The Vestibulospinal Nucleus Is a Locus of Balance Development.

Mature vertebrates maintain posture using vestibulospinal neurons that transform sensed instability into reflexive commands to spinal motor circuits. Postural stability improves across development. However, due to the complexity of terrestrial locomotion, vestibulospinal contributions to postural refinement in early life remain unexplored. Here we leveraged the relative simplicity of underwater locomotion to quantify the postural consequences of losing vestibulospinal neurons during development in larval zebrafish of undifferentiated sex. By comparing posture at two timepoints, we discovered that later lesions of vestibulospinal neurons led to greater instability. Analysis of thousands of individual swim bouts revealed that lesions disrupted movement timing and corrective reflexes without impacting swim kinematics, and that this effect was particularly strong in older larvae. Using a generative model of swimming, we showed how these disruptions could account for the increased postural variability at both timepoints. Finally, late lesions disrupted the fin/trunk coordination observed in older larvae, linking vestibulospinal neurons to postural control schemes used to navigate in depth. Since later lesions were considerably more disruptive to postural stability, we conclude that vestibulospinal contributions to balance increase as larvae mature. Vestibulospinal neurons are highly conserved across vertebrates; we therefore propose that they are a substrate for developmental improvements to postural control.

Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized, parallel-group, multicentre, open-label trial (COMING study).

AIM: To compare the clinical usefulness of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide at the doses approved for use in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In total, 120 patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7% were randomly assigned to dulaglutide (n = 59) or semaglutide group (n = 61), and 107 participants (dulaglutide/semaglutide = 53/54) completed the 24-week trial. The primary endpoint was the difference of HbA1c level between the two groups at 24 weeks. RESULTS: HbA1c level at 24 weeks was significantly lower in the semaglutide group (7.9 ± 0.5%-6.7 ± 0.5%) compared with the dulaglutide group (8.1 ± 0.6%-7.4 ± 0.8%) (p < .0001). Reduction in body mass index and visceral fat area were also more significant in the semaglutide group (p < .05, respectively). The achievement rate of HbA1c <7% was higher in the semaglutide group (p < .0001). The parameters such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were decreased in the semaglutide group. Surprisingly, only semaglutide group significantly improved the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, which is considered a useful myocardial infarction risk index. Using computed tomography, the liver to spleen ratio was significantly elevated only in the semaglutide group. In contrast, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 13.2% of dulaglutide and 46.3% of semaglutide group (p < .01). The Diabetes Treatment-Related Quality of Life scores related to pain and gastrointestinal symptoms were also superior in the dulaglutide group. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective trial showed that semaglutide has more pronounced glucose- and body mass index-lowering effects and reduces liver fat percentage and visceral fat area and that dulaglutide has less gastrointestinal symptoms and superior Diabetes Treatment-Related Quality of Life scores related to pain and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid cyst inside the thymus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The hallmark of hyperparathyroidism is hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which results in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. While hypercalcemia due to malignancy is often brought about by PTH-related protein in adults, PTH-producing tumors are quite rare in clinical practice. Additionally, from the point of embryology, it is very difficult to examine ectopic PTH-producing tissue such as ectopic parathyroid glands. Furthermore, clear histopathological criteria are not present. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for hypercalcemia. Her parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was elevated, but there were no enlarged parathyroid glands. Although 99mTc-MIBI confirmed a localized and slightly hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in the anterior mediastinum, it was not typical as hyperfunctioning parathyroid. We finally diagnosed her as ectopic PTH-producing cyst-like tumor with venous sampling of PTH. She underwent anterosuperior mediastinal ectopic PTH-producing cyst-like tumor resection. It is noted that intact-PTH concentration of the fluid in the cyst was very high (19,960,000 pg/mL). Based on histopathological findings, we finally diagnosed her as ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid cyst inside the thymus. After resection of anterosuperior mediastinal thymus including ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid cyst, calcium and intact-PTH levels were decreased, and this patient was discharged without any sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: We should know the possibility of superior mediastinal ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid cyst inside the thymus among subjects with ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid glands. Particularly when the cyst is present in the superior mediastinum, it is necessary to do careful diagnosis based on not only positive but also negative findings in 99mTc-MIBI. It is noted that the patient's bloody fluid in the cyst contained 19,960,000 pg/mL of intact-PTH, and its overflow into blood stream resulted in hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. Moreover, in such cases, the diagnosis is usually confirmed after through histological examination of ectopic PTH-producing parathyroid glands. We think that it is very meaningful to let clinicians know this case.

