[VR-supported therapy for anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder: current possibilities and limitations]. / VR-gestützte Therapie bei Angst und posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung: aktuelle Möglichkeiten und Grenzen.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in psychotherapy, and the speed of development of therapeutic VR tools is continuously increasing. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review provides an overview of the state of the art regarding VR applications for psychotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current state of VR therapy research for anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is summarized. The focus lies on VR exposure therapy. Current developments in the field are outlined. RESULTS: For anxiety disorders, especially phobic disorders, there are already positive recommendations in the current German S3 guidelines. For PTSD, the development of VR therapy tools is still in a relatively early stage. CONCLUSION: The development of mobile cost-effective VR solutions in recent years has enabled entirely new applications for VR. The empirical challenges of these new developments are considerable. Nevertheless, the chances for an improvement of psychotherapeutic routine care are good.

Did the mental health and well-being of young people increase after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign period? A cross-sectional multicentre study in Austria and Turkey.

In 2019, the global Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and associated prevention measures affected the mental health and psychological well-being of young people with and without a migratory background. The present study aimed to compare the mental health and psychological well-being of migrant and non-migrant young people before and after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign period in two countries which had different policies to deal with the pandemic. The "Psychological General Well-being" of young people and their experiences during the pandemic were investigated using an anonymous online survey during two pandemic waves before the vaccination campaign and 6 months after its start. A majority of the 6154 participants (aged between 15 and 25 years in all study groups) reported a decrease of mental health from the time period before the vaccination (BV) to after the vaccination (AV) campaign (b = 0.27, p < .001). This association was higher in females (b = 0.04, p = 0.008) and in youth with financial problems (b = 0.13, p < .001). Furthermore, this decrease was more pronounced in people ≤17 years old (40% to 62%) than in those >17 years (59% to 67%). Contrary to expectation, vulnerable groups such as the economically disadvantaged, younger, and female participants did not experience a significant easing of the pandemic's psychological burden AV. Vaccination campaigns should continue emphasizing the beneficial effects of COVID-19 vaccination on general well-being, but with an acknowledgement that the road to recovery is still a long one. Concurrently, free access to psychological treatment and financial support should be offered, especially for vulnerable groups. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04366-x.

'The world somehow stopped moving': impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent psychiatric outpatients and the implementation of teletherapy.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic results in disproportional consequences for psychiatric patients. Due to restraints in physical contacts, providers switched from face-to-face contacts to teletherapy, but prior experiences were mostly limited. The study aimed at assessing symptom dynamics, potentially increased adversities and factors influencing a successful transition into teletherapy in adolescent psychiatric outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Thirty adolescent psychiatric outpatients participated in an interview-based study. The differential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was measured by integrating patients' and psychiatrists' judgements. RESULTS: Patients who reported deteriorated symptoms and patients who showed (partial) improvement of symptomatology could be separated by feelings of isolation (specific to deterioration) and perceived reduction in school-associated stress (unique to improvement). Patients with worsening symptomatology showed a significantly higher degree of psychosocial disability before lockdown and at the first interview. Patients who deteriorated in their level of psychosocial functioning also reported negatively on teletherapy. These patients were verbally less differentiated concerning emotions and affect, reported introspection and rumination, and stated distinctly lower levels of perceived social support. Concerning adversities, no clear trend could be identified, but some patients reported increased domestic violence and neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a higher degree of psychosocial disability suffer disproportionally from the crisis, so that an assessment of functioning should serve as a triage tool. Also, a screening of the perceived level of social support should be established before offering teletherapy. Additionally, the provision of strategies to enhance verbalisation and differentiation of emotions and affect might be beneficial.

Coping styles mediating the relationship between perceived chronic stress and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19.

