Anti-Obesity Properties of Blackberries Fermented with L. plantarum JBMI F5 via Suppression of Adipogenesis Signaling Mechanisms.

Blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), which are known to include a variety of bioactive substances, have been extensively studied for their antioxidant properties. Blackberries possess multiple health beneficial effects, including anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity. However, the potential biological effects and precise molecular mechanisms of the fermented extracts remain largely unexplored. In this research, we demonstrate the effect of blackberries fermented with Lactobacillus for addressing obesity. We investigated the effect of blackberries fermented by Lactobacillus on mice fed a high-fat (60% kcal) diet for 12 weeks. Fermented blackberry administration reduced the body weight and epididymal fat caused by a high-fat diet compared to the obese group. The triglyceride and total cholesterol, which are blood lipid indicators, and the levels of leptin, which is an insulin resistance indicator, were significantly increased in the obese group but were significantly decreased in the fermented blackberries-treated group. Additionally, the expression of adipogenesis marker proteins, such as CEBPα, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1, was significantly increased in the obese group, whereas it was decreased in the fermented blackberries-treated group. These results suggest that fermented blackberries have a protective effect against high-fat-diet-induced obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis and are a potential candidate for the treatment of obesity.

Isosinensetin Stimulates Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion via Activation of hTAS2R50 and the Gßγ-Mediated Signaling Pathway.

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors localized in the taste buds of the tongue. They may also be present in non-lingual organs, including the brain, lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent studies on bitter taste receptor functions have suggested TAS2Rs as potential therapeutic targets. The human bitter taste receptor subtype hTAS2R50 responds to its agonist isosinensetin (ISS). Here, we demonstrated that, unlike other TAS2R agonists, isosinensetin activated hTAS2R50 as well as increased Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion through the Gßγ-mediated pathway in NCI-H716 cells. To confirm this mechanism, we showed that ISS increased intracellular Ca2+ and was suppressed by the IP3R inhibitor 2-APB as well as the PLC inhibitor U73122, suggesting that TAS2Rs alters the physiological state of enteroendocrine L cells in a PLC-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ISS upregulated proglucagon mRNA and stimulated GLP-1 secretion. ISS-mediated GLP-1 secretion was suppressed in response to small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Gα-gust and hTAS2R50 as well as 2-APB and U73122. Our findings improved the understanding of how ISS modulates GLP-1 secretion and indicates the possibility of using ISS as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Therapeutic Effect of Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Cervi Cornu Collagen NP-2007 and Potential for Application in Osteoarthritis Treatment.

Cervi cornu extracts have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders, including osteoporosis. However, since it is not easy to separate the active ingredients, limited research has been conducted on their functional properties. In this study, we extracted the low-molecular-weight (843 Da) collagen NP-2007 from cervi cornu by enzyme hydrolyzation to enhance absorption and evaluated the therapeutic effect in monosodium iodoacetate-induced rat osteoarthritis (OA) model. NP-2007 was orally administered at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 21 days. We showed that the production of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -3, and -9, decreased after NP-2007 treatment. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 were also reduced after treatment of NP-2007. Furthermore, the administration of NP-2007 resulted in effective preservation of both the synovial membrane and knee cartilage and significantly decreased the transformation of fibrous tissue. We verified that the treatment of NP-2007 significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by regulation of the NF-kB and MAPK signaling pathways. This study indicates that NP-2007 can alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis and can be applied as a novel treatment for OA treatment.

Stack LSTM-Based User Identification Using Smart Shoes with Accelerometer Data.

