Serratia marcescens outbreak due to contaminated 2% aqueous chlorhexidine. / Brote de Serratia marcescens producido por clorhexidina acuosa al 2% contaminada.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections outbreak is described, as well as the epidemiological study that linked the outbreak to the use of 2% aqueous chlorhexidine antiseptic. METHOD: In late November 2014 an increasing incidence of S. marcescens isolates was detected in patients treated in the emergency department. It was considered a possible outbreak, and an epidemiological investigation was started. RESULT: S. marcescens was isolated in 23 samples from 16 patients and in all new bottles of two lots of 2% aqueous chlorhexidine. The contaminated disinfectant was withdrawn, and the Spanish Drugs Agency was alerted (COS 2/2014). The epidemiological study showed that strains isolated from clinical samples and from chlorhexidine belonged to the same clone. No further isolates were obtained once the disinfectant was withdrawn. CONCLUSION: The suspicion of an outbreak and the epidemiological study were essential to control the incidence.

Characterizing carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Spain: high genetic heterogeneity and wide geographical spread.

Introduction: Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli (CP-Eco) isolates, though less prevalent than other CP-Enterobacterales, have the capacity to rapidly disseminate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and cause serious difficult-to-treat infections. The aim of this study is phenotypically and genotypically characterizing CP-Eco isolates collected from Spain to better understand their resistance mechanisms and population structure. Methods: Ninety representative isolates received from 2015 to 2020 from 25 provinces and 59 hospitals Spanish hospitals were included. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to EUCAST guidelines and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated genes, phylogeny and population structure, and carbapenemase genes-carrying plasmids were analyzed. Results and discussion: The 90 CP-Eco isolates were highly polyclonal, where the most prevalent was ST131, detected in 14 (15.6%) of the isolates. The carbapenemase genes detected were bla OXA-48 (45.6%), bla VIM-1 (23.3%), bla NDM-1 (7.8%), bla KPC-3 (6.7%), and bla NDM-5 (6.7%). Forty (44.4%) were resistant to 6 or more antibiotic groups and the most active antibiotics were colistin (98.9%), plazomicin (92.2%) and cefiderocol (92.2%). Four of the seven cefiderocol-resistant isolates belonged to ST167 and six harbored bla NDM. Five of the plazomicin-resistant isolates harbored rmt. IncL plasmids were the most frequent (45.7%) and eight of these harbored bla VIM-1. bla OXA-48 was found in IncF plasmids in eight isolates. Metallo-ß-lactamases were more frequent in isolates with resistance to six or more antibiotic groups, with their genes often present on the same plasmid/integron. ST131 isolates were associated with sat and pap virulence genes. This study highlights the genetic versatility of CP-Eco and its potential to disseminate ARGs and cause community and nosocomial infections.

First Report of an Extensively Drug-Resistant ST23 Klebsiella pneumoniae of Capsular Serotype K1 Co-Producing CTX-M-15, OXA-48 and ArmA in Spain.

An extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate MS3802 from a tracheostomy exudate was whole-genome sequenced using MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms in order to identify the antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinates and their genomic context. Isolate MS3802 belonged to the clone ST23 and presented a capsular serotype K1, associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) isolates. The isolate harboured a chromosomally encoded blaCTX-M-15 gene and contained a large IncHI1B hybrid virulence/resistance plasmid carrying another copy of the blaCTX-M-15 and the virulence factors iucABCD-iutA, iroBCDN, rmpA and rmpA2. The carbapenemase gene blaOXA-48 was found in a Tn1999-like transposon and the 16S rRNA methylase armA gen located in the vicinity of other antibiotic-resistant genes on an IncM2 plasmid. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of a blaCTX-M-15-, blaOXA-48- and armA-harbouring K. pneumoniae of ST23 and capsular serotype K1 in Spain. Our report emphasizes the importance of implementing new surveillance strategies to monitor the risk of emergence and spread of such XDR and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae isolates.

[Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Castilla y León, Spain, 2001-2005: third collaborative study]. / Resistencias a fármacos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en la Comunidad de Castilla y León (España), 2001-2005: tercer estudio multicéntrico.

INTRODUCTION: During 2001-2005, a regional anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey was conducted in Castilla y León, Spain, in newly treated HIV negative tuberculosis (TB) patients. METHODS: A total of 918 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were studied (one strain per patient) from six hospitals corresponding to 46.7% of the total population of Castilla y León, using the proportion method on solid medium. RESULTS: Primary drug resistance was 4.2% (streptomycin 1.2%, isoniazid 3.2%, rifampin 0.3%, ethambutol 0.1% and pyrazinamide 0.5%). Mono-resistance was observed in 24 (2.6%) and resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin (multi-drug resistance) was detected in one case (0.1%). These results were not statistically significant compared to previous studies in the same Community. CONCLUSION: The incidence of primary drug resistance in the surveyed area was low, including isoniazid, allowing new anti-tuberculosis treatment with the standardised three-drug regimen to be started. Regular surveillance of drug resistance is recommended by the TB control programme in representative patient populations to optimize treatment regimens.

Carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Spain: interregional dissemination of the high-risk clones ST175 and ST244 carrying blaVIM-2, blaVIM-1, blaIMP-8, blaVIM-20 and blaKPC-2.

Carbapenemase-producing (CP) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is rare compared with mutation-driven carbapenem-resistance, but this situation may be changing. A collection of CP P. aeruginosa isolates was characterized in this study. In 2016, 232 unduplicated carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, of which 71 (30.6%) carried carbapenemase genes, were submitted to the Spanish antibiotic reference laboratory and were further analysed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Of the 71 CP P. aeruginosa, 39 (54.9%) carried blaVIM-2, 14 (19.7%) blaVIM-1, 8 (11.3%) blaIMP-8, 6 (8.5%) blaVIM-20, 2 (2.8%) blaVIM-2 plus blaKPC-2, one (1.4%) blaIMP-13 and one (1.4%) blaVIM-1 plus blaIMP-18. Four sequence types (ST175, ST244, ST815 and ST155) encompassed 83.1% of the 71 CP P. aeruginosa; ST175 was detected in hospitals from seven provinces. Using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), four clusters were detected: Cluster 1 included nine ST815/VIM-2 isolates; Cluster 2 included five ST175/VIM-2 isolates; Cluster 3 included seven ST244 isolates (five VIM-2 and two VIM-2 plus KPC-2); and Cluster 4 included 11 ST175 isolates (seven VIM-2 and four IMP-8). The average number of acquired resistance genes was significantly higher in the blaVIM-1-carying isolates (7.1 ± 0.94) than in the blaVIM-2-carrying isolates (4.5 ± 0.20). CP P. aeruginosa isolates are spreading in Spain, mainly due to the dissemination of high-risk clones such as ST175 and ST244 producing VIM and IMP carbapenemases. Emergence of CP P. aeruginosa is a cause of clinical and epidemiological concern.

[Uncommon mycoses]. / Micosis infrecuentes.

BACKGROUND: Fungal infections should be suspected in severe wounds that have been contaminated with organic material or soil, even when the patient is immunocompetent. The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding and knowledge of the antifungal sensitivity and epidemiology of some rare pathogens that may trigger severe infections. CASE REPORT: Four different moulds were isolated from the wounds of an immunocompetent woman who was involved in a road accident: Lichtheimia corymbifera, Scedosporium boydii, Fusarium solani and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Some of them were isolated from different sites. A profile of in vitro resistance was performed with an Epsilometer (Etest™) using five antifungal agents: voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, anidulafungin an amphotericin B. The results obtained were consistent with those from other cases reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Early aggressive surgery, antifungal therapy and, above all, frequent debridement of necrotic tissue, are the tools against filamentous fungi infections. Antifungal sensitivity of any mould involved in an infection has to be determined, in order to a better understanding of these rare pathogens whose incidence is increasing.

Fecal Microbiota of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrhea.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is currently one of the most important causes of infectious diarrhea in developed countries and the main cause in healthcare settings. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota from the feces of 57 patients with diarrhea from nosocomial and community-acquired CDI. We performed an ecological analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA amplicons and evaluated the association of the various ecological profiles with CDI risk factors. Among all samples Bacteroidaceae 31.01%, Enterobacteriaceae 9.82%, Lachnospiraceae 9.33%, Tannerellaceae 6,16%, and Ruminococcaceae 5.64%, were the most abundant families. A reduced abundance of Bacteroides was associated with a poor CDI prognosis, with severe diarrhea and a high incidence of recurrence. This reduction was associated with a weakened host immune system and previous aggressive antibiotherapy. Peptostreptococcaceae family was 1.56% overall and within the family the only identified member was the genus Clostridioides, positively correlated with the presence of Akkermansia that may be predictive of the presence of a CDI. Finally, a relevant aspect that must be considered in clinical practice is the misdiagnosis of CDI, as patients with a stool sample that tests positive for C. difficile are usually diagnosed with CDI and subsequently treated as such. However, co-infection with other pathogenic agents often plays an important role in the development of diarrhea, and must be considered when prescribing antibiotic treatment.

Contribution of microbiology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Castile and León (Spain): Findings of the GRUMICALE 2013 study. / Contribución de la microbiología al diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en Castilla y León: conclusiones del estudio GRUMICALE 2013.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A retrospective study was conducted by collecting microbiological tuberculosis (TB) data in Castile and León during the year 2013 in order to determine the incidence and distribution of TB, and resistance to the tuberculostatic drug, and compare them with the epidemiological data provided by the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance (SIVE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microbiologists of the 14 hospitals of the Castile and León public health network (GRUMICALE) collected epidemiological, microbiological, and management data from the Microbiology laboratories in the community during the year 2013. A single isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) per patient was considered. RESULTS: The study included a total of 270 MTC isolates (an incidence rate of 11.63 cases/100,000 inhab./year). A total of 288 cases of TB (11.43 cases/100,000 inhab. year) were recovered using epidemiological data, which included 243 confirmed, 29 suspected, and 16 as probable cases. Pulmonary TB was predominant, followed a long way off by the pleural TB and the remaining locations. A total of 27,620 samples were processed for mycobacterial detection. Mycobacterial growth was observed in 3.46% of automated fluid cultures, and 50.37% were positive by direct staining of the smear. Resistance to one tuberculostatic drug, mostly to isoniazid, was observed in 16 (5.92%) isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT). The province with greater incidence and number of isolates was León (24.23 cases/100,000 inhab./year), with the highest being observed in El Bierzo health area (30.46 cases/100,000 inhab./year). CONCLUSIONS: An adequate collection of microbiological information is essential to determine the epidemiology of TB in our region.

[Correlation between antibiotic prescription and decreased antimicrobial resistance in the health area of Zamora]. / Correlación entre la prescripción de antibióticos y el descenso de las resistencias a antimicrobianos en el área de salud de Zamora.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends in prescribing antibiotics and analyze a possible relationship with the evolution of antimicrobial sensitivity in respiratory pathogens isolated in the health area of Zamora (Spain). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive study investigating the prescription of antimicrobials and the evolution of resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, from 1996 to 2005. Antibiotic use is expressed in doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DHD). The chi(2) test, exact tests, Spearman correlation coefficients, and a time series analysis were used to analyze the trends. RESULTS: A total of 1301 S. pyogenes strains were isolated. All were sensitive to penicillin, with decreasing percentages of resistance to erythromycin and increasing percentages of resistance to clindamycin. Among 579 pneumococcal strains isolated, a significant decreasing resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, cefotaxime and cefuroxime was observed; resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin increased during the first few years, but decreased later. Among a total of 769 strains of H. influenzae, all were sensitive to cefotaxime and highly sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime; resistance to ampicillin was maintained and there was a significant decreasing resistance to azithromycin. Simultaneously, there was a progressive decrease in overall antibiotic use (20.45 DHD in 1996; 18.90 DHD in 2005). Prescription of penicillins remained stable, with increased use of amoxicillin-clavulanic, decreased use of cephalosporins and macrolides (except azithromycin), and increased use of fluorquinolones. We observed a significant correlation between prescription and resistance. CONCLUSIONS: A recovery of sensitivity to antibiotics was seen in respiratory pathogens parallel to a progressive decrease in prescription of antibiotics.