Neuronal Circuits That Control Rhythmic Pectoral Fin Movements in Zebrafish.

The most basic form of locomotion in limbed vertebrates consists of alternating activities of the flexor and extensor muscles within each limb coupled with left/right limb alternation. Although larval zebrafish are not limbed, their pectoral fin movements exhibit the following fundamental aspects of this basic movement: abductor/adductor alternation (corresponding to flexor/extensor alternation) and left/right fin alternation. Because of the simplicity of their movements and the compact neural organization of their spinal cords, zebrafish can serve as a good model to identify the neuronal networks of the central pattern generator (CPG) that controls rhythmic appendage movements. Here, we set out to investigate neuronal circuits underlying rhythmic pectoral fin movements in larval zebrafish, using transgenic fish that specifically express GFP in abductor or adductor motor neurons (MNs) and candidate CPG neurons. First, we showed that spiking activities of abductor and adductor MNs were essentially alternating. Second, both abductor and adductor MNs received rhythmic excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs in their active and inactive phases, respectively, indicating that the MN spiking activities are controlled in a push-pull manner. Further, we obtained the following evidence that dmrt3a-expressing commissural inhibitory neurons are involved in regulating the activities of abductor MNs: (1) strong inhibitory synaptic connections were found from dmrt3a neurons to abductor MNs; and (2) ablation of dmrt3a neurons shifted the spike timing of abductor MNs. Thus, in this simple system of abductor/adductor alternation, the last-order inhibitory inputs originating from the contralaterally located neurons play an important role in controlling the firing timings of MNs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pectoral fin movements in larval zebrafish exhibit fundamental aspects of basic rhythmic appendage movement: alternation of the abductor and adductor (corresponding to flexor-extensor alternation) coupled with left-right alternation. We set out to investigate the neuronal circuits underlying rhythmic pectoral fin movements in larval zebrafish. We showed that both abductor and adductor MNs received rhythmic excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs in their active and inactive phases, respectively. This indicates that MN activities are controlled in a push-pull manner. We further obtained evidence that dmrt3a-expressing commissural inhibitory neurons exert an inhibitory effect on abductor MNs. The current study marks the first step toward the identification of central pattern generator organization for rhythmic fin movements.

A regulatory element in the 3'-untranslated region of CEBPA is associated with myeloid/NK/T-cell leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPA) is an essential transcription factor for myeloid differentiation. Not only mutation of the CEBPA gene, but also promoter methylation, which results in silencing of CEBPA, contributes to the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We sought for another differentially methylated region (DMR) that associates with the CEBPA silencing and disease phenotype. METHODS: Using databases, we identified a conserved DMR in the CEBPA 3'-untranslated region (UTR). RESULTS: Methylation-specific PCR analysis of 231 AML cases showed that hypermethylation of the 3'-UTR was associated with AML that had a myeloid/NK/T-cell phenotype and downregulated CEBPA. Most of these cases were of an immature phenotype with CD7/CD56 positivity. These cases were significantly associated with lower hemoglobin levels than the others. Furthermore, we discovered that the CEBPA 3'-UTR DMR can enhance transcription from the CEBPA native promoter. In vitro experiments identified IKZF1-binding sites in the 3'-UTR that are responsible for this increased transcription of CEBPA. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the CEBPA 3'-UTR DMR is a novel regulatory element of CEBPA related to myeloid/NK/T-cell lineage leukemogenesis. Transcriptional regulation of CEBPA by IKZF1 may provide a clue for understanding the fate determination of myeloid vs. NK/T-lymphoid progenitors.

Chemical and Bacterial Components in Sake and Sake Production Process.

Together with the worldwide Washoku (traditional Japanese foods and drinks) boom, interest in sake, a traditional Japanese alcoholic drink, is increasing around the world. There are few scientific analyses and studies on the production of sake or the final product itself. We show the diversity of bacterial contaminants during sake production and investigated the effects of different ingredients on sake (for example, amino acids). The koji mold Aspergillus oryzae converts rice starch into sugars, and then, the sake yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts the sugars to ethanol. Comparative studies of the bacterial flora of different sakes have shown that various bacterial species are detected, but that there are few frequently detected bacteria. In addition, the bacterial flora does not vary much during the process of sake brewing, after the koji (steamed rice covered with koji mold) and moto (fermentation starter) are mixed, suggesting that most bacteria contaminate the sake during the process of koji and moto production. Thus, there is the possibility that the contaminating bacteria may grow due to a relationship with the koji mold and/or the sake yeast. The flavor, taste, and quality of sakes differ, even between the same brands of sakes, which may be attributed to variations in the contaminating bacteria during sake production.

Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating an Online Self-Management Program for Adolescents With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy in improving pain and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of an online self-management program for adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: Youth ages 12-18 years with JIA were recruited from 10 rheumatology clinics across the United States and randomized to complete an online self-management program (n = 144) or an online disease education program (n = 145). Participants in the self-management group worked through multimedia-based modules comprising psychoeducation, training in cognitive-behavioral coping skills and stress management, and other self-management topics over a 12-week period. Participants in the control group viewed a series of preselected quality educational websites about JIA over the same interval. Online content for both groups was made available in English and Spanish to facilitate inclusion of Hispanic participants. Blinded assessment of main outcomes (pain intensity, pain interference, and HRQOL) and process outcomes (disease knowledge, self-efficacy, pain coping, and emotional adjustment) occurred at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6- and 12-month postrandomization follow-up visits. RESULTS: Participants on average demonstrated significant improvements over the study period in the main outcomes, with no significant group differences in the degree of improvement. Effect sizes for these improvements were small. The amount of improvement in self-efficacy, emotional avoidance coping, disease knowledge, and emotional functioning in part predicted improvement in pain and HRQOL outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Primarily self-directed online self-management training and online disease education comparably and modestly improve pain and HRQOL in youth with JIA.

Protective effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor luseogliflozin on pancreatic ß-cells in db/db mice: The earlier and longer, the better.

AIMS: We compared the protective effects of sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin on pancreatic ß-cells between early and advanced stages of diabetes and between short- and long-term use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetic db/db mice were treated with luseogliflozin for 2 weeks in an early stage of diabetes (7-9 weeks of age) and an advanced stage of diabetes (16-18 weeks) for a longer period of time (7-18 weeks). We performed various morphological analyses of pancreatic islets and examined gene expression profiles in islets after such treatment. RESULTS: In diabetic db/db mice, insulin biosynthesis and secretion were markedly increased by luseogliflozin in an early stage of diabetes but not in an advanced stage. In addition, ß-cell mass was preserved by luseogliflozin only in an early stage. Furthermore, when db/db mice were treated with luseogliflozin for a longer period of time, starting from an early stage, ß-cell function and mass were markedly preserved even after a longer period of time compared to untreated db/db mice. CONCLUSION: Luseogliflozin exerts more protective effects in an early stage of diabetes compared to an advanced stage, and longer-term use of luseogliflozin exerts more beneficial effects on pancreatic ß-cells compared to short-term use.

The burden of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis for patients and caregivers: an international survey and retrospective chart review.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the burden of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and resource use of patients and caregivers (families) on biologic therapy. METHODS: This international study assessed SJIA burden in patients on biologics, using a caregiver questionnaire and retrospective chart review. Validated measures included: Child Health Questionnaire Parent-Form 50 (CHQ-PF50), 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36v2) and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire: Specific Health Problem (WPAI:SHP). Caregivers completed function, treatment satisfaction and resource utilisation questions. RESULTS: Sixty-one biologic treated patients participated (12 anakinra, 25 canakinumab, 24 tocilizumab). Mean age at diagnosis and survey completion was 6.4 and 11.3 years, respectively. Mean (±SD: standard deviation) CHQ-PF50 physical (PhS) and psychosocial (PsS) summary scores were significantly lower in SJIA patients than a normative population (PhS: 40.0±18.2 vs. 53.0±8.8; PsS: 46.6±11.3 vs. 51.2±9.1) as was caregivers' mean SF-36v2 mental component score (MCS; 46.2±10.7 vs. 50.0±10). Assistive devices were required by 54%; 20% required home/car alterations. According to caregivers, biologic treatment completely improved SJIA symptoms in 48% on canakinumab or tocilizumab and 32% on anakinra. Over 2 months, patients missed 2.9 school days due to SJIA (10% yearly loss). Caregivers lost 25 work days annually and 27.5 days of productivity (WPAI-SHP: mean absenteeism 10%; presenteeism 11%). Yearly SJIA travel/treatment costs averaged $1,130. CONCLUSIONS: SJIA patients on biologic therapy experience HRQOL impairment, caregivers' mental well-being suffers and productivity losses and expenses are incurred. Therapeutic interventions that reduce the burden of SJIA are required.

