Environmental factors associated with incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Established associated factors for DDH include female sex, breech presentation, family history, congenital malformations, oligohydramnios, and maternal hyperthyroidism. However, evidence for environmental factors that may contribute to DDH is limited and inconsistent. METHODS: A systematic review of medical literature was conducted to collect data on environmental factors, including latitude, longitude, average yearly precipitation, average yearly temperature, minimum monthly temperature, and maximum monthly temperature, from all institutions that published articles on DDH. Univariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between environmental factors and DDH incidence, while multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associated factors for DDH incidence. RESULTS: Data from a total of 93 unique manuscripts were analyzed, revealing a significant negative correlation between DDH incidence and temperature, including average yearly temperature (r = -0.27, p = 0.008), minimum monthly temperature (r = -0.28, p = 0.006), and maximum monthly temperature (r = -0.23, p = 0.029). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between DDH incidence and latitude (r = 0.27, p = 0.009), and a significant negative correlation between DDH incidence and average yearly precipitation (r = -0.29, p = 0.004). In the final multiple regression analysis, temperature, including average yearly temperature, minimum monthly temperature, and maximum monthly temperature, were identified as significant associated factors for DDH incidence. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest an association between cold weather and DDH incidence. Further research should explore the link between cold weather and DDH incidence, offering insights into potential interventions for cold climates.

Soft Tissue Releases With Simultaneous Guided Growth Decrease Risk of Spastic Hip Displacement Recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue release (STR) is an established treatment for spastic hip displacement, but recurrence of hip displacement is not uncommon. This study aims to (1) evaluate the recurrence of hip displacement after STR, (2) define associated factors of recurrence, and (3) elucidate the effects of guided growth on hip displacement recurrence. METHODS: The study subjects included 66 individuals with spastic cerebral palsy treated by STR with or without guided growth for hip displacement. The treatment goal was the maintenance of migration percentage (MP) to <40%. Recurrence was defined by a rebound of the MP by 5% or more after the first postoperative year. Children with recurrence were compared with those without recurrence using the Mann-Whitney U test and the χ 2 test. The risk factors for recurrence were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Nineteen individuals (29%) had a recurrence of hip displacement after the first postoperative year. They sustained a 2-fold increase in the rate of treatment failure ( P < 0.001) and reoperation ( P = 0.04). Age, sex, motor function, and preoperative radiographic parameters were comparable between individuals with and without recurrence. The use of guided growth was associated with less risk of recurrence than without (5% and 39%, respectively, odds ratio = 0.01 to 0.45, respectively) despite the similar risk of failure (35% and 48%, respectively, odds ratio = 0.15 to 4.82). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of the MP >5% after the first postoperative year is an important early indicator for failure to control MP to <40% and reoperation. Guided growth not only decreases coxa valga but also reduces the risk of recurrent hip displacement after STR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; case-control study.

Prediction of Surgical Outcomes of Radial Polydactyly From the Wassel-Flatt Type and Symmetry of Duplication.

BACKGROUND: The Wassel classification is commonly used for cases of radial polydactyly but has not been used to predict surgical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of surgical outcomes using the Wassel type and symmetry of duplication. METHODS: Forty-five patients with 47 radial polydactylies were reviewed using the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand (JSSH) scores 4.6 years after minor thumb excision and reconstructive surgery. The symmetry index was defined as the metaphyseal width ratio of the minor thumb to the dominant thumb. The relationships between the JSSH scores and operation age, sex, side, follow-up duration, Wassel type, symmetric index, divergent angle, and joint angulation were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: The mean JSSH score of the 47 thumbs was 18.3 points (range, 15-20). Five thumbs had fair or poor outcomes (scores <17), all of which were Wassel type IV. The hypoplastic type had a better JSSH score (19.4) than other Wassel types. The symmetric index had a negative relationship with JSSH scores, especially for Wassel type IV (r=-0.68, P =0.001). Linear regression revealed that the symmetric index was the only independent factor significantly associated with JSSH scores among Wassel type IV polydactylies ( P <0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve suggested a symmetric index <0.74 could predict good or excellent outcomes. CONCLUSION: The symmetry of the 2 duplicated thumbs is an important factor for surgical outcomes. The Wassel type IV polydactylies with a symmetric index >0.74 are at greater risk of fair or poor outcomes after excision and reconstruction, and further studies are warranted to confirm whether the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure is a good choice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-Case-control study.

