Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D insufficiency in Brazilian children under 5 years of age: Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

To analyse the association of socio-demographic and health factors with vitamin D insufficiency and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in Brazilian children aged 6-59 months. Data from 8145 children from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were analysed. The serum concentration of 25(OHD)D was measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) and 95 % CI was calculated. Logistic and linear regression models were used to identify the variables associated with vitamin D insufficiency and serum 25(OH)D concentrations, respectively. The mean 25(OH)D concentration was 98·6 ± 36·0 nmol/l, and 4·3 % of the children presented vitamin D insufficiency. Children aged 6-23 months (OR = 2·23; 95 % CI 1·52, 3·26); belonging to Southeast (OR = 5·55; 95 % CI 2·34, 13·17) and South (OR = 4·57; 95 % CI 1·77, 11·84) regions; the second tertile of the National Wealth Score (OR = 2·14; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·91) and winter (OR = 5·82; 95 % CI 2·67, 12·71) and spring (OR = 4·84; 95 % CI 2·17, 10·80) seasons of blood collection were associated with a higher chance of vitamin D insufficiency. Female sex (ß = -5·66, 95 % CI - 7·81, -3·51), urban location (ß = -14·19, 95 % CI -21·0, -7·22) and no vitamin D supplement use (ß = -6·01, 95 % CI -9·64, -2·39) were inversely associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration. The age of children and the Brazilian geographical region of household location were the main predictors of vitamin D insufficiency. In Brazil, vitamin D insufficiency among children aged 6-59 months is low and is not a relevant public health problem.

Food poverty among children aged 6-59 months in Brazil: results from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of food poverty according to dimensions of socio-economic inequality and the food groups consumed by Brazilian children. DESIGN: Dietary data from a structured qualitative questionnaire collected by the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were used. The new UNICEF indicator classified children who consumed 3-4 and <3 out of the eight food groups as living in moderate and severe food poverty, respectively. The prevalence of consumption of each food group and ultra-processed foods (UPF) was estimated by level of food poverty according to age categories (6-23; 24-59 months). The most frequent combinations of food groups consumed by children living in severe food poverty were calculated. Prevalence of levels of food poverty were explored according to socio-economic variables. SETTING: 123 municipalities of the five Brazilian macro-regions. PARTICIPANTS: 12 582 children aged 6-59 months. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderate and severe food poverty was 32·5 % (95 % CI 30·1, 34·9) and 6·0 % (95 % CI 5·0, 6·9), respectively. Children whose mother/caregiver had lower education (<8 years) and income levels (per capita minimum wage <») had the highest severe food poverty prevalence of 8·3 % (95 % CI 6·2, 10·4) and 7·5 % (95 % CI 5·6, 9·4), respectively. The most consumed food groups among children living in food poverty in all age categories were 'dairy products', 'grains, roots, tubers, and plantains' and 'ultra-processed foods'. CONCLUSION: Food poverty prevalence was high among Brazilian children. A significant occurrence of milk consumption associated with grains and a considerable prevalence of UPF consumption were found among those living in severe food poverty.

Association of development quotient with nutritional status of vitamins B6, B12, and folate in 6-59-month-old children: Results from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

BACKGROUND: Vitamins B6, B12, and folate are essential for the formation and maintenance of the human brain, but studies evaluating these vitamins with early childhood development (ECD) in children under 5 y are limited and controversial. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between vitamins B6, B12, and folate concentrations/status and ECD. METHODS: Data regarding 6520 children aged 6-59 mo from the ENANI-2019 (the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition) were analyzed. ECD was assessed using the Survey of Well-being of Young Children's milestones questionnaire. Vitamin B6 concentration (nmol/L) was classified according to the tertile of the distribution and with the cutoff <20 nmol/L. Folate concentrations >45.3 nmol/L were classified as high, and vitamin B12 <150 pmol/L was deficient. The graded response model was used to estimate developmental age, and the developmental quotient (DQ) was calculated as the developmental age divided by chronological age. Multiple linear regression models were adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: The DQ mean (95% confidence interval) for Brazilian children was 0.99 (0.97-1.01). Children aged 6-23 mo [1.13 (1.10-1.16)] had a higher DQ mean than those aged 24-35 [0.99 (0.95-1.03)] and 36-59 mo [0.89 (0.86-0.92)]. Child age was inversely associated with DQ (ß = -0.007; P < 0.001). An interaction between child age and vitamin B12 deficiency in the DQ (ß = -0.005; P < 0.001) indicated that, in children aged 36-59 mo, the DQ was markedly lower in children with vitamin B12 deficiency than in those without vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B6 concentrations were directly associated with the DQ (ß = 0.0004; P = 0.031) among children aged 24-59 mo in the adjusted model. No association was observed between folate status and DQ. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the DQ is lower among older children and those with vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B6 status was directly associated with the DQ in children aged 24-59 mo.

Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019.

This study compared the distribution of stunting and height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores among age groups in data from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The final sample comprised 4,408 and 14,553 children < 59 months of age in the PNDS 2006 and ENANI-2019, respectively. Children with HAZ scores < -2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard were classified as stunted. Prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), means, and standard deviations were estimated for Brazil and according to age. The distribution of HAZ scores at each age (in months) was estimated using the svysmooth function of the R survey package. Analyses considered the complex sampling design of the studies. Statistical differences were determined by analyzing the 95%CI of the overlap of point estimates. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of stunting for children < 12 months of age increased from 4.7% to 9%. As expected, the smoothed curves showed a higher mean HAZ score for children < 24 months of age in 2006 than in 2019 with no overlap of 95%CI among children aged 6-12 months. For children ≥ 24 months of age, we observed a higher mean HAZ score in 2019. Although the prevalence of stunting among children < 59 months of age was similar between 2006 and 2019, mean HAZ scores among children ≥ 24 months of age increased, whereas the mean HAZ score among children < 24 months of age decreased. Considering the deterioration in living conditions and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect a greater prevalence of stunting in Brazil in the near future.

Cross-breastfeeding and milk donation in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of cross-breastfeeding, human milk donation to human milk banks and reception of human milk from human milk banks, and to investigate the intersection between cross-breastfeeding and breast milk donation practices. This study used data from the national household-based survey Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), which collected information from 14,558 children < 5 years old between February 2019 and March 2020. The present study included data from 5,831 biological mothers who reported having breastfed their child < 2 years old at least once and replied questions about cross-breastfeeding, donation and recaption of human milk to human milk banks. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for each stratifier, considering the study complex sample design. Among mothers of children < 2 years old who breastfed their child at least once, 21.1% practiced cross-breastfeeding; breastfeeding another child was more frequent (15.6%) than allowing a child to be breastfed by another woman (11.2%). Among this population, 4.8% of women donated human milk to a human milk bank, and 3.6% reported that their children had received donated human milk. The donation of human milk is a practice recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and has the potential to save thousands of newborns throughout Brazil. In contrast, cross-breastfeeding is contraindicated due to the potential risk of transmitting HIV. There is a need for a broad debate on these practices in Brazil and worldwide.

Trends of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil from 1996 to 2019 and the gaps to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets.

BACKGROUND: The comprehension of breastfeeding patterns and trends through comparable indicators is essential to plan and implement public health policies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trends of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil from 1996 to 2019 and estimate the gap to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets in children under 5 years. METHODS: Microdata from two National Surveys on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS-1996 and PNDS-2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition-2019 were used. The indicators of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), exclusive breastfeeding of infants 0-5 months of age (EBF<6 mo), continued breastfeeding at 1 year of age (CBF1yr) and CBF at 2 years of age (CBF2yr) were analysed using prevalence and 95% CI. The average annual variation and years to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets were calculated for Brazil and the macroregions. Statistical analyses considered the survey's complex sample design for each database. RESULTS: EIBF increased from 36.3% (95% CI 33.6% to 39.0%) in 1996 to 60.9% (95% CI 56.5% to 65.3%) in 2006 (statistically significant) and 62.5% (95% CI 58.3% to 66.6%) in 2019. EBF<6 mo increased from 26.9% (95% CI 21.3% to 31.9%) in 1996 to 39.0% (95% CI 31.0% to 47.1%) in 2006 and 45.8% (95% CI 40.9% to 50.7%) in 2019 (significant increases for 1996-2019 for Brazil, Northeast and Midwest regions). CBF1yr rose from 36.6% (95% CI 30.8% to 42.4%) in 1996 to 48.7% (95% CI 38.3% to 59.0%) in 2006, and 52.1% (95% CI 45.4% to 58.9%) in 2019. CBF2yr increased from 24.7% (95% CI 19.5% to 29.9%) in 1996 to 24.6% (95% CI 15.7% to 33.5%) in 2006 and 35.5% (95% CI 30.4% to 40.6%) in 2019 (significant increase for 1996-2019). The South and Southeast regions need to double the 2019 prevalence to reach the target for the CBF1yr and CBF2yr; the Northeast and North need to increase 60% the current prevalence for the indicator of EBF<6 mo. CONCLUSION: A substantial improvement in breastfeeding indicators occurred in Brazil from 1996 to 2019, although at an insufficient rate to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets.

The National Wealth Score in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

The National Wealth Score (IEN) is a synthetic household index that assesses socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to present the methods used to update the IEN using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The following items were included: the education level of the mother or caregiver of the child; the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, TV sets, and cars in the household; and the presence of a radio, refrigerator or freezer, washing machine, microwave oven, telephone line, computers, air conditioner, media player devices, cable or satellite TV, cell phone ownership and type of service, cell phone internet, and internet at the household. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate the IEN with and without incorporating the complex sampling design (CSD). Thus, the IEN validation considered proxy indicators of socioeconomic status and living conditions. The first component of the PCA explained 31% and 71% of the variation with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The coefficients of variation of the IEN were 53.4% and 2.6% with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The mean IEN score was lower in households without access to a sewage system, those that received benefits from Brazilian Income Transfer Program, those with some degree of food insecurity, and those with stunted children. Adding ENANI-2019 items to the calculation of IEN to capture technological advances resulted in a better fit of the model. Incorporating the CSD increased PCA performance and the IEN precision. The new IEN has an adequate performance in determining the socioeconomic status of households with children aged under five years.

Minimum dietary diversity and consumption of ultra-processed foods among Brazilian children 6-23 months of age.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and consumption of ultra-processed foods in children 6-23 months of age according to sociodemographic variables. Three indicators of complementary feeding of 4,354 children from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were built based on a questionnaire about food consumption on the day before the interview: MDD, consumption of ultra-processed foods, and MDD without the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The prevalence and 95%CI were calculated, stratified by macroregion; race/skin color, education and work status of the mother or caregiver; enrollment in the Brazilian Income Transfer Program; household food security; sanitation; and child enrollment in daycare/school. The overall prevalence of MDD was 63.4%, with lower prevalences among children who lived in the North Region (54.8%), whose mothers or caregivers had 0-7 years of education (50.6%), and lived under moderate or severe food insecurity (52.6%). Ultra-processed foods were consumed by 80.5% of the children, with the highest prevalence in the North Region (84.5%). The prevalence of MDD without ultra-processed foods was 8.4% and less prevalent among children with black mothers or caregivers (3.6%) and among those whose mother or caregiver had 8-10 years of education (3.6%). The most frequently consumed food groups from the MDD indicator were grains, roots and tubers (90.2%), dairy products (81%) and those from ultra-processed food were sweet or salty cookies/crackers (51.3%) and instant flours (41.4%). The ubiquitous presence of ultra-processed foods in the diets of Brazilian children and the low frequency of diversified foods, especially among the most vulnerable populations, indicate the need to strengthen policies and programs to ensure adequate and healthy infant nutrition.

Nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019.

This manuscript aims to report the nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019. Microdata from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were analyzed. The indicators considered were: micronutrient status (anemia and vitamin A deficiency), anthropometric status (stunting and excessive weight), and breastfeeding practice (exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months and continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months). We also analyzed minimum dietary diversity (MDD), consumption of ultra-processed foods, consumption of meat or eggs, and not consuming fruits or vegetables in children 6-59 months of age only for ENANI-2019. Equiplot charts were generated according to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence rates of anemia and vitamin A deficiency decreased from 20.5% to 10.1% and 17.2% to 6%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting remained at 7%, and excessive weight rates increased from 6% to 10.1%. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months increased from 38.6% to 45.8%, and of continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months from 34.6% to 43.6%. In 2019, 61.5% of children achieved the MDD, 88.8% consumed ultra-processed foods, 83.1% consumed meat or egg, and 25.7% did not consume fruits or vegetables the day before the survey. Trends of decreased micronutrient deficiencies, increased breastfeeding, and excessive weight rates, as well as reductions in disparities related to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color, were observed for most of the indicators.

Malnutrition in mother-child dyads in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

Malnutrition affects billions of individuals worldwide and represents a global health challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition or overweight) among mother-child dyads in children under 5 years old in Brazil in 2019 and to estimate changes in this prevalence from 2006 to 2019. Individual-level data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) and the Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health of Women and Children carried out in 2006 (PNDS 2006) were analyzed. Malnutrition outcomes in mother-child dyads included overweight mother and child, undernourished mother and child, and the double burden of malnutrition, i.e., overweight mother and child having any form of undernourishment (stunting, wasting, or underweight). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Most women (58.2%) and 9.7% of the children were overweight, 6.9% were stunted, and 3.1% of mothers and 2.9% of the children were underweight. The prevalence of overweight in the mother-child dyad was 7.8% and was statistically higher in Southern Brazil (9.7%; 95%CI: 7.5; 11.9) than in the Central-West (5.4%; 95%CI: 4.3; 6.6). The prevalence of overweight mother and stunted child was 3.5%, with statistically significant difference between the extremes of the mother's education [0-7 vs. ≥ 12 years, 4.8% (95%CI: 3.2; 6.5) and 2.1%, (95%CI: 1.2; 3.0), respectively]. Overweight in the dyad increased from 5.2% to 7.8%, and the double burden of malnutrition increased from 2.7% to 5.2% since 2006. Malnutrition in Brazilian mother-child dyads seems to be a growing problem, and dyads with lower formal education, higher maternal age, and from the South Region of Brazil were more vulnerable.

Factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian children under 5 years old: Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).

Factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency were investigated in 7,716 children 6-59 months of age studied in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). We adopted a hierarchical approach based on a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) theoretical model with three levels, stratifying by age (6-23; 24-59 months). Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated. Enabling determinants: a higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children 6-23 months whose mothers had ≤ 7 years of schooling (PR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.10; 3.34), < 20 years old (PR = 2.47; 95%CI: 1.34; 4.56) or 20-30 years old (PR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.11; 3.44), mixed-race (PR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.06; 2.23); and in children 24-59 months in the North Region (PR = 3.11; 95%CI: 1.58; 6.13). A higher prevalence for vitamin A deficiency was observed in children 6-23 months from Central-West (PR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.33; 4.05), and in children 24-59 months living in the North (PR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.16; 3.30), South (PR = 3.07; 95%CI: 1.89; 5.01), and Central-West (PR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.12; 3.25) and whose mothers were 20-34 years (PR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.35). Underlying determinants: the presence of more than one child < 5 years old in the household was associated with a higher prevalence of anemia (PR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.15; 2.25) and vitamin A deficiency (PR = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.09; 3.05) in children 6-23 months. Immediate determinants: consumption of 1-2 groups of ultra-processed foods in children 24-59 months (PR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25; 0.81) and lack of breastfeeding in the day before in children 6-23 months (PR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.36; 0.95) were associated with lower prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency. Public policies focused on geographically and socially vulnerable groups are needed to promote equity.

Methodological aspects of the anthropometric assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

The article presents methodological aspects of anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in children under five years of age and their biological mothers. It discusses the strategies used for training and data collection in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). ENANI-2019 is a population-based household survey conducted in 123 municipalities in Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. The anthropometric measurements were body mass and length/stature. The equipment was purchased according to its measurement capacity and precision, portability, and cost-benefit ratio after an extensive market search. The study used internationally established procedures described in manuals, videos, and support material developed for the study by a group of experts. The interviewers were trained to perform the anthropometric measurements and were assessed according to technical measurement error, which was considered adequate (0.30cm) for the children's length/stature measurements. Measurement errors were identified, and the interviewers were retrained when necessary. Of the 14,558 children in the sample, body mass and length/stature measurements were taken in duplicate in 13,835 and 13,693 children, respectively. The standardized methodological aspects will be helpful in future population studies and were essential for obtaining greater reliability in the data for generating current evidence on the anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of Brazilian children under five years of age, allowing new perspectives for public policy development.

General methodological aspects in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

This article aims to present general methodological aspects of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), from the conception of the study design to details of the data collection. This is a household-based population survey with a sample calculated at 15,000 households to identify children under five years of age, conducted in 123 municipalities in Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. ENANI-2019 includes data on breastfeeding and dietary intake; anthropometric nutritional status of all children and their biological mothers; and nutritional status concerning the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, E, and folic acid of children from 6 to 59 months of age. A total of 193,212 households were visited, of which 19,951 were eligible, and 12,524 were included in the study. A total of 14,558 children were studied, of whom 13,990 (96.1%) and 13,921 (95.6%) had their body mass and length/stature measured, respectively, and 14,541 (99.9%) underwent 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR). Of the 12,598 children eligible for blood sample collection, 8,739 (69.3%) had at least one laboratory parameter measured. Data were collected from February 2019 to March 2020, when the survey was interrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The evidence produced by the ENANI-2019 survey can back the formulation, follow-up, and/or reorientation of food and nutrition policies such as the promotion of breastfeeding and healthy eating and the prevention and control of different forms of malnutrition.

Methodological aspects of the micronutrient assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

This article aims to present methodological aspects on the collection, analyses, coverage, challenges, and the lessons learned from laboratory assessment of micronutrients on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This is a household survey on a probability sample of children under five years of age from 123 Brazilian municipalities in all 26 states and the Federal District. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture at the homes of children 6 to 59 months of age. This procedure was performed by experienced phlebotomists from the laboratories located in the selected municipalities and scheduled in advance. Blood and serum levels were measured for biomarkers of nutritional status, using the services of a clinical test laboratory with nationwide coverage, for the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, folic acid, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, and E. C-reactive protein was analyzed as a marker of inflammation. A barcode identifier was used to track the blood samples and to link the biochemical test results to the other data collected in the survey. A total of 14,558 children were studied. Of the 12,598 eligible children, 8,829 (70.1%) had blood samples drawn. Of the total number of children who had samples drawn, 91.8% (n = 8,025) have results for at least nine of the 12 analyses performed. Coverage of the analysis varied from 95% (for vitamins A and E) to 84.2% (for folic acid). Aliquots of whole blood and serum were stored in a biorepository for future analyses. The results of this pioneering study in the country will back the formulation and, when necessary, the reorientation of public policies in food and nutrition.

Methodological aspects of the assessment of dietary intake in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

This manuscript aims to describe the methodological, operational, and quality control aspects of the assessment of dietary intake in children under five years of age participating in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), a household survey in a probability sample of Brazilian households. Two instruments were developed to assess child feeding practices - a structured, current status-type questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), both installed in a mobile data collection device used by previously trained interviewers. A Photographic Manual for Quantification of Children's Dietary Intake was specifically developed for and used in the survey as a support aid to identify and quantify foods reported in the 24HR. During the fieldwork, continuous quality control of the records was performed. Data errors or incomplete data in the system were corrected, and the fieldwork team was systematically contacted and informed on their performance, with reiterated orientation on data collection. All children in the sample were evaluated with the two instruments, but data were obtained from the structured questionnaire on all children in the sample (n = 14,558) and 24HR on 14,541 children. ENANI-2019 developed innovative methods and materials based on the Brazilian and international literature to address knowledge gaps on under-five children's dietary intake. Unprecedented results will be produced, which will allow updating food and nutrition guidelines for children under five years of age in Brazil.

Predictor factors of glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated at a referral service in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

AIM: To evaluate the predictive factors of glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: Cross-sectional study at a referral service in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical, and dietary factors were evaluated. Food consumption was evaluated by 24 h dietary recall and the NOVA system was adopted for classifying the foods according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing. The predictive factors were evaluated by multivariate linear regression, adopting p < 0.05. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty children and adolescents participated, with a mean age of 11.74 years (±2.88) and HbA1c of 8.13% (±1.26). The mean diabetes duration was 6.68 years (±3.33) and the insulin used was 1.05 units per kilogram of ideal weight (IU/kg of ideal weight; ±0.46) About 80% (n = 96) used carbohydrate counting and it was verified that 24.27% (±17.89) of the participants' total calories came from ultraprocessed foods. For each year of diagnosis with T1DM and for each IU/kg of weight used, HbA1c increased by 0.087% (ß = 0.087, p = 0.007) and 0.651%, respectively (ß = 0.651; p = <0.001). Use of carbohydrate counting was associated with a 1.058% reduction in HbA1c (ß = -1.058; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Disease duration and insulin dose were directly reflected in HbA1c concentrations, while carbohydrate counting showed an inverse association.

Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019 / Tendências dos escores Z de estatura por idade entre crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos de 2006 a 2019 / Tendencias de las puntuaciones Z de la talla por edad entre los niños brasileños menores de cinco años de 2006 a 2019

This study compared the distribution of stunting and height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores among age groups in data from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The final sample comprised 4,408 and 14,553 children < 59 months of age in the PNDS 2006 and ENANI-2019, respectively. Children with HAZ scores < -2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard were classified as stunted. Prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), means, and standard deviations were estimated for Brazil and according to age. The distribution of HAZ scores at each age (in months) was estimated using the svysmooth function of the R survey package. Analyses considered the complex sampling design of the studies. Statistical differences were determined by analyzing the 95%CI of the overlap of point estimates. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of stunting for children < 12 months of age increased from 4.7% to 9%. As expected, the smoothed curves showed a higher mean HAZ score for children < 24 months of age in 2006 than in 2019 with no overlap of 95%CI among children aged 6-12 months. For children ≥ 24 months of age, we observed a higher mean HAZ score in 2019. Although the prevalence of stunting among children < 59 months of age was similar between 2006 and 2019, mean HAZ scores among children ≥ 24 months of age increased, whereas the mean HAZ score among children < 24 months of age decreased. Considering the deterioration in living conditions and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect a greater prevalence of stunting in Brazil in the near future.

Este estudo comparou a distribuição dos escores Z de estatura (ZAI) e déficit de estatura por faixas etárias nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS 2006) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nossa amostra final foi composta por 4.408 e 14.553 crianças < 59 meses de idade da PNDS 2006 e ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Crianças com escores HAZ < -2 de acordo com o padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram classificadas como tendo déficit de estatura. Prevalências, intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), médias e desvios padrão foram estimados para o Brasil e de acordo com a idade. A distribuição dos HAZ em cada idade (em meses) foi estimada usando a função svysmooth do pacote R. Nossas análises consideraram o desenho amostral complexo dos estudos. Diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas pela análise da sobreposição pontual dos IC95%. Entre 2006 e 2019, a prevalência de déficit de estatura para crianças < 12 meses de idade aumentou de 4,7% para 9%. Como esperado, as curvas suavizadas revelaram um HAZ médio maior para crianças < 24 meses de idade em 2006 do que em 2019, sem sobreposição de IC95% entre crianças de 6-12 meses. Para crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade, observamos um HAZ médio maior em 2019. Embora a prevalência de déficit de estatura entre crianças < 59 meses de idade tenha sido semelhante entre 2006 e 2019, observamos um aumento no HAZ médio entre crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade e uma diminuição no HAZ médio entre crianças < 24 meses de idade. Considerando a deterioração das condições de vida e o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, espera-se uma maior prevalência de déficit de estatura no Brasil no futuro próximo.

Este estudio comparó la distribución de las puntuaciones Z de talla (ZTE) y el déficit de estatura por grupos de edad en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer (PNDS 2006) y la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nuestra muestra final consistió en 4.408 y 14.553 niños < 59 meses de edad de PNDS 2006 y ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Los niños con puntuaciones HAZ < -2 según el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se clasificaron como con déficit de talla para edad. Las prevalencias, los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95 %), las medias y las desviaciones estándar se estimaron para Brasil y según la edad. La distribución de HAZ para cada edad (en meses) se estimó utilizando la función svysmooth del paquete R. Nuestros análisis tuvieron en cuenta el complejo diseño de muestra de los estudios. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron mediante el análisis de la superposición puntual de los IC95 %. Entre 2006 y 2019, la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad en niños < 12 meses de edad aumentó del 4,7 % al 9%. Como se esperaba, las curvas suavizadas revelaron un HAZ promedio mayor para los niños < 24 meses de edad en 2006 que en 2019, sin una superposición del IC95 % entre los niños de 6-12 meses. Para los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad, observamos un HAZ promedio mayor en 2019. Aunque la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad entre los niños < 59 meses de edad fue similar entre 2006 y 2019, observamos un aumento en el HAZ promedio entre los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad y una disminución en el HAZ promedio entre los niños < 24 meses de edad. Teniendo en cuenta el deterioro de las condiciones de vida y el impacto potencial de la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera una mayor prevalencia de déficit de talla para edad en Brasil en un futuro cercano.

The National Wealth Score in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / O Indicador Econômico Nacional no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / El Indicador Económico Nacional en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

The National Wealth Score (IEN) is a synthetic household index that assesses socioeconomic conditions. This study aims to present the methods used to update the IEN using data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The following items were included: the education level of the mother or caregiver of the child; the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, TV sets, and cars in the household; and the presence of a radio, refrigerator or freezer, washing machine, microwave oven, telephone line, computers, air conditioner, media player devices, cable or satellite TV, cell phone ownership and type of service, cell phone internet, and internet at the household. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate the IEN with and without incorporating the complex sampling design (CSD). Thus, the IEN validation considered proxy indicators of socioeconomic status and living conditions. The first component of the PCA explained 31% and 71% of the variation with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The coefficients of variation of the IEN were 53.4% and 2.6% with and without incorporating the CSD, respectively. The mean IEN score was lower in households without access to a sewage system, those that received benefits from Brazilian Income Transfer Program, those with some degree of food insecurity, and those with stunted children. Adding ENANI-2019 items to the calculation of IEN to capture technological advances resulted in a better fit of the model. Incorporating the CSD increased PCA performance and the IEN precision. The new IEN has an adequate performance in determining the socioeconomic status of households with children aged under five years.

O Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN) é um índice domiciliar sintético que avalia condições socioeconômicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os métodos utilizados para atualização do IEN a partir de dados do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Foram incluídos os seguintes itens: escolaridade da mãe/cuidador da criança; o número de quartos e banheiros, aparelhos de TV e carros no domicílio; a presença de rádio, geladeira ou freezer, máquina de lavar, forno micro-ondas, linha telefônica, computadores, ar-condicionado, aparelhos multimídia, TV a cabo ou via satélite, propriedade e tipo de serviço de telefone celular, rede de dados de telefone celular e internet no domicílio. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi utilizada para estimar o IEN com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa. Assim, a validação do IEN considerou indicadores proxy de nível socioeconômico e condições de vida. O primeiro componente da ACP explicou 31% e 71% da variação com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação do IEN foram de 53,4% e 2,6% com e sem a incorporação da amostragem complexa, respectivamente. O escore médio do IEN foi menor em domicílios sem acesso a esgoto, naqueles que receberam benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família, naqueles com algum grau de insegurança alimentar e naqueles com crianças com déficit de crescimento. A adição de itens do ENANI-2019 ao cálculo do IEN, a fim de capturar os avanços tecnológicos, resultou em um melhor ajuste do modelo. A incorporação da amostragem complexa aumentou o desempenho da ACP e a precisão do IEN. O novo IEN tem um desempenho adequado na determinação do nível socioeconômico de domicílios com crianças menores de cinco anos.

El Indicador Económico Nacional (IEN) es un índice domiciliar que evalúa las condiciones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar los métodos utilizados en la actualización del IEN con base en datos del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Se incluyeron los siguientes ítems: nivel educativo de la madre/cuidador del niño; la cantidad de dormitorios y baños, televisores y autos en el hogar; la tenencia de radio, heladera o freezer, lavadora, horno de microondas, línea telefónica, computadoras, aire acondicionado, equipo multimedia, televisión por cable o satélite, titularidad y tipo de servicio de telefonía celular, red de datos celular e internet en el hogar. Se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para estimar el IEN con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo. Así, la validación del IEN consideró indicadores proxy de nivel socioeconómico y condiciones de vida. El primer componente ACP explicó el 31% y el 71% de la variación con y sin la incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de variación del IEN fueron el 53,4% y el 2,6% con y sin incorporación de muestreo complejo, respectivamente. El puntaje medio del IEN fue menor en los hogares sin acceso a alcantarillado, en aquellos que recibieron beneficios del Programa Bolsa Família, en aquellos con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria y en aquellos con niños con retraso en el crecimiento. La incorporación de los ítems del ENANI-2019 en el cálculo del IEN, con el fin de capturar los avances tecnológicos, dio como resultado un mejor ajuste del modelo. La incorporación de muestreo complejo incrementó el desempeño de la ACP y la precisión del IEN. El nuevo IEN tiene un desempeño adecuado para estimar el nivel socioeconómico de los hogares con niños menores de cinco años.