As a global health crisis, COVID-19 has led to a rise in overall stress levels. Concurrently, conspiracy beliefs regarding the origin and spread of the disease have become widespread. Engaging in such beliefs can be explained as a form of coping in order to deal with elevated levels of stress. The present study investigated the indirect effects of coping strategies in the association between perceived chronic stress and COVID-related conspiracy beliefs. We report data from an online survey (N = 1,354 individuals: 807 female; 508 male; 8 diverse; 6 not specified; mean age 39.14 years) in German-speaking countries collected between January and March 2021. Our results indicate that people who felt more stressed were more prone to conspiracy beliefs. Coping via acceptance and self-blame was associated with decreased tendencies towards COVID-related conspiracy beliefs, while people who used denial as a strategy were more prone to these beliefs. These findings emphasize the need for stress management interventions and effective coping strategies during times of crisis in order to reduce chronic perceived stress, promote adaptive coping, and ultimately reduce conspiracy beliefs.

Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescent self-harm and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Given the widespread nature and clinical consequences of self-harm and suicidal ideation among adolescents, establishing the efficacy of developmentally appropriate treatments that reduce both self-harm and suicidal ideation in the context of broader adolescent psychopathology is critical. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A) literature on treating self-injury in adolescents (12-19 years). We searched for eligible trials and treatment evaluations published prior to July 2020 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials. Twenty-one studies were identified [five randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), three controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and 13 pre-post evaluations]. We extracted data for predefined primary (self-harm, suicidal ideation) and secondary outcomes (borderline personality symptoms; BPD) and calculated treatment effects for RCTs/CCTs and pre-post evaluations. This meta-analysis was pre-registered with OSF: osf.io/v83e7. RESULTS: Overall, the studies comprised 1673 adolescents. Compared to control groups, DBT-A showed small to moderate effects for reducing self-harm (g = -0.44; 95% CI -0.81 to -0.07) and suicidal ideation (g = -0.31, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.09). Pre-post evaluations suggested large effects for all outcomes (self-harm: g = -0.98, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.81; suicidal ideation: g = -1.16, 95% CI -1.51 to -0.80; BPD symptoms: g = -0.97, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.63). CONCLUSIONS: DBT-A appears to be a valuable treatment in reducing both adolescent self-harm and suicidal ideation. However, evidence that DBT-A reduces BPD symptoms was only found in pre-post evaluations.

The impact of problematic smartphone use on children's and adolescents' quality of life: A systematic review.

AIM: To provide a systematic review on studies examining problematic smartphone (PSU) use in children and adolescents, and its impact on quality of life, life satisfaction, and well-being. METHODS: An extensive literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Pubmed. RESULTS: The search yielded k = 9 articles for which inclusion criteria were met. Five studies examined health-related or overall quality of life, two assessed life satisfaction, and two evaluated well-being in relation to PSU. Negative associations between PSU and the outcome variables were reported almost consistently, with one study yielding only a trend for a negative correlation of PSU with life satisfaction, and one study finding no significant correlation regarding quality of life. Comparability between studies was impeded by the scarcity of studies which met inclusion criteria and by the use of different measures. CONCLUSION: More research is needed regarding PSU and the outcome variables in children and adolescents. Also, a distinct and consistent theoretical conceptualisation of PSU is required to replicate findings, and to enhance comparability between studies. Based on the trend reported here, the development of customised, early on interventions for children and adolescents at risk of PSU is warranted.

Mothers' and Fathers' Perspectives on the Causes of Their Child's Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Parental beliefs about the cause of their child's illness are thought to affect parents' help-seeking behaviors, treatment decisions, and the child's health outcomes. Yet, research on parental beliefs about disease causation is still scarce. While a small number of studies assesses parental cause attributions for singular disorders (e.g., neurodevelopmental disorders), no study has compared disorders with differing physical versus mental conditions or with mixed comorbidities in children and adolescents or their caregivers. Furthermore, most pediatric research suffers from a lack of data on fathers. OBJECTIVE: Hence, the objective of the current study was to test for possible differences in mothers' and fathers' perceptions about the etiology of their child's illness. METHODS: Forty-two parent couples (overall N = 84) whose child had been diagnosed either with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (category "neurodevelopmental disorder") or with a primary physical illness and a comorbid mental disorder, e.g. depression (category "psychosomatic disorder") were asked to rate possible causes of their child's illness using a modified version of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) Cause scale. RESULTS: A two-way ANOVA showed that psychosomatic disorders were significantly more strongly attributed to be caused by medical and environmental stressors than neurodevelopmental disorders. A significant parent × illness category interaction revealed that this effect was more pronounced in fathers. CONCLUSIONS: By providing first insights into parental beliefs about the etiology of their children's neurodevelopmental versus psychosomatic disorders, this study paves ground for future research and tailored counseling of affected families.

