How Effective Is Algorithm-Guided Treatment for Depressed Inpatients? Results from the Randomized Controlled Multicenter German Algorithm Project 3 Trial.

Background: Treatment algorithms are considered as key to improve outcomes by enhancing the quality of care. This is the first randomized controlled study to evaluate the clinical effect of algorithm-guided treatment in inpatients with major depressive disorder. Methods: Inpatients, aged 18 to 70 years with major depressive disorder from 10 German psychiatric departments were randomized to 5 different treatment arms (from 2000 to 2005), 3 of which were standardized stepwise drug treatment algorithms (ALGO). The fourth arm proposed medications and provided less specific recommendations based on a computerized documentation and expert system (CDES), the fifth arm received treatment as usual (TAU). ALGO included 3 different second-step strategies: lithium augmentation (ALGO LA), antidepressant dose-escalation (ALGO DE), and switch to a different antidepressant (ALGO SW). Time to remission (21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ≤9) was the primary outcome. Results: Time to remission was significantly shorter for ALGO DE (n=91) compared with both TAU (n=84) (HR=1.67; P=.014) and CDES (n=79) (HR=1.59; P=.031) and ALGO SW (n=89) compared with both TAU (HR=1.64; P=.018) and CDES (HR=1.56; P=.038). For both ALGO LA (n=86) and ALGO DE, fewer antidepressant medications were needed to achieve remission than for CDES or TAU (P<.001). Remission rates at discharge differed across groups; ALGO DE had the highest (89.2%) and TAU the lowest rates (66.2%). Conclusions: A highly structured algorithm-guided treatment is associated with shorter times and fewer medication changes to achieve remission with depressed inpatients than treatment as usual or computerized medication choice guidance.

Development of an LC-MS method for simultaneous quantitation of amentoflavone and biapigenin, the minor and major biflavones from Hypericum perforatum L., in human plasma and its application to real blood.

INTRODUCTION: Biflavones of Hypericum perforatum L. are bioactive compounds used in the treatment of inflammation and depression. Determination of amentoflavone and biapigenin from blood is challenging owing to their similar structures and low concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid, sensitive and accurate method based on liquid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for quantification of biflavones in human plasma. METHODOLOGY: After extraction from blood, the analytes were subjected to HPLC with an XTerra® MS C(18) column and a binary mobile phase consisting of 2% formic acid in water and acetonitrile under isocratic elution conditions, with ESI-MS detection in the negative ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). RESULTS: Both calibration curves showed good linearity within the concentration range 1-500 ng/mL. Limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.1 ng for pure substances and the limits of quantitation (S/N = 5) were 1.0 ng/mL from analyte-spiked serum. The grand mean recovery was 90% from several subsamples of each biflavone. The imprecision (RSD) of peak areas was between 5% (intraday) and 10% (interday) for high concentrations (250 ng/mL) and between 10% (intraday) and 15% (interday) for low concentrations (1 ng/mL). Inaccuracy of the mean was less than 20% at the lower limit of quantitation. CONCLUSION: The developed and validated method for determination of biflavones from human plasma was effectively applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 13 probands and preliminary results indicate biphasic concentration-time curves.

An investigation of temperamental traits in patients with somatoform disorder: do they belong in the affective spectrum?

BACKGROUND: About 10% of the general population report multiple and persisting physical symptoms resulting in extensive screening but with no organic explanation found. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine whether these somatoform-disorder patients show characteristics of the affective disorder spectrum, with the cyclothymic temperament likely showing the highest specificity for somatoform disorder. METHOD: This study examined temperamental traits and current mood states of 44 general-hospital inpatients diagnosed with somatoform disorder. RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of abnormal temperamental traits in patients with somatoform disorder. CONCLUSION: Based on the idea of a continuum between temperament and affective disorders, the results should trigger further research on this issue possibly leading to novel treatment options in the future.

Mirtazapine inhibits salivary cortisol concentrations in anorexia nervosa.

The antidepressant mirtazapine has been demonstrated to acutely inhibit cortisol concentrations in healthy subjects and depressed patients. Since both depressed and anorectic patients are characterized by hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, the clinical usefulness and the endocrinological effects of mirtazapine were investigated in anorexia nervosa (AN). Five female patients suffering from AN restricting subtype (DSM-IV criteria) were admitted to a closed ward and treated with mirtazapine for three weeks receiving 15 mg mirtazapine on day 0; 30 mg mirtazapine on day 1; and 45 mg mirtazapine per day from day 2 up to the end of the study (day 21). Besides weekly determination of clinical parameters (Body Mass Index [BMI], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [21-HAMD]), salivary cortisol concentrations were measured before treatment (day - 1), at the beginning of treatment (day 0), after 1 week (day 7), and after 3 weeks (day 21) of treatment with mirtazapine. Saliva samples were collected hourly from 0800 up to 1,400 h. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant inhibition of salivary cortisol levels during 3-week treatment with mirtazapine (p<0.05) which became obvious already after the first mirtazapine administration (day 0). Moreover, a trend for an increase in BMI was seen (p=0.063), whereas no significant changes in 21-HAMD sum scores could be demonstrated. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to clarify the question whether the observed changes in BMI are related to the mirtazapine-induced attenuation of HPA axis activity or whether they are due to monitoring of food intake and purgative behaviour on the closed ward.

Reboxetine acutely stimulates cortisol, ACTH, growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects.

In this single-blind study the effects of acute oral administration of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on the cortisol (COR), ACTH, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion were examined in 12 healthy male volunteers. In a randomized order, the subjects received placebo or reboxetine (4 mg) at 0800 h on two different days. After insertion of an intravenous catheter, blood samples were drawn 1 hour prior to the administration of placebo or reboxetine, at time of administration, and during the time of 5 hours thereafter at periods of 30 minutes. Serum concentrations of COR, GH, and PRL as well as plasma levels of ACTH were determined in each blood sample by means of double antibody RIA, fluoroimmunoassay and chemiluminescence immunometric assay methods. The area under the curve (AUC) value was used as parameter for the COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL response. Using t-tests for paired samples, statistical analysis revealed significant stimulatory effects of reboxetine on COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL secretion, compared to placebo (mean AUC values+/-S.E.M. (a) reboxetine: COR 127893.20+/-8125.75 nmol/l x min; ACTH 2385.68+/-387.19 pmol/l x min; GH 56026.59+/-15594.87 pmol/l x min; PRL 113961.60+/-10280.44 pmol/l x min; (b) placebo: COR 83672.19+/-5225.20 nmol/l x min; ACTH 1449.83+/-190.67 pmol/l x min; GH 9308.16+/-3402.75 pmol/l x min; PRL 64663.28+/-7283.62 pmol/l x min). Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were significantly increased by reboxetine, too. Our results suggest that besides COR, ACTH and GH secretion, the release of PRL is also under the control of the noradrenergic systems in man.

The influence of mirtazapine on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in healthy male subjects.

RATIONALE: Unlike other antidepressants, mirtazapine does not inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin but acts as an antagonist at presynaptic alpha(2) receptors, at postsynaptic 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(3) receptors, and at histaminergic H(1) receptors. This special mechanism of action may be characterized by a distinct pharmacoendocrinological profile. OBJECTIVES: In the present investigation the influence of acute oral administration of 15 mg mirtazapine on the cortisol (COR), corticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) secretion was examined in six healthy male subjects, compared to placebo. METHODS: After insertion of an intravenous catheter, both the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the heart rate were recorded and blood samples were drawn 1 h prior to the administration of mirtazapine or placebo (7:00 a.m.), at time of application (8:00 a.m.), and thereafter every hour up to 8:00 p.m. Concentrations of COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL were measured in each blood sample by double-antibody radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescence immunoassay methods. The area under the curve (AUC) was used as parameter for the COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL response. Furthermore, the urinary free cortisol excretion (UFC) was determined beginning at 8:00 a.m. (time of application of placebo or mirtazapine) up to 8:00 a.m. the day after. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significantly lower COR AUC, ACTH AUC, and UFC values after 15 mg mirtazapine compared to placebo, whereas no differences were found with respect to GH and PRL stimulation, MAP, and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: Since the acute inhibition of COR secretion in the healthy volunteers was paralleled by a simultaneous decrease of ACTH release, central mechanisms (for example, inhibition of hypothalamic CRH output) are suggested to be responsible for the inhibitory effects of mirtazapine on COR secretion. Our results are of particular interest in the light of the hypercortisolism observed in depressed patients and new pharmacological approaches such as CRH(1) receptor antagonists.

Mirtazapine acutely inhibits salivary cortisol concentrations in depressed patients.

Mirtazapine has been shown to acutely inhibit cortisol secretion in healthy subjects. In the current study, the impact of mirtazapine treatment on salivary cortisol secretion was investigated in 12 patients with major depression (DSM-IV criteria). Patients were treated with mirtazapine for 3 weeks, receiving 15 mg of mirtazapine on day 0, 30 mg on day 1, and 45 mg per day from day 2 to the end of the study (day 21). Response to mirtazapine treatment was defined by a reduction of at least 50% in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression after 3 weeks of therapy. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured before treatment (day -1), at the beginning of treatment (day 0), after 1 week (day 7), and after 3 weeks (day 21) of treatment with mirtazapine. Saliva samples were collected hourly from 8 am to 8 pm. A significant reduction in cortisol concentrations was already noted after 1 day of mirtazapine treatment which was comparable in responders and in nonresponders. Mirtazapine therefore appears to be an effective in decreasing hypercortisolism in depression. However, the importance of the acute inhibitory effects of mirtazapine on cortisol secretion for its antidepressant efficacy has to be further clarified.

Endocrinological effects of mirtazapine in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: Unlike other antidepressants, mirtazapine does not inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin (5-HT) but acts as an antagonist at presynaptic alpha2-receptors and at postsynaptic 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and histamine H1-receptors. In the present investigation, the influence of acute oral administration of 15-mg mirtazapine on the cortisol (COR), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion was examined in 12 healthy male subjects, compared to placebo. METHODS: After insertion of an intravenous catheter, both the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the heart rate were recorded and blood samples were drawn 1 h prior to the administration of mirtazapine or placebo (7:00 a.m.), at time of administration (8:00 a.m.) and during 5 h thereafter in periods of 30 min. Concentrations of COR, ACTH, GH and PRL were measured in each blood sample by double antibody radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescence immunoassay methods. The area under the curve (AUC; 0-300 min after mirtazapine or placebo administration) was used as parameter for the COR, ACTH, GH and PRL response. Furthermore, the urinary free cortisol excretion (UFC) was determined beginning at 8:00 a.m. (time of administration of placebo or mirtazapine) up to 8:00 a.m. the day after. RESULTS: Two-sided t-tests for paired samples revealed significantly lower COR AUC, ACTH AUC, UFC and PRL AUC values after 15-mg mirtazapine compared to placebo, whereas no significant differences were found with respect to GH AUC, MAP and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: Since the acute inhibition of COR secretion in the healthy volunteers was paralleled by a simultaneous decrease of ACTH release, central mechanisms (e.g., inhibition of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) output) are suggested to be responsible for the inhibitory effects of mirtazapine on COR secretion. Our results are of particular interest in the light of the hypercortisolism observed in depressed patients and new pharmacological approaches such as CRH1 receptor antagonists.

Influence of mirtazapine on urinary free cortisol excretion in depressed patients.

Mirtazapine has been shown to acutely inhibit cortisol secretion in healthy subjects. In the present study, the impact of mirtazapine treatment on urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion was investigated in depression. Twenty patients (six men, 14 women) suffering from major depression according to DSM-IV criteria were treated with mirtazapine for 3 weeks. The patients received 15 mg mirtazapine on day 0; 30 mg mirtazapine on day 1; and 45 mg mirtazapine per day from day 2 to the end of the study (day 21). UFC excretion was measured before treatment (day 1), at the beginning (day 0), after 1 week (day 7) and after 3 weeks (day 21) of treatment with mirtazapine. Urine samples were collected from 08:00 to 08:00 h the following day. On the days of urine sampling, the severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the 21-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (21-HAMD). There was a significant reduction of UFC excretion during 3-week mirtazapine therapy, which was already obvious after the first day of treatment (day 0). However, there were no significant across-subjects correlations between UFC reduction and decrease in 21-HAMD sum scores. Apparently, the mirtazapine-induced rapid reduction of cortisol secretion in depressed patients is not necessarily correlated with a favorable therapeutic response.

Abnormal temperament in patients with morbid obesity seeking surgical treatment.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and its related disorders are growing epidemic across the world. Research on links between the bipolar spectrum and obesity has proliferated in the last few years. As some forms of abnormal temperament are considered as subtypes of the soft bipolar spectrum, we aimed to evaluate abnormal temperaments in morbidly obese patients. METHODS: Using a short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego, we investigated abnormal depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable or anxious temperament in 213 patients with morbid obesity compared to a control group of 90 patients admitted prior to organ transplantation. Additionally, the Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Self-Report Manic Inventory (SRMI) were applied to assess current mood status. RESULTS: The obese group showed statistically significantly more psychiatric comorbidities compared to the control group. Abnormal temperaments were significantly more often observed in patients with morbid obesity rather than in controls. Cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments showed specificity to obesity. Obese patients had significantly higher scores on the BDI, while no difference for SRMI scores was found among the whole groups. All temperaments were positively correlated with BDI and SRMI in the obese group. LIMITATIONS: The control group was not matched for demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our results need replication but indicate an affective overlap in the form of abnormal temperament and depressive symptoms in obese patients, whereas mood swings should be evaluated and early mood stabilization considered for patients with significant weight gain to prevent obesity or to reduce already existing overweight. Studies of mood stabilizers and prospective observations would shed further insight on this complex interface of a major clinical and public health issue.

[Stalking--relevance for clinical practice and jurisdiction]. / Stalking--Bedeutung für klinische Praxis und Rechtsprechung.

The term "stalking" literally means "to follow, to pursue". In a psychiatric context stalking describes a syndrome of pathological behavior, which is characterized by notorious following menacing, harassing and contacting a victim against its declared will. The patterns of behavior summarized as "stalking" have been the matter of interest for psychiatric research for a long time, e. g. as annoyance in the context of erotomania. This syndrome of stalking behavior can be associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. The relevance of stalking as a syndromatic entity is illustrated by two cases of psychiatric inpatients who showed stalking behavior in their history. The first case describes a female patient following and harassing a man, who had turned down her attempts of starting a love affair. The second case describes a male patient, who had started to follow, harass and attack his partner after she had left him. These case reports are discussed in context with the literature existing on stalking behavior. A further objective of this paper is to discuss the new German harassment protection act in context with its implications on stalking behavior and the meaning of such behavior for psychiatric and forensic practice.

Mirtazapine decreases stimulatory effects of reboxetine on cortisol, adrenocorticotropin and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects.

Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, whereas mirtazapine acts as an antagonist at noradrenergic alpha(2), serotonin (5-HT(2)), 5-HT(3) and histamine H(1) receptors. In a former study we could demonstrate an inhibitory impact of mirtazapine on cortisol secretion. In the present investigation, the influence of combined administration of 15 mg mirtazapine and 4 mg reboxetine on the cortisol (COR), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) secretion was examined in 12 healthy male subjects, compared to reboxetine alone (4 mg). In a randomized order, the subjects received reboxetine (4 mg) alone or the combination of reboxetine (4 mg) and mirtazapine (15 mg) at 8:00 a.m. on two different days. After insertion of an intravenous catheter, blood samples were drawn 1 h prior to the administration of single reboxetine or the combination (reboxetine and mirtazapine), at time of administration, and during the time of 5 h thereafter in periods of 30 min. Serum concentrations of COR, GH, and PRL as well as plasma levels of ACTH were determined in each blood sample by means of double antibody RIA, fluoroimmunoassay and chemiluminescence immunometric assay methods. The area under the curve (AUC) was used as parameter for the COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL response. For statistical evaluation, the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was performed. There was a pronounced stimulation of COR, ACTH, GH, and PRL concentrations after single administration of reboxetine. When reboxetine was given in combination with mirtazapine, a significant reduction of the COR, ACTH, and PRL stimulation was observed whereas GH secretion patterns remained unchanged, compared to single administration of reboxetine. Apparently, the stimulatory effects of reboxetine on pituitary hormone secretion via noradrenergic mechanisms are counteracted in part by the alpha(2)-blocking properties of mirtazapine and its inhibitory influence on cortisol secretion.