Paradigm Change in Liver Transplantation Practice After the Implementation of the Liver-Kidney Allocation Policy.

The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) policy regarding kidney allocation for liver transplantation (LT) patients was implemented in August 2017. This study evaluated the effects of the simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLKT) policy on outcomes in LT alone (LTA) patients with kidney dysfunction. We analyzed adult primary LTA patients with kidney dysfunction at listing (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] less than 30 mL/minute or dialysis requirement) between January 2015 and March 2019 using the OPTN/UNOS registry. Waitlist practice and kidney transplantation (KT) listing after LTA were compared between prepolicy and postpolicy groups. There were 3821 LTA listings with eGFR <30 mL/minute included. The daily number of listings on dialysis was significantly higher in Era 2 (postpolicy group) than Era 1 (prepolicy group) (1.21/day versus 0.95/day; P < 0.001). Of these LTA listings, 90-day LT waitlist mortality, LTA probability, and 1-year post-LTA survival were similar between eras. LTA recipients in Era 2 had a higher probability for KT listing after LTA than those in Era 1 (6.2% versus 3.9%; odds ratio [OR], 3.30; P < 0.001), especially those on dialysis (8.4% versus 2.0%; OR, 4.38; P < 0.001). Under the safety net rule, there was a higher KT probability after LTA (26.7% and 53% at 6 months in Eras 1 and 2, respectively; P = 0.02). After the implementation of the policy, the number of LTA listings among patients on dialysis increased significantly. While their posttransplant survival did not change, KT listing after LTA increased. The safety net rule led to high KT probability and a low waitlist mortality rate in patients who were listed for KT after LTA. These results suggest that the policy successfully achieved the goals of providing appropriate opportunities of KT for LT patients, which did not compromise LTA waitlist or posttransplant outcomes in patients with kidney dysfunction and provided KT opportunities if patients developed kidney failure after LTA.

Improved Survival With Higher-risk Donor Grafts in Liver Transplant With Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure.

Use of higher-risk grafts in liver transplantation for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has been associated with poor outcomes. This study analyzes trends in liver transplantation outcomes for ACLF over time based on the donor risk index (DRI). METHODS: Using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, 17 300 ACLF patients who underwent liver transplantation between 2002 and 2019 were evaluated. Based on DRI, adjusted hazard ratios for 1-y patient death were analyzed in 3 eras: Era 1 (2002-2007, n = 4032), Era 2 (2008-2013, n = 6130), and Era 3 (2014-2019, n = 7138). DRI groups were defined by DRI <1.2, 1.2-1.6, 1.6-2.0, and >2.0. RESULTS: ACLF patients had significantly lower risks of patient death within 1 y in Era 2 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.78; P < 0.001) and Era 3 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.55; P < 0.001) than in Era 1. All DRI groups showed lower hazards in Era 3 than in Era 1. Improvement of posttransplant outcomes were found both in ACLF-1/2 and ACLF-3 patients. In ACLF-1/2, DRI 1.2 to 1.6 and >2.0 had lower adjusted risk in Era 3 than in Era 1. In ACLF-3, DRI 1.2 to 2.0 had lower risk in Era 3. In the overall ACLF cohort, the 2 categories with DRI >1.6 had significantly higher adjusted risks of 1-y patient death than DRI <1.2. When analyzing hazards in each era, DRI > 2.0 carried significantly higher adjusted risks in Eras 1 and 3' whereas DRI 1.2 to 2.0 had similar adjusted risks throughout eras. Similar tendency was found in ACLF-1/2. In the non-ACLF cohort, steady improvement of posttransplant outcomes was obtained in all DRI categories. Similar results were obtained when only hepatitis C virus-uninfected ACLF patients were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In ACLF patients, posttransplant outcomes have significantly improved, and outcomes with higher-risk organs have improved in all ACLF grades. These results might encourage the use of higher-risk donors in ACLF patients and provide improved access to transplant.

Impact on Waitlist Outcomes from Changes in the Medical Eligibility of Candidates for Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation Following Implementation of the 2017 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing Policy in the United States.

BACKGROUND The new simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLK) listing criteria in the United States was implemented in 2017. We aimed to investigate the impact on waitlist and post-transplantation outcomes from changes in the medical eligibility of candidates for SLK after policy implementation in the United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed adult primary SLK candidates between January 2015 and March 2019 using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing (OPTN/UNOS) registry. We compared waitlist practice, post-transplantation outcomes, and final transplant graft type in SLK candidates before and after the policy. RESULTS A total of 4641 patients were eligible, with 2975 and 1666 registered before and after the 2017 policy, respectively. The daily number of SLK candidates was lower after the 2017 policy (3.25 vs 2.89, P=0.01); 1956 received SLK and 95 received liver transplant alone (LTA). The proportion of patients who eventually received LTA was higher after the 2017 policy (7.9% vs 3.0%; P<0.001). The 1-year graft survival rate was worse in patients with LTA than in those with SLK (80.5% vs 90.4%; P=0.003). The adjusted risk of 1-year graft failure in patients with LTA was 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.13-3.58, P=0.01) compared with patients with SLK among the SLK candidates. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of registrations for SLK increased, the number of SLK transplants decreased, and the number of liver transplants increased. LTA in this patient cohort was associated with worse post-transplantation outcomes.