Triggers for attempted suicide in Istanbul youth, with special reference to their socio-demographic background.

OBJECTIVE: Suicidal behavior of young people is a topic of utmost importance because suicide is irreversible, and should be prevented. Knowing about the psychosocial background and the triggering events could help in preventing suicidal behavior. We therefore aimed at identifying psychosocial factors that may trigger suicidal behavior in youth. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the standardized records of 2232 youths aged ≤25 years, who were treated after a suicide attempt at emergency units of public hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey during a period of 1 year. We describe this population according to sex and socio-economic conditions, like educational, occupational, relationship status and link them with their reported reasons for suicide attempts. RESULTS: The majority of patients were female (81.6%, N = 1822 females, 18.4%, N = 410 males). Independent of their educational and occupational background, patients indicated most frequently intra-familial problems (females 45.8%, males 30.5%), intrapersonal problems (females 19.9%, males 18.5%), and relationship problems (females 11.3%, males 23.9%) as triggering reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Because intra-familial problems were the most frequently reported triggers of suicide attempts, preventive measures should focus on handling intra-familial conflicts. As sex differences were observed for the second-most common trigger-reasons, prevention should also focus on differentially handling intrapersonal and relationship conflicts better.

How to Prevent Depression? Current Directions and Future Challenges in Children with Chronic Medical Conditions.

With its high rates of chronicity and concomitant economic costs to society, depression ranges among the most prevalent mental disorders. Several trials have succeeded in demonstrating the beneficial effects of early depression prevention programs for otherwise healthy children and adolescents. However, comparable programs for children and adolescents with a medical condition are still scarce. This paper discusses the situation of chronically ill children and adolescents who are at risk of developing comorbid depressive symptoms using the example of three conditions frequently encountered in pediatric psychosomatic medicine: diabetes, epilepsy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Each patient group is introduced with regards to specific risk factors and correlates of depression. Also, existing customized depression prevention programs and according research trials are presented. Reviewing the body of literature, it becomes apparent that risk factor research and depression prevention are still in their infancy for these three patient groups. While new risk factor models and biomarker approaches emerge as a promising rationale for depression prevention, research is called upon to include randomized control trials as well as longitudinal designs in order to achieve more optimally tailored preventive interventions for children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions.

Exploring the relationship between media use and depressive symptoms among gender diverse youth: findings of the Mental Health Days Study.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decades, media use has become a key aspect of young people's daily lives, significantly shaping their social interactions, learning processes, and recreational pursuits. At the same time, healthcare professionals and researchers are increasingly concerned about the impact of media use on young people's mental health. This concern is particularly relevant for gender diverse youth who may have distinct experiences with media that could impact their mental health uniquely compared to their peers, such as increased exposure to cyberbullying and negative content regarding their gender identity. This study aims to explore the associations between media use and depressive symptoms among youth and examine if gender moderates this association. METHODS: This study utilized a cross-sectional design involving a school-based sample of 8158 participants (Mage = 14.05 years, SD = 2.45, Ndiverse = 144) from Austria. Participants completed a survey assessing their media use and depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Media use was measured by asking participants to report their daily usage in hours and minutes across various categories, including smartphone use, streaming services, social networks, and other media types. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between different forms of media use and depressive symptoms. Moderation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS to explore the role of gender. RESULTS: For gender diverse youth, multiple regression analysis identified streaming services (ß = 0.265, p = .005) and social networks (ß = 0.189, p = .037) as significant predictors of depressive symptoms in gender diverse youth. Moderation analyses conducted with the entire sample showed that gender moderates the relationship between depressive symptoms and smartphone use (B = - 0.008, p = .014), with the effect being the most negative for gender diverse individuals. CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the complex relationship between media use and depressive symptoms among gender diverse youth, emphasizing the moderating role of gender. These results underline the need for gender-sensitive approaches in media literacy and mental health interventions. Stakeholders should be aware of risks and benefits of different media types to foster healthy media engagement.