Bayesian comparative effectiveness study of four consensus treatment plans for initial management of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: FiRst-Line Options for Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Treatment (FROST).

BACKGROUND: Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a rare febrile arthritis of childhood characterized by a potentially severe course, including prolonged glucocorticoid exposure, growth failure, destructive arthritis, and life-threatening macrophage activation syndrome. Early cytokine-blocking biologic therapy may improve long-term outcomes, although some systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients respond well to non-biologic treatment, leaving optimal management undefined. Consequently, treatment of new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis by expert clinicians varies widely. PURPOSE: To describe a pragmatic, observational comparative effectiveness study that takes advantage of diversity in the management of a rare disease: FiRst-Line Options for Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Treatment (FROST), comparing non-biologic and biologic consensus treatment plans for new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis within the 60-center Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry (CARRA). METHODS: FiRst-Line Options for Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Treatment (FROST) is a multicenter, prospective, non-randomized study that compares four Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) consensus treatment plans for new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: (1) glucocorticoids alone, (2) methotrexate, (3) interleukin-1 blockade, and (4) interleukin-6 blockade. Patients consenting to participation in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry are started on one of four Consensus Treatment Plans at the discretion of the treating physician. The outcome of primary interest is clinically inactive disease off glucocorticoids at 9 months, comparing non-biologic (Consensus Treatment Plans 1 + 2) versus biologic (Consensus Treatment Plans 3 + 4) strategies. Bayesian analytic methods will be employed to evaluate response rates, using propensity scoring to balance treatment groups for potential confounding. With 200 patients in a 2:1 ratio of biologic to non-biologic, there is a >90% probability of finding biologic consensus treatment plans more effective if the rate of clinically inactive disease is 30% higher than for non-biologic therapy. Additional outcomes include Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures and other parent-/patient-reported outcomes reported in real time using smartphone technology. Routine operation of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry will allow assessment of outcomes over at least 10 years. RESULTS: FiRst-Line Options for Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Treatment (FROST) began enrollment in November 2016. LIMITATIONS: The observational design may not provide balance in measured and unmeasured confounders. Use of consensus treatment plan (CTP) strategies at frequencies more unbalanced than predicted could reduce the chance of finding differences in efficacy. CONCLUSION: FiRst-Line Options for Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Treatment (FROST) will provide the first prospective comparison of Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance's (CARRA's) consensus-derived non-biologic versus biologic management strategies in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, performed in a real-world setting wherein each patient receives standard-of-care treatment selected by the treating physician. Outcomes include clinician- and patient-/family-reported outcomes, empowering both physician and patient decision making in new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Axially-confined in vivo single-cell labeling by primed conversion using blue and red lasers with conventional confocal microscopes.

Green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent proteins have been found to undergo efficient photoconversion by a new method termed primed conversion that uses dual wave-length illumination with blue and red/near-infrared light. By modifying a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) such that two laser beams only meet at the focal plane, confined photoconversion at the axial dimension has been achieved. The necessity of this custom modification to the CLSM, however, has precluded the wide-spread use of this method. Here, we investigated whether spatially-restricted primed conversion could be achieved with CLSM without any hardware modification. We found that the primed conversion of Dendra2 using a conventional CLSM with two visible lasers (473 nm and 635 nm) and a high NA objective lens (NA, 1.30) resulted in dramatic restriction of photoconversion volume: half-width half-maximum for the axial dimension was below 5 µm, which is comparable to the outcome of the original method that used the microscope modification. As a proof of this method's effectiveness, we used this technique in living zebrafish embryos and succeeded in revealing the complex anatomy of individual neurons packed between neighboring cells. Because unmodified CLSMs are widely available, this method can be widely applicable for labeling cells with single-cell resolution.

Transgenic tools to characterize neuronal properties of discrete populations of zebrafish neurons.

The developing nervous system consists of a variety of cell types. Transgenic animals expressing reporter genes in specific classes of neuronal cells are powerful tools for the study of neuronal network formation. We generated a wide variety of transgenic zebrafish that expressed reporter genes in specific classes of neurons or neuronal progenitors. These include lines in which neurons of specific neurotransmitter phenotypes expressed fluorescent proteins or Gal4, and lines in which specific subsets of the dorsal progenitor domain in the spinal cord expressed fluorescent proteins. Using these, we examined domain organization in the developing dorsal spinal cord, and found that there are six progenitor domains in zebrafish, which is similar to the domain organization in mice. We also systematically characterized neurotransmitter properties of the neurons that are produced from each domain. Given that reporter gene expressions occurs in a wide area of the nervous system in the lines generated, these transgenic fish should serve as powerful tools for the investigation of not only the neurons in the dorsal spinal cord but also neuronal structures and functions in many other regions of the nervous system.