In this study, we propose a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based user identification method using accelerometer data from smart shoes. In general, for the user identification with human walking data, we require a pre-processing stage in order to divide human walking data into individual steps. Next, user identification can be made with divided step data. In these approaches, when there exist partial data that cannot complete a single step, it is difficult to apply those data to the classification. Considering these facts, in this study, we present a stack LSTM-based user identification method for smart-shoes data. Rather than using a complicated analysis method, we designed an LSTM network for user identification with accelerometer data of smart shoes. In order to learn partial data, the LSTM network was trained using walking data with random sizes and random locations. Then, the identification can be made without any additional analysis such as step division. In the experiments, user walking data with 10 m were used. The experimental results show that the average recognition rate was about 93.41%, 97.19%, and 98.26% by using walking data of 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 s, respectively. With the experimental results, we show that the proposed method can classify users effectively.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Polygalin C Isolated from Polygala japonica Houtt. via Suppression of the Adipogenic and Lipogenic Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Obesity is a risk factor for metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), heart diseases, and cancer. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of Polygalin C (PC) isolated from Polygala japonica Houtt. in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Based on Oil Red O assay results, PC significantly decreased lipid accumulation compared to the control. We found that PC suppressed adipogenesis transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, and lipogenic factors such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP 1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, PC inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by regulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/protein kinase B (MAPK/Akt) signaling pathways. Additionally, we confirmed that PC inhibited early adipogenesis factors C/EBP ß and C/EBP δ. Therefore, PC inhibited adipogenesis and lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, PC appears to exert potential therapeutic effects on obesity by suppressing lipid metabolism.

Ophiopogonin D ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in BALB/c mice and TNF-α- inflamed HaCaT cell.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) can occur in both children and adults, and the symptoms include itching and eczema, which in turn cause patients to suffer. Ophiopogonin D (OP-D) is a steroidal glycoside from Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, which is well known as an effective anti-inflammatory herbal medicine in many Asian countries. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of OP-D, using an AD mouse model and inflamed HaCaT cells. Through a histopathological analysis, we were able to confirm the suppressive effects of OP-D on skin thickening and the mast cell activation in AD-like mouse back skin tissues stimulated by DNCB. In addition, we detected significant decreases in cytokine expression levels through multiplex assessment assays of the OP-D-treated mice blood. We observed the anti-inflammatory effect of OP-D in the spleen, causing weight loss in the spleen and in the mRNA expression levels related to diverse cytokines. In human keratinocytes inflamed by TNF-α, OP-D inhibited p38 and ERK protein activation and showed a reduction of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, OP-D attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expressions in TNF-α-inflamed HaCaT cells. Accordingly, we came to the conclusion that OP-D is a potential natural drug which can be used in order to treat inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD.

Anti-Cancer Potential of Oxialis obtriangulata in Pancreatic Cancer Cell through Regulation of the ERK/Src/STAT3-Mediated Pathway.

As a plant medicine, Oxalidaceae has been used to treat various diseases in Korea. However, there is little data on the anti-cancer efficacy of Oxalidaceae, particularly O. obtriangulata. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect of O. obtriangulata methanol extract (OOE) and its regulatory actions on pancreatic carcinoma. OOE showed anti-proliferative effects and induced cell death in the colony formation and cell viability assays, respectively. The Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) data confirmed that OOE significantly induced cell cycle accumulation at the G2/M phase and apoptotic effects. Additionally, OOE inhibited the activated ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/Src (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src)/STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) pathways including nuclear translocation of STAT3. Furthermore, suppression of Ki67, PARP(Poly ADP-ribose polymerase), caspase-3, P27(Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B), and c-Myc as well as the STAT3 target genes CDK(cyclin-dependent kinase)1, CDK2, Cyclin B1, VEGF-1(vascular endothelial growth factor-1), MMP-9(Matrix metallopeptidase 9), and Survivin by OOE was observed in BxPC3. We speculate that these molecular actions might support an anti-cancer effect of OOE. In this study, we demonstrated that OOE may be a promising anti-cancer material and may serve as a natural therapy and alternative remedy for pancreatic cancer treatment.