Genu Valgum After Distal Femur Extension Osteotomy in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Distal femur extension osteotomy (DFEO) is a common treatment for knee flexion contracture and crouch gait in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), but skeletally immature patients tend to develop genu valgum deformities after DFEO. This study aimed to report the tendency of valgus changes after DFEO and determine the risk factors for subsequent surgery for excessive genu valgum. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included 25 children with CP who underwent DFEO in 44 limbs for knee flexion contractures ≥15 degrees at a mean age of 11.0 years. Radiologic measurements included the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), anatomic tibiofemoral angle (aTFA), medial proximal tibia angle, and plate-condyle angle, postoperatively and at the latest follow-up. Age, sex, preoperative knee flexion contracture angle, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, and radiographic measurements were compared between children with and without subsequent guided growth for genu valgum. RESULTS: A significant valgus change was observed at the distal femur in the first postoperative year (aLDFA from 83.6 to 80.1 degrees, P<0.001; aTFA from 176.1 to 172.5 degrees, P<0.01; plate-condylar angle from 5.3 to 9.5 degrees, P<0.001). Valgus changes occurred in 36 of the 44 limbs (82%) by an average of -4.6 degrees in the aLDFA, and subsequent guided growth was performed in 5 patients (20%). Guided growth for genu valgum was associated with a greater postoperative valgus angle (aLDFA: 78.0 vs. 84.9 degrees, P<0.01) but not with age, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, or preoperative flexion contracture. CONCLUSIONS: Distal metaphyseal osteotomies and distally placed angled plates near the physis are associated with valgus changes following growth. We recommend making a slight varus alignment during DFEO to compensate for subsequent valgus changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-therapeutic, retrospective comparative study.

Guided Growth of the Proximal Femur for Hip Displacement in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Guided growth by 1 eccentric transphyseal screw has been used to correct lower limb deformities. Pilot animal studies showed encouraging results in producing varus deformity in the proximal femur. The purpose of this study was to report the preliminary results of guided growth surgery to treat spastic hip displacement. METHODS: This case series study included consecutive patients who received soft-tissue release and guided growth at the proximal femur from January 2004 to May 2012 with minimal 2-year follow-up. Surgical indications were children with spastic cerebral palsy aged 4 to 10 years, a gross motor function classification system level IV or V, and hip displacement on 1 or both sides. Study outcomes were Reimer's migration percentage (MP) and the head-shaft angle (HSA). RESULTS: Nine children with 13 spastic displaced hips received surgery at the age of 6.2 years and were followed up for a mean of 45.6 months. The mean MP improved significantly from 52.2% preoperatively to 45.8% at 3 months, 40.3% at 1 year, and 37.1% at 2 years after operation. HSA was unchanged in the first 3 months, and deceased from 173.3 to 166.4 degrees at 1 year (P<0.01) and to 162.7 degrees at 2 years postoperatively. The screw was usually backed out from the femoral epiphysis in the second postoperative year, and no radiologic bony bar or other surgical complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The immediate postoperative improvement of MP was the result of soft-tissue release. From postoperative 3 months to 2 years, the HSA was reduced by 10.6 degrees and the MP further improved by 8.7%. Less surgical dissection, faster recovery of motion, and less comorbidity than varus osteotomy make guided growth surgery a treatment option for coxa valga in spastic hip displacement in nonambulant cerebral palsy children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic, case series.