Efficacy of mentalization-based therapy in treating self-harm: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) and its adapted version for adolescents (MBT-A) are repeatedly highlighted as promising treatments for reducing self-harm, particularly in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Despite the availability of publications providing evidence of their efficacy in reducing self-harm, recent meta-analyses have yielded mixed results. To inform best-practice clinical decision-making, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We aimed to disentangle findings for both adolescents and adults on the efficacy of MBT(-A) in reducing self-harm (primary outcome) and symptoms of BPD and depression (secondary outcomes). METHODS: Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane Review Database were searched for eligible studies published until September 2022. In total, 14 studies were identified, comprising 612 participants from nine MBT studies (six pre-post, three RCTs) and five MBT-A studies (two pre-post, three RCTs). Aggregated effect sizes were estimated using random-effects models. Meta-regressions were conducted to assess the effect of moderator variables (treatment duration, drop-out rates, and age) on effect sizes. RESULTS: Overall, both MBT and MBT-A demonstrated promising effects in reducing self-harm (g = -0.82, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.50), borderline personality disorder (g = -1.08, 95% CI -1.38 to -0.77), and depression (g = -1.1, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.68) symptoms. However, when compared to control interventions (TAU, SCM), MBT(-A) did not prove to be more efficacious, with the exception of MBT showing superior effects on BPD symptoms in adults (g = -0.56, 95% CI -0.88 to -0.24). CONCLUSION: Although the pre-post evaluations seem promising, this analysis, including RCTs, showed no superiority of MBT(-A) to control conditions, so that prioritizing the application of MBT (-A) for the treatment of self-harm is not supported. Possible explanations and further implications are discussed.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy variants for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background: While there are well-established treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), these interventions appear to be less effective for individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for PTSD and DBT Prolonged Exposure (PE) are both effective interventions for treating these patients, but a comprehensive analysis evaluating the efficacy of these two interventions is lacking.Objective: To determine the effect sizes of PTSD-specific DBT treatments.Methods: We conducted a systematic review and pre-registered meta-analysis of the DBT literature for treating PTSD (osf.io/62rfq). Eligible trials and treatment evaluations published before September 2023 were searched in SCOPUS, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases. Thirteen articles were identified, and data were extracted for primary (PTSD symptoms) and secondary outcomes (BPD, depression, dissociation, non-suicidal self-injury [NSSI]). Treatment effects were calculated for randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and pre-post evaluations.Results: Overall, the studies involved 663 participants. Compared with control groups, PTSD-specific DBT treatments showed moderate effects in reducing PTSD symptom severity g = -0.69 (95% CI -1.03 to -0.34, p < .001) and depression g = -0.62 (95% CI -1.13 to -0.12, p = .016). Moreover, the pre-post changes showed an overall effect size for dissociative symptoms of g = -0.72 (95% CI -1.05 to -0.40, p < .001), for BPD-associated symptoms of g = -0.82 (95% CI -1.06 to -0.59, p < .001), and for NSSI frequency (g = -0.70, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.28, p = .001).Conclusions: Based on the results of our meta-analysis, DBT-PTSD and DBT PE were effective in reducing PTSD symptom severity and comorbid depressive symptoms. Further research on stage-based treatments should focus on systematically assessing NSSI, BPD symptoms, and suicidality.

We conducted the first meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for PTSD (DBT-PTSD) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure (DBT PE) for individuals with comorbid PTSD and BPD symptoms.Based on RCTs/CCTs, we found moderately beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms, and depression for both stage-based interventions and large effects on non-suicidal self-injury frequency for DBT PE.DBT-PTSD and DBT PE resulted in pre-post improvements in dissociative symptoms, BPD-associated symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury frequency.

