Identification of mono- and disulfated N-acetyl-lactosaminyl Oligosaccharide structures as epitopes specifically recognized by humanized monoclonal antibody HMOCC-1 raised against ovarian cancer.

A humanized monoclonal antibody raised against human ovarian cancer RMG-I cells and designated as HMOCC-1 (Suzuki, N., Aoki, D., Tamada, Y., Susumu, N., Orikawa, K., Tsukazaki, K., Sakayori, M., Suzuki, A., Fukuchi, T., Mukai, M., Kojima-Aikawa, K., Ishida, I., and Nozawa, S. (2004) Gynecol. Oncol. 95, 290-298) was characterized for its carbohydrate epitope structure. Specifically, a series of co-transfections was performed using mammalian expression vectors encoding specific glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. These experiments identified one sulfotransferase, GAL3ST3, and one glycosyltransferase, B3GNT7, as required for HMOCC-1 antigen formation. They also suggested that the sulfotransferase CHST1 regulates the abundance and intensity of HMOCC-1 antigen. When HEK293T cells were co-transfected with GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7 expression vectors, transfected cells weakly expressed HMOCC-1 antigen. When cells were first co-transfected with GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7 and then with CHST1, the resulting cells strongly expressed HMOCC-1 antigen. However, when cells were transfected with a mixture of GAL3ST3 and CHST1 before or after transfection with B3GNT7, the number of antigen-positive cells decreased relative to the number seen with only GAL3ST3 and B3GNT7, suggesting that CHST1 plays a regulatory role in HMOCC-1 antigen formation. Because these results predicted that HMOCC-1 antigens are SO(3) → 3Galß1 → 4GlcNAcß1 → 3(±SO(3) → 6)Galß1 → 4GlcNAc, we chemically synthesized mono- and disulfated and unsulfated oligosaccharides. Immunoassays using these oligosaccharides as inhibitors showed the strongest activity by disulfated tetrasaccharide, weak but positive activity by monosulfated tetrasaccharide at the terminal galactose, and no activity by nonsulfated tetrasaccharides. These results establish the HMOCC-1 epitope, which should serve as a useful reagent to further characterize ovarian cancer.

The F-prostaglandin receptor is a novel marker for tumor endothelial cells in renal cell carcinoma.

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for tumor progression and metastasis; therefore, tumor blood vessels are potential therapeutic targets in anticancer therapy. We previously reported that tumor endothelial cells (TECs) exhibit different phenotypes compared with normal endothelial cells (NECs), and microarray analyses of mouse TECs and NECs have shown that several genes are upregulated in TECs compared with NECs. Among these genes, the expression levels of prostaglandin F receptor (PTGFR) mRNA, which encodes the prostaglandin F receptor (FP), were higher in TECs than in NECs. It has been reported that FP and its ligand, prostaglandin F(2α) , are involved in tumor angiogenesis. However, there have been no reports of the expression of PTGFR in the tumor vessels of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thus, we isolated human TECs (hTECs) from RCCs. The expression levels of PTGFR mRNA were also upregulated in hTECs. In addition, immunostaining showed that the PTGFR was expressed in human tumor blood vessels in vivo. These findings suggested that PTGFR is a novel TEC marker and that it may be a novel target for antiangiogenic therapy for RCC.

Prostacyclin receptor in tumor endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis in an autocrine manner.

Molecules highly expressed in tumor endothelial cells (TEC) are important for specific targeting of these cells. Previously, using DNA microarray analysis, we found that the prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) gene was upregulated in TEC compared with normal endothelial cells (NEC). Although prostacyclin is implicated in re-endothelialization and angiogenesis, its role remains largely unknown in TEC. Moreover, the effect of the IP receptor on TEC has not been reported. In the present study we investigated the function of the IP receptor in TEC. The TEC were isolated from two types of human tumor xenografts in nude mice, while NEC were isolated from normal counterparts. Prostacyclin secretion levels in TEC were significantly higher than those in NEC, as shown using ELISA. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the IP receptor was upregulated in TEC compared with NEC. Furthermore, migration and tube formation of TEC were suppressed by the IP receptor antagonist RO1138452. Immunohistostaining showed that the IP receptor was specifically expressed in blood vessels of renal cell carcinoma specimens, but not in glomerular vessels of normal renal tissue. These findings suggest that the IP receptor is a TEC-specific marker and might be a useful therapeutic target.

CXCR7: a novel tumor endothelial marker in renal cell carcinoma.

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for progression and metastasis of solid tumor. Tumor blood vessels are morphologically different from their normal counterparts. In this study, we isolated tumor endothelial cells (TECs) and revealed their abnormalities. We have compared the gene expression profiles of TECs and normal endothelial cells (NECs) by microarray analysis and found that several genes were upregulated in TECs. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 mRNA was higher in TECs than in NECs. However, information regarding the expression of CXCR7 in the tumor vessels of renal cell carcinoma is limited. CXCR7 and its ligand CXCL12 have been implicated in tumor cell survival. In this study, the expression of CXCR7 in the tumor vessels of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was investigated. Real-time PCR revealed higher expression level of CXCR7 in cultured TECs than in cultured NECs. Furthermore, similar to mouse TECs, immunostaining revealed strong expression of CXCR7 in vivo in human tumor vessels. These findings suggest that CXCR7 is a novel TEC marker and a target for antiangiogenic therapy for RCC.

Characterization of human dental pulp cells grown in chemically defined serum-free medium.