Partial prediction of postpartum Graves' thyrotoxicosis by sensitive bioassay for thyroid-stimulating antibody measured in early pregnancy.

Graves' disease often occurs after delivery. However, it has been difficult to predict who will develop Graves' hyperthyroidism. We attempted to predict postpartum onset of Graves' disease by measuring anti-TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) and thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in early pregnancy. TRAb was measured by a third generation assay and TSAb was measured by a newly developed sensitive bioassay. In 690 early pregnant women, 2 showed borderline TRAb positive reactions. However, none of them developed Graves' disease after delivery. Thirty-eight of 690 pregnant women were positive for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and 4 were positive for TSAb. Two of these 4 women developed postpartum Graves' hyperthyroidism. These findings indicate that the third generation TRAb assay was not useful, but that the sensitive TSAb bioassay was moderately useful for predicting the postpartum onset of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Anti-hypertensive azelnidipine preserves insulin signaling and glucose uptake against oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

It is known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the development of insulin resistance as well as pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction both of which are often observed in type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of azelnidipine, a calcium channel blocker, on ROS-mediated insulin resistance in adipocytes. When 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to ROS, insulin-mediated glucose uptake was suppressed, but such phenomena were not observed in the presence of azelnidipine. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor and phosphorylation of Akt were suppressed by ROS, which was mitigated by azelnidipine treatment. Activation of the JNK pathway induced by ROS was also reduced by azelnidipine. Various inflammatory cytokine levels were increased by ROS, which was also suppressed by azelnidipine treatment. In contrast, adiponectin mRNA and secreted adiponectin levels were reduced by ROS, which was refilled by azelnidipine treatment. In conclusion, azelnidipine preserves insulin signaling and glucose uptake against oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Long-term safety and efficacy of rilonacept in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term safety and efficacy of rilonacept, an anti-interleukin-1 fusion protein, in patients with active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: In patients with systemic JIA, ages 4-20 years, the efficacy of rilonacept was evaluated using 30%, 50%, and 70% levels of improvement according to the adapted American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Pediatric 30, 50, and 70 response criteria, respectively. Efficacy and safety were evaluated during 23 months of open-label treatment (3 phases) after a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase. Following double-blind treatment with 2.2 mg/kg or 4.4 mg/kg of rilonacept, patients were eligible to receive open-label treatment at their prior dose, with adjustments. Reductions in the median daily dose of oral prednisone and improvements in laboratory parameters of disease activity (i.e., decreased levels of D-dimer and myeloid-related proteins [MRPs]) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients entered the double-blind study and 23 entered the open-label period. Patients were predominantly white and female, and had a median age of 14.0 years at baseline. No significant differences in efficacy were observed between the rilonacept- and placebo-treated patients during the double-blind phase, but fever and rash completely resolved by month 3 in all patients during the open-label treatment period and did not recur. Adapted ACR Pediatric 30, 50, and 70 response rates at 3 months from the start of the study were 78.3%, 60.9%, and 34.8%, respectively; these responses were generally maintained over the study duration. Levels of D-dimer and MRP-8/MRP-14 dramatically improved during the study, and in 22 of 23 patients, the prednisone dose was decreased or prednisone therapy was discontinued. No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: Sustained improvements in clinical and laboratory measures of the articular and systemic manifestations of systemic JIA were achieved in >50% of rilonacept-treated patients over 2 years. Treatment with rilonacept had a substantial steroid-sparing effect and was generally well-tolerated.

A structural and functional ground plan for neurons in the hindbrain of zebrafish.

The vertebrate hindbrain contains various sensory-motor networks controlling movements of the eyes, jaw, head, and body. Here we show that stripes of neurons with shared neurotransmitter phenotype that extend throughout the hindbrain of young zebrafish reflect a broad underlying structural and functional patterning. The neurotransmitter stripes contain cell types with shared gross morphologies and transcription factor markers. Neurons within a stripe are stacked systematically by extent and location of axonal projections, input resistance, and age, and are recruited along the axis of the stripe during behavior. The implication of this pattern is that the many networks in hindbrain are constructed from a series of neuronal components organized into stripes that are ordered from top to bottom according to a neuron's age, structural and functional properties, and behavioral roles. This simple organization probably forms a foundation for the construction of the networks underlying the many behaviors produced by the hindbrain.