Mental health of non-binary youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-binary identities are increasingly recognized within the spectrum of gender diversity, yet there is a dearth of research exploring the mental health challenges specific to this population. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the mental health outcomes of non-binary youth in comparison to their transgender and cisgender peers. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies across three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) covering the period from inception to October 2023. The meta-analysis was performed employing a random-effects model. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies comparing non-binary youth with transgender or cisgender youth, providing data on mental health outcomes such as general mental health, depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-harm and suicidality. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies, meeting the inclusion criteria and originating from six different countries, were included in the analysis. The sample encompassed 16,114 non-binary, 11,925 transgender, and 283,278 cisgender youth, with ages ranging from 11 to 25 years. Our meta-analysis revealed that non-binary youth exhibit significantly poorer general mental health compared to both transgender (d = 0.24, 95% CI, 0.05-0.43, p =.013) and cisgender youth (d = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.35-0.61, p <.001), indicating a more impaired general mental health in non-binary youth. Regarding depressive symptoms, when comparing non-binary and cisgender individuals, a moderate and significant effect was observed (d = 0.52, 95% CI, 0.41-0.63, p <.001). For anxiety symptoms, a small but significant effect was observed in the comparison with cisgender individuals (d = 0.44, 95% CI, 0.19-0.68, p =.001). Furthermore, non-binary individuals exhibited lower rates of past-year suicidal ideation than transgender peers (OR = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.65-0.97, p =.023) and higher rates of lifetime suicidal ideation than cisgender youth (OR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.46-3.13, p <.001). CONCLUSION: Non-binary youth face distinct mental health challenges, with poorer general mental health, elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to cisgender, and similar rates of self-harm and suicidal behavior compared to transgender individuals. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions, including gender-affirming mental health support, to address the specific needs of non-binary youth.

Attentional Biases and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Urges in Adolescents.

Importance: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant clinical concern among adolescents. Exposure to NSSI-related content on social media platforms has been suspected to potentially act as a trigger for NSSI. Objective: To use free-viewing eye-tracking and dot-probe paradigms to examine attentional bias and psychophysiological responses to NSSI-related pictorial and textual stimuli in adolescents with and without a history of NSSI. Design, Setting, and Participants: From June 2022 to April 2023, adolescent participants in Vienna, Austria with and without a history of NSSI were exposed to NSSI-related stimuli in this nonrandomized controlled trial. Data were analyzed from December 2023 to January 2024. Exposure: Exposure to NSSI-related stimuli. Main Outcomes and Measures: During both tasks, subjective arousal, NSSI urges, and autonomic nervous system activity were assessed. Results: A total of 50 adolescents in 2 groups, 25 who engaged in NSSI (mean [SD] age 15.86 [1.14] years; 19 female participants [76%]) and 25 who did not (mean [SD] age 16.40 [1.71] years; 19 female participants [76%]) were included. Adolescents with a history of NSSI-but not those without a history of NSSI-showed a clear attentional bias toward NSSI-related images during eye-tracking, as indicated by increased initial fixations (500 ms stimulus presentation mean difference, 28.64%; 95% CI, 18.31%-38.98%; P < .001; 1000 ms stimulus presentation mean difference, 18.50%; 95% CI, 9.05%-27.95%; P < .001) and longer fixation durations (500 ms mean difference, 29.51 ms; 95% CI, 4.3-54.72 ms; P < .001; 1000 ms mean difference, 39.83 ms; 95% CI, 6.90-72.76 ms; P < .001), regardless of stimulus duration. This bias was associated with a heightened urge to engage in NSSI (d = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.69-1.73; P < .001), a trend not seen in adolescents without a history of NSSI. Similarly, in the dot-probe task, only the NSSI group showed an attentional bias toward NSSI images but not toward trauma images, emphasizing the specificity of their attentional bias. Physiological measures revealed no significant differences, suggesting that viewing NSSI images is not associated with increased autonomic arousal. Textual NSSI content did not provoke an attentional bias or heighten NSSI urges in either group. Conclusions and Relevance: In this nonrandomized controlled trial of 50 adolescents, results highlighted a specific attentional bias toward NSSI-related pictorial stimuli in adolescents with a history of NSSI, particularly a difficulty in disengaging from NSSI images. These findings contribute to understanding maladaptive information processing in NSSI and suggest implications for clinical management and cognitive models addressing NSSI triggers. Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00025905.