Dental pulp cells (DPCs) are promising candidates for use as transplantable cells in regenerative medicine. However, ex vivo expansion of these cells typically requires culture media containing fetal bovine serum, which may cause infection and immunological reaction following transplantation. In addition, the proliferation and differentiation of DPCs markedly depend upon serum batches. Therefore, the present study examined whether DPCs could be expanded under serum-free conditions. DPCs obtained from four donors were identified to proliferate actively in the serum-free medium, STK2, when compared with those cells in control medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% serum). The high proliferative potential with STK2 was maintained through multiple successive culture passages. DNA microarray analyses demonstrated that the gene expression profile of DPCs grown in STK2 was similar to that of cells grown in the control medium; however, a number of genes related to cell proliferation, including placental growth factor and inhibin-ßE, were upregulated in the STK2 cultures. Following induction of osteogenesis, DPCs grown in STK2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity and calcification at higher levels compared with the control medium cultures, indicating maintenance of differentiation potential in STK2. This serum-free culture system with DPCs may have applications in further experimental studies and as a clinical strategy in regenerative medicine.

Forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 (FKHR)-dependent induction of PDK4 gene expression in skeletal muscle during energy deprivation.

A forkhead-type transcription factor, DAF-16, is located in the most downstream part of the insulin signalling pathway via PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase). It is essential for the extension of life-span and is also involved in dauer formation induced by food deprivation in Caenorhabditis elegans. In the present study, we addressed whether or not FOXO members AFX, FKHR (forkhead homologue in rhabdomyosarcoma) and FKHRL1 (FKHR-like protein 1), mammalian counterparts of DAF-16, are involved in starvation stress. We found a remarkable selective induction of FKHR and FKHRL1 transcripts in skeletal muscle of mice during starvation. The induction of FKHR gene expression was observed at 6 h after food deprivation, peaked at 12 h, and returned to the basal level by 24 h of refeeding. The induction was also found in skeletal muscle of mice with glucocorticoid treatment. Moreover, we found that the levels of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4) gene expression were up-regulated through the direct binding of FKHR to the promoter region of the gene in C2C12 cells. These results suggest that FKHR has an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, at least in part, through the up-regulation of PDK4 gene expression in skeletal muscle during starvation.

Effects of aging and caloric restriction on the gene expression of Foxo1, 3, and 4 (FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX) in the rat skeletal muscles.

In C. elegans, insulin-like hormone signal pathway plays a significant role in longevity. In particular, daf-16 gene product is indispensable factor for this lifespan-extension. This signal pathway is critical for dauer formation, which is a similar state to hibernation in mammals. We examined the expression level of mammalian daf-16 homologues, Foxo 1,3, and 4 (FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX) mRNAs in the rat skeletal muscles during aging and in 30% caloric restricted of ad libitum fed. The expression level of AFX mRNA was significantly higher at 6 and 12 months than at 3 and 26 months, and FKHRL1 expression was significantly higher at 6 months than at 3 and 26 months but FKHR expression showed no significant change with age. We observed a characteristic expression of AFX and FKHR mRNAs to be significantly higher in the second day in caloric restriction by every-other-day feeding than in ad libitum fed. This suggests that caloric restriction may increase the expression of FKHR-family genes and prevent the aging process in the skeletal muscles.

Enzymes responsible for synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans.

Keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are among the most abundant carbohydrate components of the cornea and are suggested to play an important role in maintaining corneal extracellular matrix structure. Keratan sulfate carbohydrate chains consist of repeating N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides with sulfation on the 6-O positions of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose. Despite its importance for corneal function, the biosynthetic pathway of the carbohydrate chain and particularly the elongation steps are poorly understood. Here we analyzed enzymatic activity of two glycosyltransferases, beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltansferase-7 (beta3GnT7) and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-4 (beta4GalT4), in the production of keratan sulfate carbohydrate in vitro. These glycosyltransferases produced only short, elongated carbohydrates when they were reacted with substrate in the absence of a carbohydrate sulfotransferase; however, they produced extended GlcNAc-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures with more than four repeats of the GlcNAc-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine unit in the presence of corneal N-acetylglucosamine 6-O sulfotransferase (CGn6ST). Moreover, we detected production of highly sulfated keratan sulfate by a two-step reaction in vitro with a mixture of beta3GnT7/beta4GalT4/CGn6ST followed by keratan sulfate galactose 6-O sulfotransferase treatment. We also observed that production of highly sulfated keratan sulfate in cultured human corneal epithelial cells was dramatically reduced when expression of beta3GnT7 or beta4GalT4 was suppressed by small interfering RNAs, indicating that these glycosyltransferases are responsible for elongation of the keratan sulfate carbohydrate backbone.

Abnormal angiogenesis in Foxo1 (Fkhr)-deficient mice.

Members of the Foxo family, Foxo1 (Fkhr), Foxo3 (Fkhrl1), and Foxo4 (Afx), are mammalian homologs of daf-16, which influences life span and energy metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mammalian FOXO proteins also play important roles in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, stress resistance, and energy metabolism. In this study, we generated Foxo1-deficient mice to investigate the physiological role of FOXO1. The Foxo1-deficient mice died around embryonic day 11 because of defects in the branchial arches and remarkably impaired vascular development of embryos and yolk sacs. In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells demonstrated that endothelial cells derived from wild-type and Foxo1-deficient embryonic stem cells were able to produce comparable numbers of colonies supported by a layer of OP9 stromal cells. Although the morphology of the endothelial cell colonies was identical in both genotypes in the absence of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Foxo1-deficient endothelial cells showed a markedly different morphological response compared with wild-type endothelial cells in the presence of exogenous VEGF. These results suggest that Foxo1 is essential to the ability of endothelial cells to respond properly to a high dose of VEGF, thereby playing a critical role in normal vascular development.