Undibacterium arcticum sp. nov., isolated from arctic alpine soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium, designated 6-67T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Its taxonomic position was investigated by genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses. This isolate grew at 4-28 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-0.2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain 6-67T contained Q-8 as a major respiratory quinone and MK-7 as a minor component; the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The polyamines were putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the novel strain 6-67T belonged to the family Oxalobacteraceae within the class Betaproteobacteria. The DNA G+C content of strain 6-67T was 56.21 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain 6-67T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Undibacterium, for which the name Undibacterium arcticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6-67T (=CCTCC AB 2015162T=KCTC 42986T).

Sphingoaurantiacus polygranulatus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from high-Arctic tundra soil, and emended descriptions of the genera Sandarakinorhabdus, Polymorphobacter and Rhizorhabdus and the species Sandarakinorhabdus limnophila, Rhizorhabdus argentea and Sphingomonas wittichii.

An orange, Gram-reaction-negative and aerobic bacterium, designated MC 3718T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard archipelago, Norway (78° N). The cells were motile with either a polar or a subpolar flagellum and reproduced by budding or asymmetrical cell division. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 9.0). Many cells accumulated poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate granules and contained a single large polyphosphate granule at a pole or in the middle of the cell. Cell walls contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and ubiquinone 10 was the main respiratory quinone. Strain MC 3718T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 29.49 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c; 29.38 %), C17 : 1ω6c (10.15 %), C14 : 0 2-OH (9.05 %) and C16 : 0 (6.84 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. The main polar lipids were two sphingoglycolipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and two unknown polar lipids. Carotenoids were detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MC 3718T belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae. The DNA G+C content was 67.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain MC 3718T is considered to represent a novel genus and species in the family Sphingomonadaceae, for which the name Sphingoaurantiacus polygranulatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Sphingoaurantiacus polygranulatus is MC 3718T ( = CCTCC AB 2014274T = LMG 28636T). Emended descriptions of the genera Sandarakinorhabdus, Polymorphobacter and Rhizorhabdus and the species Sandarakinorhabdus limnophila, Rhizorhabdus argentea and Sphingomonas wittichii are also provided.

Pseudorhodobacter collinsensis sp. nov., isolated from a till sample of an icecap front.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile strain, designated 4-T-34T, was isolated from a till sample of Collins icecap front, Antarctica, and its taxonomic position was investigated by genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis. The isolate grew at 4-30 °C (optimum 20-25 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 and with 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 4-T-34T belonged to the genus Pseudorhodobacter, with the closest relatives being Pseudorhodobacter wandonensis WT-MW11T (96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Pseudorhodobacter antarcticus ZS3-33T (96.8 %), Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus IAM 12616T (96.5 %) and Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris HDW-19T (95.4 %). Strain 4-T-34T contained Q-10 as the only ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 4-T-34T was 61 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain 4-T-34T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter collinsensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4-T-34T ( = CCTCC AB 2014005T = LMG 28256T).

Chryseobacterium frigidum sp. nov., isolated from high-Arctic tundra soil, and emended descriptions of Chryseobacterium bernardetii and Chryseobacterium taklimakanense.

A yellow, Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated D07T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard archipelago, Norway (78° N). Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0). The strain produced flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D07T belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed 93.83 and 93.31 % sequence similarity, respectively, to those of Chryseobacterium contaminans C26T and Chryseobacterium taklimakanense X-65T. Strain D07T contained anteiso-C15 : 0 (25.91 %), iso-C15 : 0 (16.05 %), iso-C16 : 0 3-OH (9.64 %), iso-C16 : 0 (9.42 %) and iso-C14 : 0 (7.36 %) as the predominant cellular fatty acids, MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown aminolipids and three unknown lipids as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 49.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain D07T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium frigidum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D07T ( = CCTCC AB 2011160T = KCTC 42897T). Emended descriptions of Chryseobacterium bernardetii and Chryseobacterium taklimakanense are also provided.

Roseomonas arctica sp. nov., isolated from arctic glacial foreland soil.