On the rise or a return to pre-pandemic levels? A cross-sectional online survey on nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug use among youth.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented and deteriorating effects on the mental health of adolescents and young adults. Various studies have described changes regarding substance abuse, but findings are conflicting. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey on nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug use. METHODS: From March to May 2023, 502 participants aged 14-24 from a community-based sample completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: We found a general trend of declining or stable substance use during the first 2 years of the pandemic; however, in the third year (i.e., 2022), substance use returned to pre-pandemic levels or exceeded it. Compared with young adults (age 19-24), adolescents' (age 14-18) use increased more clearly. Participants who scored above the cut-off on screening measures for problematic substance use showed a more pronounced increase in the use of cigarettes and illicit drugs but not of alcohol. Higher alcohol consumption during lockdowns was associated with increased likelihood of current problematic alcohol (odds ratio [OR]: 3.03) and cannabis use (OR: 2.60). Furthermore, individuals who reported increased usage of one psychotropic substance during lockdowns were more likely to have increased their use of other substances as well (OR: 2.66-4.87). CONCLUSIONS: Although not optimally generalizable due to the retrospective online format and convenience sampling, our results support the notion that special attention ought to be paid to certain subgroups such as younger people and those who already exhibit problematic substance use during the pandemic. Following up on post-pandemic trends in substance use is crucial for developing prevention measures and targeted interventions.

Burdens and resources of Austrian clinical psychologists: results of a qualitative study two years into the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the mental health burden in the general population, enhancing the demands placed on mental healthcare professionals. METHODS: This study aimed to assess the burdens and resources of clinical psychologists that emerged since the beginning of the pandemic. N = 172 Austrian clinical psychologists participated in a cross-sectional online survey between April and May 2022. The burdens and the sources of support that emerged during the pandemic were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Mental health-related issues were identified as the greatest burden, followed by work-related themes and restrictions imposed by the government to combat the spreading of the virus. The most important resources mentioned by the clinical psychologists were social contacts and recreational activities. Practising mindfulness and focusing on inner processes and work-related aspects were further important resources mentioned. CONCLUSION: Overall, it seems that clinical psychologists have a high awareness of mental health-related problems related to the pandemic and use adaptive coping strategies to deal with them.

Does Being Ignored on WhatsApp Hurt? A Pilot Study on the Effect of a Newly Developed Ostracism Task for Adolescents.

(1) Background: Many studies have used a well-known social exclusion task, namely Cyberball, to assess the psychophysiological reactions to ostracism in laboratory settings. However, this task has been recently criticized for its lack of realism. Instant messaging communication platforms are currently central communication channels where adolescents conduct their social life. These should be considered when recreating the emotional experiences that fuel the development of negative emotions. To overcome this limitation, a new ostracism task, namely SOLO (Simulated On-Line Ostracism), recreating hostile interactions (i.e., exclusion and rejection) over WhatsApp was developed. The aim of this manuscript is to compare adolescents' self-reported negative and positive affect, as well as physiological reactivity (i.e., heat rate, HR; heart rate variability, HRV) exhibited during SOLO to Cyberball. (2) Method: A total of 35 participants (Mage = 15.16; SD = 1.48; 24 females) took part in the study. The first group (n = 23; transdiagnostic group), recruited at an inpatient and outpatient unit of a clinic for children and adolescent psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychosomatic therapy in Baden-Württemberg (Germany), reported clinical diagnoses linked with emotional dysregulation (e.g., self-injury and depression). The second group (n = 12; control group), recruited in the district of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, had no pre-existing clinical diagnoses. (3) Results: The transdiagnostic group showed higher HR (b = 4.62, p < 0.05) and lower HRV (b = 10.20, p < 0.01) in SOLO than in Cyberball. They also reported increased negative affect (interaction b = -0.5, p < 0.01) after SOLO but not after Cyberball. In the control group, no differences in either HR (p = 0.34) or HRV (p = 0.08) between tasks were found. In addition, no difference in negative affect after either task (p = 0.83) was found. (4) Conclusion: SOLO could be an ecologically valid alternative to Cyberball when assessing reactions to ostracism in adolescents with emotional dysregulation.

