The Effect of Bright Light Therapy on Sleep and Quality of Life in Patients With Poststroke Insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: Poststroke insomnia is common and negatively affects stroke recovery. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of bright light therapy for mild-to-moderate stroke patients with insomnia. METHODS: This study was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled. A 2-week trial was conducted on patients with mild-to-moderate stroke who had poststroke insomnia. Only patients who had experienced a first episode of stroke were enrolled in this study. Sleep parameters were measured using the Actiwatch Spectrum Pro for 7 days before and after light therapy. The instrument specifically collected data concerning sleep, mood state, fatigue, and subjective quality of life. Participants with poststroke insomnia received bright light therapy (10,000 lux) or placebo therapy for 30 minutes in the early morning. A total of 112 eligible participants entered the study, but only 56 patients were randomized to treatment (27 to bright light therapy and 29 to placebo therapy). RESULTS: Results from analysis of variance showed that the mean change of sleep latency (F(1,55) =4.793, p = .033) and sleep efficiency (F(1,55) = 5.625, p = .022) were significantly superior in bright light therapy over placebo. Bright light therapy resulted in significant improvements in daytime sleepiness, fatigue, mood, and quality of life in study participants (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Bright light therapy is a nonpharmacological treatment of early, poststroke insomnia in patients who had a mild to moderate stroke. In addition, bright light therapy is effective for the treatment of daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and depression and for improving quality of life in patients with poststroke insomnia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04721574.

Psychiatric symptoms mediate the effect of resilience on health-related quality of life in patients with breast cancer: Longitudinal examination.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy are at increased risk of poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study examined clinical caseness on depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between resilience and HRQOL in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 193 patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy completed questionnaires including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast before the first session (T0), before the start of the last session (T1), and 6 months after the end (T2) of chemotherapy. Mediation analyses using a bootstrapping method was performed. RESULTS: The indirect effect (IE) through T1 depression was significant (IE through depression = 0.043, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.002-0.090]), while IE through T1 anxiety was not significant (IE through anxiety = 0.037, 95% CI [-0.010-0.097]) in the association between T0 resilience and T2 HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical caseness on HADS depression subscale during chemotherapy was a mediating factor of the relationship between resilience before chemotherapy and HRQOL after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Depression during chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer may be a target symptom of screening and intervention to maintain the HRQOL after chemotherapy. Also, patients with low resilience are more likely to develop depression during chemotherapy, and clinicians should carefully monitor whether depression occurs in these patients with low resilience.

Variables Affecting Attitudes Toward Suicide Among the Adolescent Population.

Past research has supported the positive association between prosuicide attitudes and suicidal behavior. The aim of the present study was to determine the factor structure of adolescents' attitudes toward suicide and to explore correlates associated with their attitudes. A questionnaire was distributed to 1292 adolescents at eight middle schools to assess their demographic information, clinical variables, and attitudes toward suicide. After factor analysis, we reached a four-factor solution of the attitudes toward suicide. Significantly more females, nonreligious adolescents, those with a lower socioeconomic status, those with higher levels of depressive symptoms, and those with a history of suicidal ideation/plans had more understanding attitudes toward suicide. Depressive adolescents were also more permissive and believed that suicides were unpreventable and that loneliness led to suicide. In conclusion, adolescents' attitudes toward suicide were significantly associated with not only various sociodemographic correlates but also the severity of depressive symptoms and their own experiences of suicidality.

Cognitive reserve and the effects of virtual reality-based cognitive training on elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept proposed to account for discrepancies between the extent of brain pathology and clinical manifestations of that pathology. This study aimed to explore the associations between CR and the effects of cognitive training using fully immersive virtual reality (VR). METHODS: A total of 44 older adults (22 cognitively normal, 22 with mild cognitive impairment) underwent eight cognitive training sessions using VR for a period of 4 weeks. CR was assessed using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). To evaluate baseline cognitive function and the effects of VR training, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery was administered to all participants before and after the training. RESULTS: Greater improvement in the total CERAD score was seen for cognitively normal participants with higher versus lower scores on the Education subdomain of the CRIq. Among patients with mild cognitive impairment, none of the CRIq subdomain scores (Education, Working Activity, Leisure Time) were related to a change in CERAD total scores. The CRIq total score did not predict the improvement of global cognition in either group. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed different impacts of CR on cognitive training according to the participants' cognitive status. It also suggests that employing three proxies of CR rather than using a composite score would provide a more accurate understanding of one's CR.

Phenomenological examinations of delirium in advanced cancer patients: exploratory structural equation modelling and latent profile analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study examined phenomenological manifestations of delirium in advanced cancer patients by examining the factor structure of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R-98) and profiles of delirium symptoms. METHODS: Ninety-three patients with advanced cancer admitted to inpatient palliative care units in South Korea were examined by psychiatrists using the DRS-R-98 and the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The factor structure of the DRS-R-98 was examined by exploratory structural equation modelling analysis (ESEM) and profiles of delirium were examined by latent profile analysis (LPA). RESULTS: CAM-defined delirium was present in 66.6% (n = 62) of patients. Results from the ESEM analysis confirmed applicability of the core and noncore symptom factors of the DRS-R-98 to advanced cancer patients. LPA identified three distinct profiles of delirium characterizing the overall severity of delirium and its core and noncore symptoms. Class 1 (n = 55, 59.1%) showed low levels of all delirium symptoms. Class 2 (n = 17, 18.3%) showed high levels of core symptoms only, whereas Class 3 (n = 21, 22.6%) showed high levels of both core and noncore symptoms except motor retardation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical care for delirium in advanced cancer patients may benefit from consideration of the core and noncore symptom factor structure and the three distinct phenomenological profiles of delirium observed in the present study.

Relationship between subjective memory complaint and executive function in a community sample of South Korean elderly.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between subjective memory complaint (SMC) and executive function in a community sample of South Korean elderly. METHOD: Data for 1442 non-cognitive impaired elderly individuals aged 65 and over were selected from a nationwide dementia epidemiological study conducted in South Korea. Global cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-KC). The registration and recall subscales of the MMSE were used for evaluating memory function. Executive function was measured by using the Initiation/Perseveration (IP) subscale of the Korean dementia rating scale (K-DRS). RESULTS: Of the 1442 participants, 1088 were in the normal control group and 354 were in the SMC group. In the SMC group, compared to the normal control group, the proportion of depression was significantly higher, total MMSE scores, delayed recall score and total IP scores were significantly lower, and the mean scores of complex/simple verbal IP, alternating movements, and graphomotor design were lower. In the unadjusted linear regression model, the SMC significantly associated with a lower score of total MMSE-KC, MMSE delayed recall, K-DRS IP, complex/simple verbal IP, alternating movements and graphomotor design. After adjusting for age, gender, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, smoking behaviour, and depression, the SMC were significantly associated with lower total MMSE score, MMSE delayed recall, K-DRS IP, and K-DRS complex/simple verbal IP. CONCLUSION: In this population-based sample, individuals with SMC had evidence of lower performance on global cognition, memory function, and executive function, especially verbal fluency, after adjusting for demographic variables and depression.

Trajectory of severity of postoperative delirium symptoms and its prospective association with cognitive function in patients with gastric cancer: results from a prospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Delirium is a common neurocognitive complication in cancer. Despite this, the studies examining the trajectory of the severity of delirium symptoms and its impact on health outcome in gastric cancer is rather limited. This study examined the trajectory of delirium symptom severity (DSS) following resection surgery for gastric cancer and its prospective association with cognitive function. METHODS: A three-wave prospective observational study was conducted with 242 gastric cancer patients admitted for resection surgery at a teaching hospital in South Korea from May 2016 to November 2017. DSS was assessed by the clinical staff before and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after surgery using the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98. A survey including the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Scale (FACT-Cog) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered before surgery (T0), 7 days after (T1), and 3 to 6 months after surgery (T2). RESULTS: Out of 242 participants, 48.8% (118) completed the survey at all three time points, 43.4% (105) did so for two time points, and 7.9% (19) for one time point. No cases of full delirium were observed over four postoperative time points. Latent growth curve modeling analyses indicated that DSS declined over 3 days after surgery. Age and anesthesia time were positively associated with the initial level of DSS. A medication history for memory complaints was related to a slower recovery from delirium symptoms. While the use of propofol as an anesthetic agent was associated with lower initial DSS, it predicted a slower recovery from DSS. A higher initial DSS predicted a lower T1 MMSE score. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of postoperative delirium symptoms predicts a short-term and objective cognitive function post-surgery. Monitoring and timely treatment of postoperative delirium symptoms is needed to diminish cognitive consequences in gastric cancer patients.

Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for DSM-5.

BACKGROUND: For diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is one of the most widely used structured diagnostic interviews. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to develop and validate the Korean version of CAPS for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition ([DSM-5] K-CAPS-5). Seventy-one subjects with PTSD, 74 with mood disorder or anxiety disorder, and 99 as healthy controls were enrolled. The Korean version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-5-research version was used to assess the convergent validity of K-CAPS-5. BDI-II, BAI, IES-R, and STAI was used to evaluate the concurrent validity. RESULTS: All subjects completed various psychometric assessments including K-CAPS-5. K-CAPS-5 presented good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.91). K-CAPS-5 showed strong correlations with the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 PTSD (k = 0.893). Among the three subject groups listed above there were significant differences in the K-CAPS-5 total score. The data were best explained by a six-factor model. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the good reliability and validity of K-CAPS-5 and its suitability for use as a simple but structured instrument for PTSD assessment.

Incidence and risk factors of subsyndromal delirium after curative resection of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Subsyndromal delirium, a condition in which patients exhibit some, but not all, of the symptoms of delirium, can negatively affect the outcomes of patients with cancer. However, the incidence of subsyndromal delirium in patients with gastric cancer is unknown. Here, we investigated the incidence and risk factors of subsyndromal delirium after curative resection of gastric cancer. METHODS: We recruited consecutive patients with gastric cancer who were scheduled for curative resection at a tertiary hospital. Patients' subsyndromal delirium symptoms were serially assessed preoperatively and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days postoperatively using the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R-98). A DRS-R-98 score of 8-14 at any postoperative assessment was considered to indicate subsyndromal delirium. Sociodemographic and pre-/intra-operative clinical data were also assessed. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associated risk factors. RESULTS: Data were analysed from 163 out of 217 eligible patients. Postoperative delirium occurred in one patient (0.6%) and subsyndromal delirium occurred in 19 patients (11.7%). Age ≥ 70 years (odds ratio, [OR] 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-10.92; p = 0.011) and education level ≤ 9 years (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.39-11.41; p = 0.010) were independent risk factors of subsyndromal delirium after adjusting for preoperative cognitive function. Other pre-/intra-operative variables including anxiety/depression, poor sleep quality, and anaesthesia duration were not associated with subsyndromal delirium. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the low incidence of delirium among patients undergoing curative resection of gastric cancer, a substantial proportion of such patients experienced subsyndromal delirium. Considering the prognostic implications, more careful detection and management of subsyndromal delirium may be warranted in patients with gastric cancer.

Relationship between physicians' perceived stigma toward depression and physician referral to psycho-oncology services on an oncology/hematology ward.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to identify relationships between physicians' perceived stigma toward depression and psycho-oncology service utilization on an oncology/hematology ward. METHODS: The study participants were 235 patients in an oncology/hematology ward and 14 physicians undergoing an internal medicine residency training program in Inha University Hospital (Incheon, South Korea). Patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and residents completed the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination scale that evaluates perceived stigma toward depression. A total PHQ-9 score of ≥5 was defined as clinically significant depression. Physicians decided on referral on the basis of their opinions and those of their patients. The correlates of physicians' recommendation for referral to psycho-oncology services and real referrals psycho-oncology services were examined. RESULTS: Of the 235 patients, 143 had PHQ-9 determined depression, and of these 143 patients, 61 received psycho-oncology services. Physicians recommended that 87 patients consult psycho-oncology services. Multivariate analyses showed that lower physicians' perceived stigma regarding depression was significantly associated with physicians' recommendation for referral, and that real referral to psycho-oncology services was significantly associated with presence of a hematologic malignancy and lower physicians' perceived stigma toward depression. CONCLUSION: Physicians' perceived stigma toward depression was found to be associated with real referral to psycho-oncology services and with physician recommendation for referral to psycho-oncology services. Further investigations will be needed to examine how to reduce physicians' perceived stigma toward depression.

A Brief Screening Tool for PTSD: Validation of the Korean Version of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (K-PC-PTSD-5).

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate psychometrically the Korean version of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-fifth edition (K-PC-PTSD-5). In total, 252 participants were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-fifth edition-research version (SCID-5-RV). The K-PC-PTSD-5 showed good internal consistency (α = 0.872), test-retest reliability (r = 0.89), and concurrent validity (r = 0.81). A score of 3 was identified as the threshold for clinically significant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Overall, the results indicate that the K-PC-PTSD-5 is a useful, timesaving instrument for screening PTSD symptoms.

The role of depression in the insomnia of people with subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia in a community sample of elderly individuals in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the relationship between insomnia and cognitive dysfunctions including, subjective memory impairment (SMI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, by considering depression in a community sample of elderly individuals. METHODS: Data for 1,740 elderly individuals aged 65 years and over were obtained from a nationwide dementia epidemiological study conducted in South Korea. Cognitive functional status was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet Clinical Assessment Battery. Insomnia was defined as the presence of at least one of the four sleep complaints (difficulty in initiating sleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep, early morning awakening, and non-restorative sleep), accompanied by moderate to severe daytime consequences. Depression was evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of insomnia in the patients with SMI, MCI, and dementia was found to be 23.2%, 19.6%, and 31.0%, respectively. The patients with SMI, MCI, and dementia were significantly more likely to have insomnia and the four sleep complaints than the normal comparison patients. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, the significant relationships between cognitive dysfunctional status and insomnia remained. However, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and depression, no significant relationships with any of the sleep complaints or insomnia remained. CONCLUSION: Insomnia is a very common complaint in the elderly with SMI, MCI, and dementia. Depression might play an important factor in the relationship between insomnia and cognitive dysfunctional status in the elderly.

Longitudinal Association of Poor Sleep Quality With Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients With Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) include older age, female sex, alcohol consumption, and a history of motion sickness. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are found to be related with sleep and mood in other conditions, little is known about their effects on CINV. METHODS: This prospective observational study recruited patients with early-stage breast cancer who had recovered from surgery before receiving a first cycle of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. Candidate factors associated with CINV were assessed before chemotherapy by using the following: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Chemotherapy-induced nausea (CIN) and chemotherapy-induced vomiting (CIV) were defined according to a numeric rating scale (0-10) as follows: ≥3, nausea; ≥1, vomiting. RESULTS: Between February 2012 and May 2014, data were collected from 198 patients. Chemotherapy-induced nausea occurred in 35.4% of patients, and CIV occurred in 31.3%. Chemotherapy-induced nausea was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (odds ratio [OR], 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-5.46; p = 0.024) and pretreatment nausea (OR, 4.81; 95% CI, 1.84-12.62; p = 0.001). Likewise, CIV was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.21-5.78; p = 0.015) and pretreatment nausea (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.23-7.66; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep quality increases risk of CINV in patients with breast cancer. Sleep problems should be assessed and considered in the management of CINV.

Correlates of oncologist-issued referrals for psycho-oncology services: what we learned from the electronic voluntary screening and referral system for depression (eVSRS-D).

OBJECTIVE: Depression in cancer patients is under-recognized and under-treated. To better identify depression, we designed a voluntary depression screening system. Based on its data, we examined trends in oncologist-issued referrals for the psycho-oncology service (POS). METHODS: The Electronic Voluntary Screening and Referral System for Depression (eVSRS-D) comprises self-screening, automated reporting, and referral guidance. Using touch-screen kiosks at a tertiary hospital in Korea, participants with cancer completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 at their convenience, received the results, and reported their willingness to participate in POS. At oncology appointments, oncologists received the screening reports and issued referrals following pre-recommended guidelines. The correlates of actual referrals were examined across all participants and within the willing and non-willing groups. RESULTS: Among the 838 participants, 56.3% reported severe depression symptoms, 30.5% wanted a referral, and 14.8% were actually referred. The correlates of participants' desire for referral were more severe depression symptoms, being unmarried, and being metastasis and recurrence free. Among all participants, the correlates of actual referrals were unemployment, less severe depression symptoms, poorer performance, treatment status, and wanting a referral. The sole correlate of actual referrals within the non-willing group was poorer performance, and no significant correlates existed within the willing group. The non-referrals were mostly (87.1%) because of postponed decisions. CONCLUSIONS: The eVSRS-D cannot definitively diagnose major depression but may efficiently self-select a population with significant depression symptoms. The patients' willingness to engage the POS most strongly predicted the actual referrals. Oncologist reviews of screening reports may not result in further depression severity-specific referrals.

Sleep duration and associated factors in a community sample of elderly individuals in Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study estimates the duration of sleep and its relationships with clinical correlates in a community sample of elderly individuals in Korea. METHODS: A total of 1924 individuals aged 65 and over were interviewed in Korea. Sleep durations were classified into five categories: 5.00 h or less, 6.00 h per day, 7.00 h per day, 8.00 h per day, and 9.00 h or more per day. Sleep disturbance was classified into four sleep complaints: difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early-morning awakening, and non-restorative sleep. The Mini-Mental Status Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and questionnaires about the presence of cardiovascular disease were employed. RESULTS: The most frequent self-reported sleep duration was 7.00 h. The mean sleep duration was 6.46 h. Female subjects, subjects between the ages of 75 and 79, and subjects with current depression were associated with sleeping for 6.00 h or less or 9.00 h or more. Subjects who lived alone and those with cardiovascular disease were associated with sleeping for 5.00 h or less. Subjects aged 80 and over, formally educated subjects, current smokers, and subjects with cognitive dysfunction were associated with sleeping for 9.00 h or more. Sleep disturbances according to sleep duration has a U-shaped distribution. We found that all sleep disturbances were significantly related to sleep durations of 6.00 h or less compared to sleep durations of 7.00 h. We also found that non-restorative sleep was significantly related to sleep durations of 8.00 h or more compared to sleep durations of 7.00 h. CONCLUSION: A relatively high prevalence of short or long sleep duration was identified. Various sociodemographic variables influenced sleep duration. Depression, cognitive dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease were associated with short or long sleep duration. Careful attention should be paid to the health of elderly individuals who are short or long sleepers.

Effect of maximal-intensity and high-intensity interval training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: An increase in V̇O2max is important for acute myocardial infarction morbidity, and recurrence rate and intensity have been suggested as important factors in improving V̇O2max. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maximal-intensity interval training (MIIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on exercise capacity and health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) at low and moderate cardiac risk in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). This study secondarily aimed to compare the effects of hospital-based phase II CR and usual care. DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient Rehabilitation Setting. POPULATION: Fifty-nine patients with acute MI were randomly assigned to the MIIT (N.=30) or HIIT (N.=29) group, and 32 to the usual care group. METHODS: Twice a week, an intervention was conducted for nine weeks in all groups. The maximum oxygen intake (V̇O2max) and MacNew Heart Disease HRQoL were evaluated before and after intervention. RESULTS: A significant interaction was observed between time and group for V̇O2max (P<0.001). The MIIT group showed greater improvement than those exhibited by the HIIT and usual care groups (P<0.05). Similarly, a significant time and group interaction was observed on the MacNew Global, Physical, and Emotional scales (P<0.05), but not on the social scale (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to HIIT and usual care, MIIT significantly increased the V̇O2max and was as safe as HIIT in patients with acute MI with low and moderate cardiac risk in CR. Additionally, MIIT and HIIT were superior to usual care in terms of improving the HRQoL. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Our results suggest that increased intensity in phase II CR could result in better outcomes in terms of V̇O2max increment in patients with acute MI and low and moderate cardiac risk in CR.

Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in a community sample of elderly individuals in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is a common psychiatric complaint among elderly individuals. This study investigates the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of insomnia by considering a community sample of elderly individuals in South Korea. METHODS: A face-to-face household survey was conducted in five regions of South Korea from June 2008 to August 2008. Among a total of 3,074 individuals aged 65 years and over, 2,002 participants were interviewed. The presence of insomnia was defined as having at least one of four sleep complaints that included difficulty in initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty in maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakening (EMA), and non-restorative sleep (NRS) more than three times per week in the last month. The Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Questionnaire, a short form of the Geriatric Depression scale (GDS), and a medical review of systems were implemented. RESULTS: Insomnia was found in 29.2% of the participants. DIS, DMS, EMA, and NRS accounted for 19.4%, 21.7%, 19.6%, and 8.0% of the participants respectively. Insomnia accompanied by daytime consequences accounted for 17.1% of the participants. The participants who were females, had no education, lived alone, showed symptoms of RLS or depression, and had a lifetime history of physical illness were significantly more likely to report insomnia. The prevalence of DIS, DMS, EMA, or insomnia increased slightly with age, whereas that of NRS decreased slightly. The lifetime history of head trauma, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, anemia, or depression was significantly related to insomnia. CONCLUSION: Sleep problems are common among elderly individuals and are closely related to their lifetime history of physical illness.

Restless legs syndrome in older people: a community-based study on its prevalence and association with major depressive disorder in older Korean adults.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its relationship with the demographic variables in an older Korean population were examined. METHODS: A face-to-face household survey was conducted in five different regions of Korea from June 2008 to August 2008. Among a total of 3074 individuals who were aged more than 65, 1990 participants were interviewed, and the response rate was 64.7%. The diagnosis of RLS was made using an RLS questionnaire. The medical review of systems was assessed by a self-report questionnaire containing 15 items. Depression was diagnosed with the diagnostic section of depressive disorder of the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: The prevalence of RLS in the older Korean population was 9.5% (men, 7.1%; women, 11.3%). RLS had a significant association with anemia (odds ratio (OR), 1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-2.12; P < 0.001) and renal diseases (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.95-3.38; P < 0.001). RLS seemed to have a significant relationship with depression by using the CIDI (adjusted OR 2.01; 95% CI, 1.45-2.79. P < 0.001) and GDS (adjusted OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-1.94; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Restless legs syndrome might be a risk factor for major depressive disorder in older Koreans. Future investigations should focus on the causality and mechanism underlying the relationship between RLS and major depressive disorder.

The Difference in the Quality of Life of Korean Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Between Before and After COVID-19.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the quality of life (QoL) of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) before and during coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and to examine how their QoL is affected by emotional and environmental factors during COVID-19. Methods: Participants in the pre-COVID-19 (n=43) and COVID-19 (n=36) groups were recruited from the same university hospital. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Child Self-report, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report, and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) were employed. Independent t-tests, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Caregivers assessed the children's QoL more negatively than the children themselves in both groups. Children with ADHD evaluated their physical function more negatively and anxiety was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. In the COVID-19 group, the PedsQL child self-report was significantly predicted by the CPRS, the CDI, and environmental factors (i.e., relation to child and monthly household income). Conclusion: Children with ADHD in the COVID-19 group had a numerically lower QoL and significantly higher anxiety. To improve QoL, it is important to deal with not only depression but also ADHD symptoms and environmental factors.

Development of Korean Version of PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (K-PCL-5) and the Short Form (K-PCL-5-S).

OBJECTIVE: This study presents the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5) (K-PCL-5) and the short form (K-PCL-5-S). METHODS: Seventy-one subjects with PTSD, 74 subjects with mood or anxiety disorders, and 99 healthy controls were enrolled. The Korean version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-research version was used to confirm the presence of PTSD. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to evaluate the concurrent validity of the K-PCL-5 and K-PCL-5-S. RESULTS: It presented good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.93) and test-retest reliability (r=0.90). The K-PCL-5 and K-PCL-5-S were highly correlated with the BDI-II, BAI, IES-R, STAI-S, and STAI-T. The suggested cutoff score for PTSD was 33 for the K-PCL-5 with a sensitivity of 88.51 and specificity of 89.09, and 6 for the K-PCL-5-S with a sensitivity of 91.95 and specificity of 89.09. The data were best explained with a one-factor model. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the good reliability and validity of the K-PCL-5 and K-PCL-5-S, and their suitability as simple tools for PTSD assessment.