Determinants of Hip Displacement in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Coxa valga and femoral anteversion often are seen in patients with spastic hip displacement and osteotomy is recommended. However, the relationship between femoral deformities and hip displacement has not been clearly defined and other factors, such as joint motion and posture, should be considered before recommending treatment. QUESTIONS: For children with cerebral palsy with Gross Motor Function Classification System Level IV or V, we questioned (1) whether hip abduction range correlates with hip displacement, (2) what the relationships are between proximal femoral deformities and hip displacement, and (3) whether the patient with a windblown posture has greater degrees of femoral anteversion? METHODS: We retrospectively studied 31 consecutive children with cerebral palsy with Level IV or V gross motor function who underwent three-dimensional CT for preoperative assessment of hip displacement between January 2010 and December 2013. Among the children, 23 had a windblown posture and eight had symmetric hip motion. Femoral anteversion and true neck-shaft angle were measured from the three-dimensional CT images. Migration percentage was the dependent variable we chose to study in relation to femoral anteversion, neck-shaft angle, maximal hip abduction, and hip flexion contracture, using correlations and multiple linear regressions. Using ANOVA and Scheffé's post hoc tests, we analyzed and compared the data of 23 abducted hips and 23 adducted hips in the 23 children with windblown posture and in 16 displaced hips in the eight children with symmetric hip abduction. RESULTS: Greater migration percentage was associated with less hip abduction range (r = -0.86; p < 0.001). Femoral anteversion had a weak correlation (r = 0.28; p < 0.05) to migration percentage, and the association became insignificant after considering hip abduction motion. Adducted windblown hips had greater femoral anteversion than the symmetric displaced hips and abducted windblown hips (46° vs 36° and 38°, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results did not support a relationship between femoral deformities and hip displacement after considering gross motor function and hip abduction motion. Greater femoral anteversion was noted in the adducted hips of patients with windblown posture, and derotation osteotomy is especially recommended. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Surgical Outcomes of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip With or Without Prior Failed Closed Reduction.

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a major complication in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Redislocation and secondary surgeries were regarded as risk factors of osteonecrosis. This study aims to clarify whether prior failed closed reduction is a risk factor of osteonecrosis in subsequent surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 124 patients treated by open reduction and pelvic osteotomy for unilateral DDH before 3 years old. Twenty-five patients had failed closed reduction before the surgery (secondary surgery group), and the other 99 patients had the same surgery as the first treatment (primary surgery group). Osteonecrosis was defined by broadening of femoral neck and fragmentation of epiphysis in the first 3 years after operation. The background data and rate of osteonecrosis were compared between the 2 groups using t test and χ2 test. RESULTS: Age at surgery and Tönnis grade were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Broadening of the femoral neck was observed in 63 of the 99 hips (63.6%) in the primary surgery group and 7 of the 25 hips (28.0%) in the secondary surgery group (P=0.001). Rate of epiphyseal fragmentation was 34% in primary surgery group and 24% in secondary surgery group (P=0.323). CONCLUSIONS: Soft tissue tension could be reduced by previous closed reduction, and redislocation would not carry a greater risk of osteonecrosis in the subsequent open reduction.

A prospective comparative study of pin site infection in pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: daily pin care vs. no pin care.

INTRODUCTION: Pin site infection is a critical issue for patients' safety in skeletal fixation using percutaneous pins or wires. Closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wires fixation are the mainstay of treatment in pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures. Little information is available in the literature about the optimal regimen of pin site care in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective comparative study of 61 children with supracondylar humeral fractures between June 2011 and March 2013 after approval by the institutional review board. They were allocated into two groups of different postoperative pin site care methods by the emergency department arrival date and received fracture fixation within 24 h. Postoperatively, 30 children underwent pin site cleaning every day whereas the other 31 patients did not have the pin sites cleaned until the pins removal 4-6 weeks later. RESULTS: Demographic data were not significantly different between the two groups. The infection rate was significantly higher in patients who underwent daily pin site care (90.3 vs. 53.3 %, p = 0.001). Of the 144 pin sites, infection occurred at 42 (57.5 %) pin sites in the daily care group and at 19 (26.8 %) pin sites in the non-care group. The number of telephone consultations for postoperative care was significantly higher in the daily care group (1.0 vs. 0.27 call/case, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Daily pin site care was associated with a higher infection rate and greater stress in postoperative care that required more telephone consultations. The study results could not support daily pin site care. Careful observation of pin sites was recommended in the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures.

Classification of radial polydactyly based on physical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Previous classifications in polydactyly of the thumb were by the level of duplication on radiography. This study aimed to develop a practical algorithm based on physical characteristics for treatment guidelines. METHODS: The polydactylies were stratified using four physical characteristics: floating, symmetry, dominant side, and joint angulation/nail size. The algorithm identified the hypoplastic type and then stratified the polydactylies as symmetric and asymmetric. The asymmetric type was divided into ulnar dominant and radial dominant. The symmetric type was divided into adequate type and inadequate type. The prediction of treatments was studied retrospectively by the distribution of surgical procedures in 500 patients with 545 affected thumbs, by the new classification and the Wassel-Flatt classification. RESULTS: Of the 545 polydactylies, 78 (14.5%) were categorized as the hypoplastic type, 369 (67.5%) as the ulnar-dominant type, 8 (1.5%) as the radial-dominant type, 70 (12.8%) as the symmetric adequate nail type, and 20 (3.7%) as the symmetric inadequate type. Treatments were excision and reconstruction in 403 polydactylies (73.9%), simple excision in 135 polydactylies (24.8%), and the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure, ray amputation, and on-top plasty procedures were only performed in 7 polydactylies (1.3%). The distribution of surgical procedures was distinct among the new classification types and was similar among the Wassel-Flatt types. CONCLUSIONS: The new classification stratified polydactylies by physical findings in a stepwise manner. Though surgical technical details are not included, this simple classification is useful for paediatricians and parents to understand how a surgical decision is made. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level IV.

Protein phosphatase 6 activates NF-κB to confer sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors in KRAS- and BRAF-mutant cancer cells.

The Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a major target for cancer treatment. To better understand the genetic pathways that modulate cancer cell sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors, we performed a CRISPR knockout screen with MAPK pathway inhibitors on a colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line carrying mutant KRAS. Genetic deletion of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), encoded by PPP6C, rendered KRAS- and BRAF-mutant CRC and BRAF-mutant melanoma cells more resistant to these inhibitors. In the absence of MAPK pathway inhibition, PPP6C deletion in CRC cells decreased cell proliferation in two-dimensional (2D) adherent cultures but accelerated the growth of tumor spheroids in 3D culture and tumor xenografts in vivo. PPP6C deletion enhanced the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in CRC and melanoma cells and circumvented the cell cycle arrest and decreased cyclin D1 abundance induced by MAPK pathway blockade in CRC cells. Inhibiting NF-κB activity by genetic and pharmacological means restored the sensitivity of PPP6C-deficient cells to MAPK pathway inhibition in CRC and melanoma cells in vitro and in CRC cells in vivo. Furthermore, a R264 point mutation in PPP6C conferred loss of function in CRC cells, phenocopying the enhanced NF-κB activation and resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition observed for PPP6C deletion. These findings demonstrate that PP6 constrains the growth of KRAS- and BRAF-mutant cancer cells, implicates the PP6-NF-κB axis as a modulator of MAPK pathway output, and presents a rationale for cotargeting the NF-κB pathway in PPP6C-mutant cancer cells.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and influenza in ICUs: a retrospective cohort study.

RATIONALE: The prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in intensive care units remain underestimated because of the lack of a disease-recognition scheme and the inadequacy of diagnostic tests. OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of severe CAP complicated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including recruited 311 ICU-hospitalized patients with severe CAP without influenza or with influenza. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were from all patients and subjected to mycological testing. Patients were categorized as having proven or probable Aspergillus infection using a modified form of the AspICU algorithm comprising clinical, radiological, and mycological criteria. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 252 patients with severe CAP and 59 influenza patients evaluated, 24 met the diagnostic criteria for proven or probable Aspergillus infection in the CAP group and 9 patients in the influenza group, giving estimated prevalence values of 9.5% and 15.3%, respectively. COPD and the use of inhaled corticosteroids were independent risk factors for IPA. IPA in patients with severe CAP was significantly associated with the duration of mechanical support, the length of ICU stay, and the 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive diagnostic approach for IPA patients with severe CAP and not only influenza or COVID-19 should be pursued. Further randomized controlled trials need to evaluate the timing, safety, and efficacy of antifungal therapy in reducing IPA incidence and improving clinical outcomes.