Virtual Reality Interventions for Mental Health.

Virtual Reality (VR) is a growing field in psychological research and therapy. While there is strong evidence for the efficacy of exposure therapy in VR (VRET) to treat anxiety disorders, new opportunities for using VR to treat mental health disorders are emerging. In this chapter, we first describe the value of VRET for the treatment of several anxiety disorders. Next, we introduce some recent developments in research using VR investigating schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, and eating disorders. This includes therapeutic strategies beyond VRET, including avatar-based therapies or those combining VR with biofeedback approaches. Although VR offers many convincing advantages, contraindications in treatment must be considered when implementing VR-supported therapy in clinical practice. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research, highlighting the integration of augmented reality and automation processes in VR environments to create more efficient and tailored therapeutic tools. Further, future treatments will benefit from the gamification approach, which integrates elements of computer games and narratives that promote patients' motivation and enables methods to reduce drop-outs during psychological therapy.

Water temperature during the cold pressor test: A scoping review.

The cold pressor test (CPT) is a commonly used method to induce pain and stress in experimental settings. Previous research has found that the temperature of the water used in the test significantly affects outcome measures such as pain tolerance. Variations in CPT protocols, specifically regarding temperature, have been criticized. Hence, our objective is to investigate water temperature and associated methodological factors through a scoping review of the CPT in adults. Among 331 included trials, the most commonly reported temperature was 1°C (33.8°F). Reporting of the water temperature was adequate (93% of all trials), but a precise range within which the temperature was maintained was reported only in 27% of all trials. Pain measurement was the primary focus for most studies (90%), predominantly utilizing pain tolerance as the main outcome (78%). Water circulation was reported in 44% of studies, and 10% reported manually agitating the water. The most common maximum immersion time (i.e., ceiling time) was 180 s; notably, 64% of trials lacked information on participant awareness of this limit specification. The limb most immersed was the hand (76%). Overall, multiple methodological factors significantly impacting outcome measures were inconsistently implemented or reported. For future studies, we advocate for precise standardization of the water temperature used during the CPT. We suggest using 1°C (33.8°F), especially when assessing pain tolerance. A cooling apparatus allowing precise temperature control and continuous water circulation is advised. At the bare minimum, the temperature should be monitored continuously. While other decisions regarding the implementation of the CPT may differ depending on the specific aims of the respective study, it remains essential to standardize the water temperature and to provide a comprehensive report of the experimental protocol.

Comparison of mental health indicators in clinical psychologists with the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mental healthcare professionals face diverse challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may augment their risk of experiencing adverse mental health outcomes themselves. We aimed to compare depressive, anxiety, insomnia, and stress symptoms in Austrian clinical psychologists during the COVID-19 pandemic with the Austrian general population. A total of N = 172 Austrian clinical psychologists (91.9% women; mean age: 44.90 ± 7.97 years) participated in an online survey in spring 2022. A representative sample (N = 1011) of the Austrian general population was surveyed simultaneously. Symptoms of depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), insomnia (ISI-2), and stress (PSS-10) were assessed. Differences in the prevalence of clinically relevant symptoms were analyzed using univariate (Chi-squared tests) and multivariable (binary logistic regression including covariates age and gender) analyses. Clinical psychologists showed lower adjusted odds for exceeding the cut-offs for clinically relevant depression (aOR 0.37), anxiety (aOR 0.50), and moderate to high stress levels (aOR 0.31) compared to the general population (p < 0.01). No difference was observed for insomnia (aOR 0.92; p = 0.79). In conclusion, clinical psychologists experience better mental health than the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies are needed to analyze the underlying reasons.