A novel psychrotolerant bacterium, designed strain M6-79T, was isolated from an arctic glacial foreland soil sample collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Cells of strain M6-79T were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and produced a red-pigment. Strain M6-79T was strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-endospore-forming, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain M6-79T was phylogenetically related to Roseomonas aquatica TR53T (95.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Roseomonas lacus TH-G33T (94.3 %), 'Roseomonas sediminicola' FW-3 (94.3 %), Roseomonas terrae DS-48T (94.1 %) and Roseomonas soli 5N26T (94.1 %). The unique isoprenoid quinone detected in strain M6-79T was Q-9. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, one unknown aminolipid and one unknown lipid. Strain M6-79T possessed C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as the predominant fatty acids, and the DNA G+C content was 71.2 mol%. Combined data from phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic studies revealed that strain M6-79T represents a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain M6-79T ( = CCTCC AB 2013101T = LMG 28251T).

Roseovarius antarcticus sp. nov., isolated from a decayed whale bone.

A pale yellow, ovoid- to rod-shaped and budding bacterium, designated strain M-S13-148(T), was isolated from a decayed bone of whale from the eastern coast of King George Island, South Shetlands, Antarctica. Strain M-S13-148(T) exhibited motility, aerobic growth and was Gram-stain-negative. Strain M-S13-148(T) was positive for catalase and oxidase. Growth was observed at pH 6.0-9.0, at 4-42 °C and with 0-14% (w/v) NaCl. The novel strain contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid as the major polar lipids. The dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), (58.8%) and C16 : 0 (11.7%). The respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the DNA G + C content was 60.9 mol%. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and minimum-evolution phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that strain M-S13-148(T) belonged to the genus Roseovarius and was most closely related to Roseovarius nanhaiticus CCTCC AB 208317(T) (93.72% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to members of the genus Roseovarius ranged from 91.81 to 93.94%. On the basis of phenotypic, molecular and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain M-S13-148 is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius antarcticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is M-S13-148(T) ( = CCTCC AB2014072(T) = LMG 28420(T)).

Risungbinella pyongyangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic member of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae isolated from an agricultural soil sample.

A mesophilic strain, designed MC 210T, was isolated from an agricultural soil sample from Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain grew well on PYI medium, and no diffusible pigments were produced. The optimum temperature for growth was 37 °C. The aerial mycelium was well developed, but not fragmented. The strain was Gram-reaction-positive and non-motile and formed endospores on the aerial mycelium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain MC 210T belongs to the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. Strain MC 210T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 92.90 and 92.54% to the type strains of Geothermomicrobium terrae and Shimazuella kribbensis, respectively. The cell wall of strain MC 210T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine as the diagnostic amino acids, and whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, arabinose and galactose. Strain MC 210T contained anteiso-C13 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C13 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown aminolipid, three unknown phospholipids and five unknown polar lipids. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7.The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.1 mol%. On the basis of our phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain MC 210T is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which we propose the name Risungbinella pyongyangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., in the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. The type strain of Risungbinella pyongyangensis is MC 210T (CCTCC AA 2013021T = NRRL B-59118T).

Luteolibacter arcticus sp. nov., isolated from high Arctic tundra soil, and emended description of the genus Luteolibacter.

A pale yellow, Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated MC 3726T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway (78 °N). Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum 25-30 °C) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MC 3726T belonged to the genus Luteolibacter in the family Verrucomicrobiaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed 93.18, 92.54 and 92.44 % similarity to those of Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis E100T, Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis A4T-83T and Luteolibacter yonseiensis EBTL01T, respectively. The cell wall of strain MC 3726T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. Strain MC 3726T contained iso-C14:0 (38.28 %), C16:0 (15.89 %), C16:1ω9c (14.24 %), iso-C16:0 (10.42 %) and anteiso-C15:0 (5.75 %) as the predominant cellular fatty acids, MK-9 and MK-10 as the major respiratory quinones, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain MC 3726T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Luteolibacter, for which the name Luteolibacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MC 3726T ( = CCTCC AB 2014275T = LMG 28638T). An emended description of the genus Luteolibacter is also provided, along with emended descriptions of Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis, Luteolibacter yonseiensis and Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis.