Application of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to Facilitate Violence Screening in HIV Care Settings: a Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the literature on violence screening practices within HIV care settings globally as well as identified salient multi-level barriers and facilitators for adopting and implementing violence screening within HIV care. We utilized the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to systematically identify multi-level factors related to violence screening within HIV services. RECENT FINDINGS: Across the 15 articles included, several highly salient CFIR constructs emerged as particularly relevant for violence screening adoption and implementation within HIV including inner setting factors, outer setting factors, as well as select constructs specific to characteristics of the violence screening process, the individuals charged with screening, and violence screening execution. This review underscores the importance of considering CFIR constructs to bolster successful violence screening implementation in HIV care settings. We describe several potential implementation strategies to overcome the most salient barriers identified across this limited body of summarized research.

Providing Trauma-Informed Care During a Pandemic: How Health Care Workers at Ryan White-Funded Clinics in the Southeastern United States Responded to COVID-19 and Its Effects on Their Well-Being.

As HIV/AIDS health care workers (HCWs) deliver services during COVID-19 under difficult conditions, practicing trauma-informed care (TIC) may mitigate negative effects on mental health and well-being. This secondary qualitative analysis of a larger mixed methods study sought to understand the pandemic's impact on HCWs at Ryan White-funded clinics (RWCs) across the southeastern US and assess changes in prioritization of TIC. RWC administrators, providers, and staff were asked about impacts on clinic operations/culture, HCW well-being, institutional support for well-being, and prioritization of TIC. HCWs described strenuous work environments and decreased well-being (eg, increased stress, burnout, fear, and social isolation) due to COVID-19. RWCs initiated novel responses to disruptions of clinic operations and culture to encourage continuity in care and promote HCW well-being. Despite increased awareness of the need for TIC, prioritization remained variable. Implementing and institutionalizing trauma-informed practices could strengthen continuity in care and safeguard HCW well-being during public health emergencies.

COVID-19 and Its Effects on the Well-being of Ryan White Health Care Workers in the Southeastern United States.

Using qualitative comparative analysis to understand the conditions that produce successful PrEP implementation in family planning clinics.

BACKGROUND: Title X-funded family planning clinics have been identified as optimal sites for delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention to U.S. women. However, PrEP has not been widely integrated into family planning services, especially in the Southern U.S., and data suggest there may be significant implementation challenges in this setting. METHODS: To understand contextual factors that are key to successful PrEP implementation in family planning clinics, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with key informants from 38 family planning clinics (11 clinics prescribed PrEP and 27 did not). Interviews were guided by constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was used to uncover the configurations of CFIR factors that led to PrEP implementation. RESULTS: We identified 3 distinct construct configurations, or pathways, that led to successful PrEP implementation: (1) high "Leadership Engagement" AND high "Available Resources"; OR (2) high "Leadership Engagement" AND NOT located in the Southeast region; OR (3) high "Access to Knowledge and Information" AND NOT located in the Southeast region. Additionally, there were 2 solution paths that led to absence of PrEP implementation: (1) low "Access to Knowledge and Information" AND low "Leadership Engagement"; OR (2) low "Available Resources" AND high "External Partnerships". DISCUSSION: We identified the most salient combinations of co-occurring organizational barriers or facilitators associated with PrEP implementation across Title X clinics in the Southern U.S. We discuss implementation strategies to promote pathways that led to implementation success, as well as strategies to overcome pathways to implementation failure. Notably, we identified regional differences in the pathways that led to PrEP implementation, with Southeastern clinics facing the most obstacles to implementation, specifically substantial resource constraints. Identifying implementation pathways is an important first step for packaging multiple implementation strategies that could be employed by state-level Title X grantees to help scale up PrEP.

Cognitively Based Compassion Training for HIV Immune Nonresponders-An Attention-Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic inflammation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality for people with HIV (PWH). Psychological stress is an important contributor to this chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that a cognitively based compassion training (CBCT) approach could reduce inflammation and psychological stress in immune nonresponder PWH. DESIGN: An attention-placebo randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the acceptability of CBCT among PWH and its effects on key aspects of stress and immune function compared with an active-attention control group (NCT02395289). METHODS: This study was conducted at an HIV clinic in Atlanta, Georgia. Eligible individuals determined by (1) adherence to antiretroviral therapy for at least a year, (2) virologic suppression; and (3) stable CD4+ T-cell counts <350 cells/µL were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either CBCT or control in 2 study periods: April-May, 2016, and September-December, 2016. Psychological measures and inflammatory biomarkers associated with HIV disease progression (IL-1ß, TNF-α, sCD14, IL-6, and IL-10) were obtained for all study participants at baseline and at the time of study completion. RESULTS: We found a significant association between CBCT practice time engagement and fold reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α levels. There was no association between CBCT practice time and other biomarkers markers assessed (IL-1ß, sCD14, and IL-10). These changes were coincident with significant increases in self-reported psychological well-being and HIV disease acceptance and in benefits for CBCT participants. We also observed fewer instances of virologic failure for those in the CBCT arm compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT is a novel and feasible nonmedication-based intervention that could reduce inflammation and psychological stress in PWH.

Inconsistencies in Overdose Suicide Death Investigation Practice and Potential Remedies Using Technology: A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Consultation Meeting Summary.

INTRODUCTION: It is widely accepted that suicides-which account for more than 47 500 deaths per year in the United States-are undercounted by 10% to 30%, partially due to incomplete death scene investigations (DSI) and varying burden-of-proof standards across jurisdictions. This may result in the misclassification of overdose-related suicides as accidents or undetermined intent. METHODS: Virtual and in-person meetings were held with suicidologists and DSI experts from five states (Spring-Summer 2017) to explore how features of a hypothetical electronic DSI tool may help address these challenges. RESULTS: Participants envisioned a mobile DSI application for cell phones, tablets, or laptop computers. Features for systematic information collection, scene description, and guiding key informant interviews were perceived as useful for less-experienced investigators. DISCUSSION: Wide adoption may be challenging due to differences in DSI standards, practices, costs, data privacy and security, and system integration needs. However, technological tools that support consistent and complete DSIs could strengthen the information needed to accurately identify overdose suicides.