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor affects tissue fluid accumulation and is associated with deteriorating tissue perfusion and oxygenation in severe sepsis: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Positive fluid balance and tissue fluid accumulation are associated with adverse outcomes in sepsis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases in sepsis, promotes vascular permeability, and may affect tissue fluid accumulation and oxygenation. We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate tissue hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation and water (H2O) levels to investigate their relationship with serum VEGF levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: New-onset severe sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled. Relative tissue concentrations of oxy-Hb ([HbO2]), deoxy-Hb ([HbR]), total Hb ([HbT]), and H2O ([H2O]) were estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for three consecutive days and serum VEGF levels were measured. Comparisons between oliguric and non-oliguric patients were conducted and the correlations between variables were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 75 eligible patients, compared with non-oliguric patients, oliguric patients were administrated more intravascular fluids (median [IQR], 1926.00 [1348.50-3092.00] mL/day vs. 1069.00 [722.00-1486.75] mL/day, p < 0.001) and had more positive daily net intake and output (mean [SD], 1,235.06 [1303.14] mL/day vs. 313.17 [744.75] mL/day, p = 0.012), lower [HbO2] and [HbT] over the three-day measurement (analyzed by GEE p = 0.01 and 0.043, respectively) and significantly higher [H2O] on the third day than on the first two days (analyzed by GEE p = 0.034 and 0.018, respectively). Overall, serum VEGF levels were significantly negatively correlated with [HbO2] and [HbT] (rho = - 0.246 and - 0.266, p = 0.042 and 0.027, respectively) but positively correlated with [H2O] (rho = 0.449, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant correlation between serum VEGF and [H2O] in oliguric patients (rho = 0.532, p = 0.003). Multiple regression analysis determined the independent effect of serum VEGF on [H2O] (standardized coefficient = 0.281, p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: In severe sepsis, oliguria relates to higher positive fluid balance, lower tissue perfusion and oxygenation, and progressive tissue fluid accumulation. Elevated serum VEGF is associated with worsening tissue perfusion and oxygenation and independently affects tissue fluid accumulation.

Bilateral Asymmetry in Balance Control During Gait in Children with Treated Unilateral Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.

INTRODUCTION: About 1% of the newborn population has developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), altering joint biomechanics, gait performance and balance control. Pemberton's osteotomy is used in early treatment but it remains unclear whether it will help the patient regain normal balance control during gait. The current study aimed to identify the changes of the whole-body balance control during level walking in children treated for unilateral DDH during toddlerhood, in terms of inclination angles (IA) of the line joining the body's center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP), and the rate of change of IA (RCIA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve girls (DDH group; age: 7.1 ± 2.1 years) who had been treated with Pemberton's osteotomy for unilateral DDH during toddlerhood and twelve healthy controls (Control group; age: 7.6 ± 2.1 years) walked at their preferred walking speed while IA, RCIA and temporal-spatial parameters were calculated from measured kinematic and forceplate data, and were compared using independent t-tests. RESULTS: Compared to the Control group, the DDH group showed significantly decreased sagittal IA (p = 0.042) but increased range of sagittal RCIA during SLS on the unaffected side (p = 0.006), and increased peak sagittal RCIA during DLS (p < 0.008). In the frontal plane, the altered COM-COP control occurred mainly during stance phase of the affected side, showing a decreased range of RCIA during SLS (p = 0.033) followed by decreased IA (p = 0.045) with an increased peak value of RCIA (p = 0.023) during terminal DLS. CONCLUSIONS: The children with treated unilateral DDH showed compromised, bilaterally different balance control strategies with altered COM-COP control during gait, not only during stance in the frontal plane as expected, but even more so during swing in the sagittal plane. It is thus suggested that routine assessment of the morphological changes and/or altered balance control of both the unaffected and affected hips is equally important for early identification of any signs of insidious hip problems, deteriorating balance control or increased risk of loss of balance.

Double diapering facilitates hip maturation in newborns.