Metabolic Profiling Changes Induced by Fermented Blackberries in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice Utilizing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic changes associated with the anti-obesity effects of fermented blackberry extracts in the liver tissues of high-fat-diet-fed mice using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. C57BL/6J mice were divided into eight groups: normal-diet-fed mice, high-fat-diet-fed mice, high-fat diet treated with blackberry extract, high-fat-diet mice treated with blackberry fermented by L. plantarum, and high-fat diet with blackberry fermented by L. brevis. After 12 weeks, the high-fat-diet group exhibited a greater increase in liver weight compared to the control group, and among the groups, the group administered with blackberry fermented with L. plantarum showed the most pronounced reduction in liver weight. As the primary organ responsible for amino acid metabolism, the liver is crucial for maintaining amino acid homeostasis. In our study, we observed that the levels of several essential amino acids, including isoleucine and valine, were decreased by the high-fat diet, and were recovered by administration of blackberry extract fermented with L. plantarum. Our results demonstrated the potential of blackberry extract fermented with L. plantarum as a functional material for metabolic disorders by restoring some of the amino acid metabolism disturbances induced by a high-fat diet.

Anti-Obesity Effect and Signaling Mechanism of Potassium Poly-γ-Glutamate Produced by Bacillus subtilis Chungkookjang in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

The purpose of this work was to examine the effects of potassium poly-γ-glutamate (PGA-K) on mice fed a high-fat diet consisting of 60% of total calories for 12 weeks. PGA-K administration reduced the increase in body weight, epididymal fat, and liver weight caused by a high-fat diet compared to the obese group. The triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which are blood lipid indicators, were significantly increased in the obese group but were significantly decreased in the PGA-K-treated group. The administration of PGA-K resulted in a significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6. Moreover, the levels of leptin and insulin, which are insulin resistance indicators, significantly increased in the obese group but were significantly decreased in the PGA-K-treated group. These results suggest that PGA-K exhibits a protective effect against obesity induced by a high-fat diet, underscoring its potential as a candidate for obesity treatment.

Comparative genomic analysis and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) degradation pathways of Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59.

Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59, isolated from gasoline-contaminated soil, has the ability to degrade all six BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene) compounds. The genomic features of strain BD-a59 were analyzed bioinformatically and compared with those of another fully sequenced Pseudoxanthomonas strain, P. suwonensis 11-1, which was isolated from cotton waste compost. The genome of strain BD-a59 differed from that of strain 11-1 in many characteristics, including the number of rRNA operons, dioxygenases, monooxygenases, genomic islands (GIs), and heavy metal resistance genes. A high abundance of phage integrases and GIs and the patterns in several other genetic measures (e.g., GC content, GC skew, Karlin signature, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat [CRISPR] gene homology) indicated that strain BD-a59's genomic architecture may have been altered through horizontal gene transfers (HGT), phage attack, and genetic reshuffling during its evolutionary history. The genes for benzene/toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene degradations were encoded on GI-9, -13, and -21, respectively, which suggests that they may have been acquired by HGT. We used bioinformatics to predict the biodegradation pathways of the six BTEX compounds, and these pathways were proved experimentally through the analysis of the intermediates of each BTEX compound using a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The elevated abundances of dioxygenases, monooxygenases, and rRNA operons in strain BD-a59 (relative to strain 11-1), as well as other genomic characteristics, likely confer traits that enhance ecological fitness by enabling strain BD-a59 to degrade hydrocarbons in the soil environment.

Paenibacillus hordei sp. nov., isolated from naked barley in Korea.

A Gram-staining positive, facultative aerobic bacterium, designated strain RH-N24(T), was isolated from naked barley in South Korea. Cells of the isolate were observed to be motile rods by means of peritrichous flagella and showed catalase-positive and oxidase-negative reactions. Growth of strain RH-N24(T) was observed at 4-40 °C (optimum: 35-37 °C) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum: pH 6.0-7.0). Chemotaxonomic data (major isoprenoid quinone: MK-7; DNA G + C content: 53.5 mol %; cell wall type: A1γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid; major fatty acids: anteiso-CB(15:0) and CB(16:0B)) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Paenibacillus. The major cellular polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences also supported the conclusion that strain RH-N24(T) belonged to the genus Paenibacillus. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain RH-N24(T) was most closely related to Paenibacillus hunanensis FeL05(T) and Paenibacillus illinoisensis NRRL NRS-1356(T) with similarities of 94.64 and 94.54 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular properties, strain RH-N24(T) represents a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus for which the name Paenibacillus hordei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RH-N24(T) (=KACC 15511(T) = JCM 17570(T)).

