannot be ignored.

A Development of Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing of Seoul orthohantavirus Using a Portable One-Step Amplicon-Based High Accuracy Nanopore System.

Whole-genome sequencing provides a robust platform for investigating the epidemiology and transmission of emerging viruses. Oxford Nanopore Technologies allows for real-time viral sequencing on a local laptop system for point-of-care testing. Seoul orthohantavirus (Seoul virus, SEOV), harbored by Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, causes mild hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and poses an important threat to public health worldwide. We evaluated the deployable MinION system to obtain high-fidelity entire-length sequences of SEOV for the genome identification of accurate infectious sources and their genetic diversity. One-step amplicon-based nanopore sequencing was performed from SEOV 80-39 specimens with different viral copy numbers and SEOV-positive wild rats. The KU-ONT-SEOV-consensus module was developed to analyze SEOV genomic sequences generated from the nanopore system. Using amplicon-based nanopore sequencing and the KU-ONT-consensus pipeline, we demonstrated novel molecular diagnostics for acquiring full-length SEOV genome sequences, with sufficient read depth in less than 6 h. The consensus sequence accuracy of the SEOV small, medium, and large genomes showed 99.75-100% (for SEOV 80-39 isolate) and 99.62-99.89% (for SEOV-positive rats) identities. This study provides useful insights into on-site diagnostics based on nanopore technology and the genome epidemiology of orthohantaviruses for a quicker response to hantaviral outbreaks.

Rapid method for the determination of vitamins A and E in foods using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.

A rapid and novel ultra-HPLC (u-HPLC) method for the determination of vitamins A (retinol) and E (alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol) in foods was validated in terms of its precision, accuracy, and linearity. The u-HPLC separation was performed on an RP C18 column (particle size 2 microm, id 2 mm, and length 75 mm), followed by fluorescence detection. The recovery of retinol was more than 84.58%; the LOD and LOQ of the u-HPLC analysis were 0.015 and 0.045 mg/kg, respectively. The intraday and interday precision was less than 9.12%. The recoveries of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol were more than 81.37%; the LOD and the LOQ were 0.014, 0.002, and 0.001 mg/kg and 0.042, 0.005, and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. All calibration curves had good linearity (r2 = 0.99) within the test ranges. The novel, rapid method coupled to u-HPLC can provide significant improvements in the speed, sensitivity, and resolution compared with a conventional HPLC method.

Dynamic Resistance Exercise Alters Blood ApoA-I Levels, Inflammatory Markers, and Metabolic Syndrome Markers in Elderly Women.

Combined endurance and dynamic-resistance exercise has important anti-inflammatory effects, altering vascular endothelial function, and helping to prevent and treat aging-related metabolic syndrome (MS). We studied changes in 40 elderly women aged ≥ 65 years (control group (no MS), n = 20, mean age: 68.23 ± 2.56 years; MS group, n = 19, mean age: 71.42 ± 5.87 years; one left). The exercise program comprised dynamic-resistance training using elastic bands, three times weekly, for six months. We analyzed body composition, blood pressure, physical fitness, and MS-related blood variables including ApoA-I, antioxidant factors, and inflammatory markers. After the program, the MS group showed significant reductions in waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, blood insulin, and HOMA-IR, and a significant increase in HSP70 (p < 0.05). Both groups showed significant increases in ApoA-I levels, ApoA-I/HDL-C ratio, SOD2, IL-4, and IL-5 levels (p < 0.05). Active-resistance training-induced changes in ApoA-I were significantly positively correlated with changes in HDL-C and HSP70, and significantly negatively correlated with changes in triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Active-resistance training qualitatively altered HDL, mostly by altering ApoA-I levels, relieving vascular inflammation, and improving antioxidant function. This provides evidence that dynamic-resistance exercise can improve physical fitness and MS risk factors in elderly women.

Effects of an Exercise Program Combining Aerobic and Resistance Training on Protein Expressions of Neurotrophic Factors in Obese Rats Injected with Beta-Amyloid.

In this study, the effects of a 12-week exercise program combining aerobic and resistance training on high-fat diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats after the injection of beta-amyloid into the cerebral ventricle were investigated. Changes in physical fitness, cognitive function, blood levels of beta-amyloid and metabolic factors, and protein expressions of neurotrophic factors related to brain function such as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the quadriceps femoris, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex were analyzed. The subjects were thirty-two 10-week-old SD rats (DBL Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). The rats were randomized into four groups: ß-Non-Ex group (n = 8) with induced obesity and ßA25-35 injection into the cerebral ventricle through stereotactic biopsy; ß-Ex group (n = 8) with induced obesity, ßA25-35 injection, and exercise; S-Non-Ex group (n = 8) with an injection of saline in lieu of ßA25-35 as the control; and S-Ex group (n = 8) with saline injection and exercise. The 12-week exercise program combined aerobic training and resistance training. As for protein expressions of the factors related to brain function, the combined exercise program was shown to have a clear effect on activating the following factors: PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5), and BDNF in the quadriceps femoris; TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B), FNDC5, and BDNF in the hippocampus; PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF in the cerebral cortex. The protein expression of ß-amyloid in the cerebral cortex was significantly lower in the ß-Ex group than in the ß-Non-Ex group (p < 0.05). The 12-week intervention with the combined exercise program of aerobic and resistance training was shown to improve cardiopulmonary function, muscular endurance, and short-term memory. The results demonstrate a set of positive effects of the combined exercise program, which were presumed to have arisen mainly due to its alleviating effect on ß-amyloid plaques, the main cause of reduced brain function, as well as the promotion of protein expressions of PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF in the quadriceps femoris, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex.

12-Week Exercise Training of Knee Joint and Squat Movement Improves Gait Ability in Older Women.

This study analyzed the effects of an exercise training program consisting of a knee joint complex exercise device (leg-link system) with digitally controlled active motion function and squat movement on physical fitness and gait ability of elderly women aged 70 or above. Fifty four (54) elderly women aged 70 or above were divided into three groups as control group (n = 18), aerobic training group (n = 18), and combined training group with resistance and aerobic exercise (n = 18). Health-related physical fitness, gait ability-related physical fitness, and the temporal and spatial parameters of gait ability were compared. The health-related physical fitness after the 12-week training was not significantly altered in control group, whereas combined training group showed significant increase in all factors (p < 0.05) and aerobic training group showed significant increase (p < 0.05) only in the physical efficiency index. The gait ability-related physical fitness and all items of the temporal and spatial parameters of gait were found to have significantly increased (p < 0.05) in combined training group after the 12-week exercise training; however, in aerobic training group, only the factors related to muscular endurance and balance showed significant increase (p < 0.05). This study suggested that the exercise training consisting of knee joint complex exercise with digitally controlled active motion function and squat exercise for strengthening lower extremities and core muscles had positive effects on enhancing the ambulatory competence in elderly women.

Novel Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus 1 and 2, harbored by Apodemus agrarius in the Republic of Korea.

Paramyxoviruses harbored by multiple natural reservoirs pose a potential threat to public health. Jeilongvirus has been proposed as a novel paramyxovirus genus found in rodents, bats, and cats. Paramyxovirus RNA was detected in 108/824 (13.1%) Apodemus agrarius captured at 14 trapping sites in the Republic of Korea. We first present two genetically distinct novel paramyxoviruses, Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus 1 (PAPV-1) and 2 (PAPV-2). The disparity between PAPV-1 (19,716 nucleotides) and -2 (17,475 nucleotides) revealed the presence of the SH gene and length of the G gene in the genome organization. The phylogeny of PAPV-1 and -2 belonged to distinct genetic lineages of Jeilongvirus, respectively, even though these viruses were originated from A. agrarius. PAPV-1 infected human epithelial and endothelial cells, facilitating the induction of type I/III interferons, interferon-stimulated genes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, this study provides insights into the molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and virus-host interactions of novel rodent-borne paramyxoviruses.

Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Novel Paramyxoviruses Related to the Genus Henipavirus in Crocidura Species in the Republic of Korea.

Paramyxoviruses, negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, pose a critical threat to human public health. Currently, 78 species, 17 genera, and 4 subfamilies of paramyxoviruses are harbored by multiple natural reservoirs, including rodents, bats, birds, reptiles, and fish. Henipaviruses are critical zoonotic pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory distress and neurological diseases in humans. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 115 Crocidura species individuals were examined for the prevalence of paramyxovirus infections. Paramyxovirus RNA was observed in 26 (22.6%) shrews collected at five trapping sites, Republic of Korea. Herein, we report two genetically distinct novel paramyxoviruses (genus: Henipavirus): Gamak virus (GAKV) and Daeryong virus (DARV) isolated from C. lasiura and C. shantungensis, respectively. Two GAKVs and one DARV were nearly completely sequenced using next-generation sequencing. GAKV and DARV contain six genes (3'-N-P-M-F-G-L-5') with genome sizes of 18,460 nucleotides and 19,471 nucleotides, respectively. The phylogenetic inference demonstrated that GAKV and DARV form independent genetic lineages of Henipavirus in Crocidura species. GAKV-infected human lung epithelial cells elicited the induction of type I/III interferons, interferon-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this study contributes further understandings of the molecular prevalence, genetic characteristics and diversity, and zoonotic potential of novel paramyxoviruses in shrews.

Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Myokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Middle-Aged Obese Rats.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on myokines expression in the skeletal muscle of middle-aged rats with high fat diet-induced obesity, to investigate the feasibility of using exercise training to reduce inflammation. Male 50-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet, normal diet + exercise, high fat diet, and high fat diet + exercise groups. After six weeks on a high fat diet to induce obesity, a 12-week exercise program was implemented, which combined aerobic exercise (treadmill running) and resistance exercise (ladder climbing) three times a week for 75 min per session. We analyzed the protein levels of interleukins (IL) 6, 7, and 8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in skeletal muscles by western blotting. Body weight decreased significantly during the 12-week exercise program in the exercise groups compared to the non-exercise groups (p < 0.05). The levels of all myokines analyzed were significantly lower in the skeletal muscle of the high fat diet group compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05). After completing the 12-week exercise program, IL-7, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions were significantly higher in the high fat diet + exercise group compared to the high fat diet group (p < 0.05). However, while IL-6 expression was significantly lower in the high fat diet and high fat diet + exercise groups compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05), it was not significantly affected by exercise. In conclusion, high fat diet-induced obesity resulted in decreased myokines in the skeletal muscles, but combined exercise training of aerobic and resistance exercise increased myokines secretion in the skeletal muscle of obese rats, and is thought to help reduce inflammation.