BACKGROUND: Double diapering may help to maintain a baby's hips in flexion and abduction posture, but the efficacy in facilitating hip maturation has never been verified. We investigated whether double diapering results in greater improvement of the alpha angle in newborn babies. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled newborns with Graf type IIa immature hips and assigned them to the double-diaper or single-diaper group by the day of birth in a week. Parents were instructed on proper hip positioning, except for diapering. Change in the alpha angle from newborn to 1 month after birth, rate of improvement to bilateral Graf type I hips in 1 month, and number of ultrasound examinations and orthopaedic clinic visits in the first year were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Seventy newborns with 102 type IIa hips were included from January to December 2017. They were allocated to the double-diaper group (n = 33) and single-diaper group (n = 37). With a comparable sex ratio, gestational age, and newborn alpha angle, the double-diaper group had a greater increase of alpha angles in 1 month than the single-diaper group (+7.9° vs. +5.2°, t-test, p = 0.011). Twenty-eight babies in the double-diaper group (84.8%) and 20 babies in the single-diaper group (54.1%) improved to having bilateral Graf type I hips (chi-square test, p = 0.006). Under the same clinical management pathway, subsequent clinical visits and hip ultrasounds before 1 year were significantly reduced in the double-diaper group. CONCLUSION: Double diapering enhances hip maturation and reduces clinical costs in newborns with physiological immature hips, but the therapeutic role for hip dysplasia requires further study.

Cold Weather as a Risk Factor for Late Diagnosis and Surgery for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.

BACKGROUND: Newborn hip screening aims to prevent the late diagnosis of and subsequent surgical procedures for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Weather may affect how parents swaddle their babies in early life, but weather has never been formally regarded as a risk factor in hip screening. This study investigates the association between the incidence of surgically treated DDH and the outdoor temperature. METHODS: Surgical procedures for late-diagnosed DDH were investigated in 12 birth-year cohorts (1999 to 2010) using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The number of children who underwent a DDH-related surgical procedure between 6 months and 5 years of age per total live births was evaluated as an outcome of hip screening. Trend and regression analyses were used to determine the association between the incidence of surgically treated DDH and birth year, birth month, and the temperature during the birth month and first 3 months of life. RESULTS: The mean incidence of surgically treated DDH was 0.48 per 1,000 live births (1,296 surgically treated patients per 2,712,002 live births). The incidence of surgically treated DDH among babies born in winter months (0.70 per 1,000) was significantly higher than that among babies born in summer months (0.32 per 1,000), and it was significantly correlated with mean temperature in the first 3 months of life (r2 = 0.91; p < 0.0001) and birth month (r2 = 0.68; p < 0.001). Multivariable regression revealed that external temperature in the first 3 months of life was the most significant factor (ß = -0.034 [95% confidence interval, -0.042 to -0.022]; p < 0.001) for the incidence of surgically treated DDH (adjusted r2 = 0.485). The trend of seasonal differences remained the same throughout the study years following implementation of the hip-screening policy. CONCLUSIONS: As the incidence of surgically treated DDH is the ultimate outcome of newborn hip screening, cold weather should be regarded as a risk factor and should be incorporated into future screening programs. Weather patterns of different geographical areas should be studied to determine if children born in the winter are at an increased risk for requiring a surgical procedure for DDH, and newborn hip-screening programs should be revised accordingly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Avascular Necrosis of the Hip Compromises Gait Balance Control in Female Juveniles With Unilateral Developmental Dysplasia Treated in Toddlerhood.

Avascular necrosis of the hip (AVN) is one of the most severe complications of surgical reduction when treating developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The current study identified the differences in the balance control during walking in terms of the inclination angle (IA) of the center of pressure (COP) to the center of mass (COM), and the rate of change of IA (RCIA) between female juveniles with and without secondary AVN at the hip who were treated for unilateral DDH during toddlerhood as compared to their healthy peers. When compared to female healthy controls, the non-AVN group showed bilaterally similar compromised balance control with significantly decreased IA (p < 0.05) but increased RCIA (p < 0.04) in the sagittal plane during single-limb support (SLS) of the unaffected side, and in the frontal plane during terminal double-limb support (DLS) of the affected side. In contrast, the AVN increased between-side differences in the sagittal IA (p = 0.01), and sagittal and frontal RCIA during DLS (p < 0.04), leading to bilaterally asymmetrical balance control. Secondary AVN significantly reduced IA and RCIA in the sagittal plane (p < 0.05), and reduced range of RCIA in the frontal plane during initial DLS (p < 0.05). The trend reversed during terminal DLS, indicating a conservative COM-COP control in the sagittal plane and a compromised control in the frontal plane during body weight acceptance, with a compromised COM-COP control in the frontal plane during weight release. The current results suggest that increased between-side differences in the sagittal IA, and sagittal and frontal RCIA during DLS are a sign of AVN secondary to treated unilateral DDH in female juveniles, and should be monitored regularly for early identification of the disease.

The impacts of bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections on patients with severe influenza pneumonitis admitted to the intensive care units.

PURPOSES: This study investigated the prevalence and clinical outcomes of pulmonary bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections in patients with severe influenza pneumonitis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of adult patients with severe influenza pneumonitis admitted to medical ICUs. Bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections were identified. The risk factors of bacterial infection were evaluated. The outcomes of patients regarding co-infection or secondary bacterial infection were analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 117 critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonitis admitted to the medical ICUs. Klebsiella pneumoniae (31.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (22.8%) were the most identified bacteria in patients with bacterial co-infection. A high proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (17.1%) was noted. Liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus were the independent risk factors for bacterial co-infection. Acinetobacter baumannii (30.7%) and S. aureus (23.1%) were the most often identified bacteria in patients with secondary bacterial pneumonia. Patients with secondary bacterial infections had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and longer ICU and hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of drug-resistant bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections were identified in patients with severe influenza pneumonitis requiring ICU care and were associated with more morbidity in these patients.

Increased tissue water in patients with severe sepsis affects tissue oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy: a prospective, observational case-control study.

Background: Tissue oedema affects tissue perfusion and interferes with the monitoring of tissue oxygenation in patients with severe sepsis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a wireless near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device that transmits tri-wavelength light to quantify tissue haemoglobin (Hb) and water (H2O) content. We estimated tissue H2O in severe sepsis patients and healthy controls, compared their difference, and investigated the correlation of tissue H2O with systemic haemodynamics and its impact on tissue oxygenation. Methods: Seventy-seven adult patients with new-onset severe sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit within 72 h and 30 healthy volunteers (controls) were enrolled. The NIRS device was placed on the participant's leg to estimate the relative tissue concentrations of oxy-Hb ([HbO2]), deoxy-Hb ([HbR]), total Hb ([HbT]), and H2O ([H2O]) at rest for three consecutive days. Two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and generalised estimating equations (GEEs) were used for comparisons. Results: In severe sepsis patients, the [H2O] in the anterior tibia was higher [mean (standard deviation, 95% confidence interval), 10.57 (3.37, 9.81-11.34) vs. 7.40 (1.89, 6.70-8.11)] and the [HbO2], [HbT], and tissue Hb oxygen saturation (StO2) were lower [0.20 (0.01, 0.20-0.20) vs. 0.22 (0.01, 0.22-0.23), 0.42 (0.02, 0.42-0.43) vs. 0.44 (0.02, 0.44-0.45), and 47.25% (1.97%, 46.80-47.70%) vs. 49.88% (1.26%, 49.41-50.35%), respectively] than in healthy controls in first-day measurements. GEE analysis revealed significant differences in [H2O], [HbO2], [HbT], and StO2 between groups over three consecutive days (all P≤0.001). In addition, [HbO2] and StO2 levels gradually decreased over time in the patient group. A negative correlation was observed between [H2O] and [HbO2] and StO2, which became more obvious over time (day 1: r=-0.51 and r=-0.42, respectively; both P<0.01; day 3: r=-0.67 and r=-0.63, respectively, both P<0.01). Systolic arterial pressure was positively related to [H2O] (r=0.51, P<0.05, on day 1) but was not associated with tissue oxygenation parameters. Conclusions: NIRS can be used to quantify tissue H2O. Severe sepsis patients have increased tissue H2O, which responds to changes in arterial blood pressure and affects tissue oxygenation.