Effective clearance of rituximab-resistant tumor cells by breaking the mirror-symmetry of immunoglobulin G and simultaneous binding to CD55 and CD20.

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which eliminates aberrant target cells through the assembly and complex formation of serum complement molecules, is one of the major effector functions of anticancer therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we discovered that breaking the symmetry of natural immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies significantly increased the CDC activity of anti-CD20 antibodies. In addition, the expression of CD55 (a checkpoint inhibitor in the CDC cascade) was significantly increased in a rituximab-resistant cell line generated in-house, suggesting that CD55 overexpression might be a mechanism by which cancer cells acquire rituximab resistance. Based on these findings, we developed an asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) that simultaneously targets both CD55 and CD20 to effectively eliminate rituximab-resistant cancer cells. In various cancer cell lines, including rituximab-resistant lymphoma cells, the SBU-CD55 × CD20 antibody showed significantly higher CDC activity than either anti-CD20 IgG antibody alone or a combination of anti-CD20 IgG antibody and anti-CD55 IgG antibody. Furthermore, the asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) exhibited significantly higher CDC activity against rituximab-resistant cancer cells compared to other bispecific antibodies with symmetric features. These results demonstrate that enhancing CDC with an asymmetric CD55-binding bispecific antibody could be a new strategy for developing therapeutics to treat patients with relapsed or refractory cancers.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Signaling Mechanism of Glycine max Hydrolyzed with Enzymes from Bacillus velezensis KMU01 in a Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis Mouse Model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that Glycine max hydrolyzed with enzymes from Bacillus velezensis KMU01 has on dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Hydrolysis improves functional health through the bioconversion of raw materials and increase in intestinal absorption rate and antioxidants. Therefore, G. max was hydrolyzed in this study using a food-derived microorganism, and its anti-inflammatory effect was observed. Enzymatically hydrolyzed G. max (EHG) was orally administered once daily for four weeks before DSS treatment. Colitis was induced in mice through the consumption of 5% (w/v) DSS in drinking water for eight days. The results showed that EHG treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss and decreased the disease activity index and colon length. In addition, EHG markedly reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 production, and increased that of IL-10. EHG improved DSS-induced histological changes and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in mice. Moreover, we found that the abundance of 15 microorganisms changed significantly; that of Proteobacteria and Escherichia coli, which are upregulated in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, decreased after EHG treatment. These results suggest that EHG has a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis and is a potential candidate for colitis treatment.

Complete genome sequence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides strain J18, isolated from kimchi.

Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides is one of the most predominant lactic acid bacterial groups during kimchi fermentation. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides J18, which was isolated from kimchi. The genome of the strain consists of a 1,896,561-bp chromosome and five plasmids.

Complete genome sequence of the BTEX-degrading bacterium Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59.

Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59, able to metabolize all six BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene) compounds, was isolated from gasoline-contaminated sediment. Here, we report the complete 3.45-Mb genome sequence and annotation of strain BD-a59. These advance the understanding of strain BD-a59's genomic properties and pollutant metabolic versatility.

Leuconostoc miyukkimchii sp. nov., isolated from brown algae (Undaria pinnatifida) kimchi.

A Gram-staining-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming lactic acid bacterium, designated strain M2(T), was isolated from fermented brown algae (Undaria pinnatifida) kimchi in South Korea. Cells of the isolate were facultatively anaerobic ovoids and showed catalase- and oxidase-negative reactions. Growth of strain M2(T) was observed at 4-35 °C and at pH 5.0-9.0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain M2(T) belonged to the genus Leuconostoc and was most closely related to Leuconostoc inhae IH003(T), Leuconostoc kimchii IH25(T), Leuconostoc gasicomitatum LMG 18811(T), Leuconostoc gelidum DSM 5578(T), Leuconostoc palmae TMW2.694(T) and Leuconostoc holzapfelii BFE 7000(T) with 98.9 %, 98.8 %, 98.8 %, 98.7 %, 98.5 % and 98.2 % sequence similarity, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain M2(T) and Leuconostoc inhae KACC 12281(T), Leuconostoc kimchii IH25(T), Leuconostoc gelidum KACC 12256(T), Leuconostoc gasicomitatum KACC 13854(T), Leuconostoc palmae DSM 21144(T) and Leuconostoc holzapfelii DSM 21478(T) were 13.8±3.2 %, 14.3±3.4 %, 9.9±1.0 %, 13.2±0.8 %, 22.4±4.9 % and 16.2±4.6 %, respectively, which allowed differentiation of strain M2(T) from the closely related species of the genus Leuconostoc. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular properties, strain M2(T) represents a novel species in the genus Leuconostoc, for which the name Leuconostoc miyukkimchii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M2(T) ( = KACC 15353(T)  = JCM 17445(T)).

Rosa laevigata Attenuates Allergic Asthma Exacerbated by Water-Soluble PM by Downregulating the MAPK Pathway.

Exposure to water-soluble particulate matter (WPM) containing heavy metals can cause severe inflammatory responses and trigger and exacerbate the onset of asthma. As a follow-up study of Rosa laevigata (RL), this study analyzed the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of oral and intratracheal administration of RL and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in asthma models. Worse T-helper cell type 2 (Th2)-related inflammatory and pro-inflammatory responses were observed after simultaneous challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) and WPM. To establish a model of asthma exacerbated by WPM, BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA + aluminum hydroxide and challenged with OVA + WPM. To confirm the therapeutic efficacy of RL, it was administered both orally and intratracheally. Histopathological analysis of H&E staining confirmed that oral and intratracheal administration of RL alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways aggravated by OVA + WPM. RL effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells obtained from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiplex analysis of serum samples confirmed that the administration of RL reduced the levels of immuno-globulin E (IgE), Th2-related cytokines, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis of lung tissue samples confirmed that the release of MUC5AC (Mucin 5AC, Oligomeric Mucus/Gel-Forming) and pro-inflammatory cytokines was reduced by RL, and western blotting confirmed that the administration of RL reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in the MAPK pathway. In conclusion, oral and intratracheal administration of RL appears to have an anti-asthmatic effect by reducing the secretion of Th2-related cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IgE by downregulating the MAPK pathway. Thus, RL has further demonstrated potential for development as an oral and inhaled therapeutic for asthma symptoms exacerbated by WPM exposure.

Complete genome sequence of Weissella koreensis KACC 15510, isolated from kimchi.

Weissella koreensis KACC 15510 was isolated from kimchi, a representative traditional Korean fermented food. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of W. koreensis KACC 15510, consisting of a 1,422,478-bp chromosome and one 18,992-bp plasmid, and provide a description of their annotation.

Complete genome sequence of Leuconostoc kimchii strain C2, isolated from Kimchi.

Leuconostoc kimchii strain C2 was isolated from fermented kimchi in Korea. Here we announce the complete genome sequence of Leuconostoc kimchii strain C2, consisting of a 1,877,174-bp chromosome with a G+C content of 37.9% and no plasmid and describe major findings from its annotation.

Luteimonas lutimaris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain G3(T), was isolated from a tidal flat of the Taean coast in South Korea. Cells were moderately halotolerant and non-motile rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions. Growth of strain G3(T) was observed between 15 and 40 °C (optimum 30 °C) and between pH 5.5 and 9.0 (optimum pH 6.5-7.5). Strain G3(T) contained Q-8 as the predominant lipoquinone and iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c, iso-C(16 : 0) and iso-C(11 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain G3(T) formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Luteimonas mephitis B1953/27.1(T) within the genus Luteimonas and was most closely related to L. mephitis B1953/27.1(T) with 98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain G3(T) and L. mephitis B1953/27.1(T) was 35.2 ± 3.3 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain G3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas lutimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G3(T) (= KACC 14929(T) = JCM 16916(T)).