miR-520d-5p can reduce the mutations in hepatoma cancer cells and iPSCs-derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Human microRNAs (miRNAs) have diverse functions in biology, and play a role in nearly every biological process. Here we report that miR-520d-5p (520d-5p) causes undifferentiated cancer cells to adopt benign or normal status in vivo in immunodeficient mice via demethylation and P53 upregulation. Further we found that 520-5p causes normal cells to elongate cellular lifetime and mesenchymal stem cell-like status with CD105 positivity. We hypothesized that ectopic 520d-5p expression reduced mutations in undifferentiated type of hepatoma (HLF) cells through synergistic modulation of methylation-related enzymatic expression. METHODS: To examine whether there were any changes in mutation status in cells treated with 520d-5p, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) in HLF cells and human iPSC-derivative cells in pre-mesenchymal stem cell status. We analyzed the data using both genome-wide and individual gene function approaches. RESULTS: 520d-5p induced a shift towards a wild type or non-malignant phenotype, which was regulated by nucleotide mutations in both HLF cells and iPSCs. Further, 520d-5p reduced mutation levels in both the whole genome and genomic fragment assemblies. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer cell genomic mutations cannot be repaired in most contexts. However, these findings suggest that applied development of 520d-5p would allow new approaches to cancer research and improve the quality of iPSCs used in regenerative medicine.

A Hox Gene, Antennapedia, Regulates Expression of Multiple Major Silk Protein Genes in the Silkworm Bombyx mori.

Hoxgenes play a pivotal role in the determination of anteroposterior axis specificity during bilaterian animal development. They do so by acting as a master control and regulating the expression of genes important for development. Recently, however, we showed that Hoxgenes can also function in terminally differentiated tissue of the lepidopteranBombyx mori In this species,Antennapedia(Antp) regulates expression of sericin-1, a major silk protein gene, in the silk gland. Here, we investigated whether Antpcan regulate expression of multiple genes in this tissue. By means of proteomic, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrate that misexpression of Antpin the posterior silk gland induced ectopic expression of major silk protein genes such assericin-3,fhxh4, and fhxh5 These genes are normally expressed specifically in the middle silk gland as is Antp Therefore, the evidence strongly suggests that Antpactivates these silk protein genes in the middle silk gland. The putativesericin-1 activator complex (middle silk gland-intermolt-specific complex) can bind to the upstream regions of these genes, suggesting that Antpdirectly activates their expression. We also found that the pattern of gene expression was well conserved between B. moriand the wild species Bombyx mandarina, indicating that the gene regulation mechanism identified here is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism and not an artifact of the domestication of B. mori We suggest that Hoxgenes have a role as a master control in terminally differentiated tissues, possibly acting as a primary regulator for a range of physiological processes.

Hox transcription factor Antp regulates sericin-1 gene expression in the terminal differentiated silk gland of Bombyx mori.

Hox genes are well-known master regulators in developmental morphogenesis along the anteroposterior axis of animals. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Hox proteins regulate their target genes and determine cell fates are not fully understood. The silk gland of Bombyx mori is a tubular tissue divided into several subparts along the anteroposterior axis, and the silk genes are expressed with specific patterns. The sericin-1 gene (ser1) is expressed in the middle silk gland (MSG) with sublocal specificity. Here we show that the Hox protein Antp is a component of the middle silk gland-specific complex, MIC (MSG-intermolt-specific complex), binds to the essential promoter element of ser1, and activates its expression. Ectopic expression of Antp in transgenic silkworms induced the expression of ser1 in the posterior silk gland (PSG), but not in the anterior part of MSG (MSG-A). Correspondingly, a MIC-like complex was formed by the addition of recombinant Antp in extracts from PSG with its cofactors Exd and Hth, but not in extracts from MSG-A. Splicing patterns of ser1 mRNA induced by the ectopic expression of Antp in PSG were almost the same as those in MSG at the fifth instar and altered depending on the induction timing of Antp. Other Hox genes were expressed with sublocal specificity in the silk gland. The Bombyx silk gland might provide a useful system for understanding how Hox proteins select and regulate their target genes.

Silk gland factor-2, involved in fibroin gene transcription, consists of LIM homeodomain, LIM-interacting, and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins.

SGF-2 binds to promoter elements governing posterior silk gland-specific expression of the fibroin gene in Bombyx mori. We purified SGF-2 and showed that SGF-2 contains at least four gene products: the silkworm orthologues of LIM homeodomain protein Awh, LIM domain-binding protein (Ldb), a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein (Lcaf), and the silk protein P25/fibrohexamerin (fhx). Using co-expression of these factors in Sf9 cells, Awh, Ldb, and Lcaf proteins were co-purified as a ternary complex that bound to the enhancer sequence in vitro. Lcaf interacts with Ldb as well as Awh through the conserved regions to mediate transcriptional activation in yeast. Misexpression of Awh in transgenic silkworms induces ectopic expression of the fibroin gene in the middle silk glands, where Ldb and Lcaf are expressed. Taken together, this study demonstrates that SGF-2 is a multisubunit activator complex containing Awh. Moreover, our results suggest that the Ldb·Lcaf protein complex serves as a scaffold to facilitate communication between transcriptional control elements.

Inhibition of the binding of MSG-intermolt-specific complex, MIC, to the sericin-1 gene promoter and sericin-1 gene expression by POU-M1/SGF-3.

The sericin-1 gene encoding a glue protein is expressed in the middle silk gland (MSG) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. A member of the class III POU domain transcription factors, POU-M1, was cloned as the factor bound to the SC site of the sericin-1 promoter and has been proposed to be a positive transcription factor. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of the POU-M1 gene in fourth and fifth instars in comparison with the pattern of the sericin-1 gene. The POU-M1 gene was expressed strongly in the region anterior to the sericin-1-expressing portion of the silk gland at both feeding stages. As the sericin-1-expressing region expands from the posterior to middle portions of the MSG in the fifth instar, the POU-M1-expressing region retreated from the middle to anterior portion. Introduction of the expression vector of POU-M1 into the silk glands by gene gun technology repressed promoter activity of the sericin-1 gene, suggesting that POU-M1 regulates the sericin-1 gene negatively. An in vitro binding assay showed that POU-M1 bound not only to the SC site but also to other promoter elements newly detected in vivo. Another spatiotemporal specific factor MIC binds to these elements, and POU-M1 competed with MIC to bind at the -70 site essential for promoter activity. These results suggest that POU-M1 is involved in restricting the anterior boundary of the sericin-1-expressing region in the silk gland by inhibiting the binding of the transcriptional activator to the promoter elements.

Regulation of Silk Genes by Hox and Homeodomain Proteins in the Terminal Differentiated Silk Gland of the Silkworm Bombyx mori.

The silk gland of the silkworm Bombyx mori is a long tubular organ that is divided into several subparts along its anteroposterior (AP) axis. As a trait of terminal differentiation of the silk gland, several silk protein genes are expressed with unique regional specificities. Most of the Hox and some of the homeobox genes are also expressed in the differentiated silk gland with regional specificities. The expression patterns of Hox genes in the silk gland roughly correspond to those in embryogenesis showing "colinearity". The central Hox class protein Antennapedia (Antp) directly regulates the expression of several middle silk gland-specific silk genes, whereas the Lin-1/Isl-1/Mec3 (LIM)-homeodomain transcriptional factor Arrowhead (Awh) regulates the expression of posterior silk gland-specific genes for silk fiber proteins. We summarize our results and discuss the usefulness of the silk gland of Bombyx mori for analyzing the function of Hox genes. Further analyses of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the region-specific expression of silk genes will provide novel insights into the molecular bases for target-gene selection and regulation by Hox and homeodomain proteins.

In vivo fluorescence correlation spectroscopy analyses of FMBP-1, a silkworm transcription factor.

Fibroin modulator-binding protein 1 (FMBP-1) is a silkworm transcription factor that has a unique DNA-binding domain called the one score and three amino acid peptide repeat (STPR). Here we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to analyze the diffusion properties of an enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged FMBP-1 protein (EGFP-FMBP-1) expressed in posterior silk gland (PSG) cells of Bombyx mori at the same developmental stage as natural FMBP-1 expression. EGFP-FMBP-1 clearly localized to cell nuclei. From the FCS analyses, we identified an immobile DNA-bound component and three discernible diffusion components. We also used FCS to observe the movements of wild-type and mutant EGFP-FMBP-1 proteins in HeLa cells, a simpler experimental system. Based on previous in vitro observation, we also introduced a single amino acid substitution in order to suppress stable FMBP-1-DNA binding; specifically, we replaced the ninth Arg in the third repeat within the STPR domain with Ala. This mutation completely disrupted the slowest diffusion component as well as the immobile component. The diffusion properties of other FMBP-1 mutants (e.g. mutants with N-terminal or C-terminal truncations) were also analyzed. Based on our observations, we suggest that the four identifiable movements might correspond to four distinct FMBP-1 states: (a) diffusion of free protein, (b) and

LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Awh is a key component activating all three fibroin genes, fibH, fibL and fhx, in the silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

In the silkworm Bombyx mori, three fibroin genes, fibroin-heavy-chain (fibH), fibroin-light-chain (fibL) and fibrohexamerin (fhx), are coexpressed only in the posterior silk gland (PSG) cells, while the sericin genes encoding silk glue proteins are expressed in the middle silk gland (MSG) cells. Silk gland factor-2 (SGF-2) is a PSG-specific activator complex of fibH, composed of a LIM-homeodomain protein, Awh, and its cofactors, Ldb and Lcaf. We investigated whether SGF-2 can activate other fibroin genes using transgenic silkworms. The genes for Ldb and Lcaf were expressed ubiquitously in various tissues, while the gene for Awh was expressed strictly specific in PSG of the wild type silkworms. Misexpression of Awh in transgenic silkworms induced ectopic expression of fibL and fhx as well as fibH in MSG. Coincidently with the induction of fibL and fhx by Awh, binding of SGF-2 to the promoter of fibL and fhx was detected in vitro, and SGF-2 binds directly to the fhx core promoter. Ectopic expression of the fibroin genes was observed at high levels in the middle part of MSG. Moreover, fibL and fhx were induced in the anterior silk gland (ASG) of the transgenic silkworms, but fibH was not. These results indicate that Awh is a key activator of all three fibroin genes, and the activity is probably regulated in conjunction with additional factors.

Novel enhancer and promoter elements indispensable for the tissue-specific expression of the sericin-1 gene of the silkworm Bombyx mori.

Sericins are glue proteins produced specifically in the middle silk gland (MSG) of the silkworm Bombyx mori, while the silk fiber protein, fibroin, is produced in the posterior silk gland (PSG). These silk proteins are expected to be useful biomaterials in medical technology as well as biotechnology. In this study, we analyzed promoter elements of the sericin-1 gene (ser1) in vivo by introducing reporter constructs into silk glands via gene gun technology. The region from -1602 to +47 was sufficient to induce MSG-specific expression. The 5' deletion mutants showed a three-step decrease in promoter activity with the key sequences located between -1362 and -1250, -201 and -116, and -115 and -37. We detected a tissue- and stage-specific factor complex (MSG-intermolt-specific complex: MIC) bound to the sequence elements around the -1350, -320, -180, and -70 regions. A mutation in the -70 region, which inhibits MIC-binding, diminished almost all promoter activity, while another mutation that did not inhibit MIC-binding showed no effect on promoter activity. The results suggest that the binding of MIC to the above elements is intrinsic for the spatiotemporal specificity of ser1 in vivo.