The vestibulospinal nucleus is a locus of balance development.

Mature vertebrates maintain posture using vestibulospinal neurons that transform sensed instability into reflexive commands to spinal motor circuits. Postural stability improves across development. However, due to the complexity of terrestrial locomotion, vestibulospinal contributions to postural refinement in early life remain unexplored. Here we leveraged the relative simplicity of underwater locomotion to quantify the postural consequences of losing vestibulospinal neurons during development in larval zebrafish of undifferentiated sex. By comparing posture at two timepoints, we discovered that later lesions of vestibulospinal neurons led to greater instability. Analysis of thousands of individual swim bouts revealed that lesions disrupted movement timing and corrective reflexes without impacting swim kinematics, and that this effect was particularly strong in older larvae. Using a generative model of swimming, we showed how these disruptions could account for the increased postural variability at both timepoints. Finally, late lesions disrupted the fin/trunk coordination observed in older larvae, linking vestibulospinal neurons to postural control schemes used to navigate in depth. Since later lesions were considerably more disruptive to postural stability, we conclude that vestibulospinal contributions to balance increase as larvae mature. Vestibulospinal neurons are highly conserved across vertebrates; we therefore propose that they are a substrate for developmental improvements to postural control.

The 4th NextGen Therapies for SJIA and MAS: part 1 the elephant in the room: diagnostic/classification criteria for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult-onset still's disease.

Currently, the criteria used to classify patients with SJIA are different from those used for AOSD. However, it has been recognized that the existing terms are too narrow, subdividing the Still's population unnecessarily between pediatric-onset and adult-onset disease and excluding an appreciable group of children in whom overt arthritis is delayed or absent. Government regulators and insurers rely upon the guidance of subject experts to provide disease definitions, and when these definitions are flawed, to provide new and better ones. The classification session at the NextGen 2022 conference helped to serve this purpose, establishing the need for a revised definitional system that transcends the fault lines that remain in existing definitions.

Pathology of Ketoacidosis in Emergency of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Alcoholic Ketoacidosis: A Retrospective Study.

This study is aimed at examining which factors are useful for the diagnosis and distinction of ketoacidosis. We recruited 21 diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) patients hospitalized in Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center from April 2015 to March 2021. Almost all patients in this study were brought to the emergency room in a coma and hospitalized. All patients underwent blood gas aspiration and laboratory tests. We evaluated the difference in diagnosis markers in emergencies between DKA and alcoholic ketoacidosis AKA. Compared to AKA patients, DKA patients had statistically higher values of serum acetoacetic acid and lower values of serum lactate, arterial blood pH, and base excess. In contrast, total ketone bodies, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, and ß-hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid ratio in serum did not differ between the two patient groups. It was shown that evaluation of each pathology such as low body weight, diabetes, liver dysfunction, and dehydration was important. It is important to perform differential diagnosis for taking medical histories such as insulin deficiency, alcohol abuse, or starvation as the etiology in Japanese subjects with DKA or AKA. Moreover, it is important to precisely comprehend the pathology of dehydration and alcoholic metabolism which would lead to appropriate treatment for DKA and AKA.

A genetically modulated Toll-like-receptor-tolerant phenotype in peripheral blood cells of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome.

Dysregulated innate immune responses contribute to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), characterized by gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and/or cardiovascular injury occurring weeks after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. To investigate innate immune functions in MIS-C, we stimulated ex vivo peripheral blood cells from MIS-C patients with agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR), key innate immune response initiators. We found severely dampened cytokine responses and elevated gene expression of negative regulators of TLR signaling. Increased plasma levels of zonulin, a gut leakage marker, were also detected. These effects were also observed in children enrolled months after MIS-C recovery. Moreover, cells from MIS-C children carrying rare genetic variants of lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) were less refractory to TLR stimulation and exhibited lysosomal and mitochondrial abnormalities with altered energy metabolism. Our results strongly suggest that MIS-C hyperinflammation and/or excessive or prolonged stimulation with gut-originated TLR ligands drive immune cells to a lasting refractory state. TLR hyporesponsiveness is likely beneficial, as suggested by excess lymphopenia among rare LYST variant carriers. Our findings point to cellular mechanisms underlying TLR hyporesponsiveness; identify genetic determinants that may explain the MIS-C clinical spectrum; suggest potential associations between innate refractory states and long COVID; and highlight the need to monitor long-term consequences of MIS-C.