Reduced sensitivity to future consequences underlies gambling decision in cerebellar ataxia.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has identified that people with cerebellar ataxia (CA) showed impaired reward-related decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this impairment, we examined CA participants' combination of performance in the IGT, which predominantly tests reward seeking, and the modified IGT (mIGT), which mainly assesses punishment avoidance. METHODS: Fifty participants with CA and one hundred controls completed the IGT and mIGT. Task performance in each of the five twenty-trial blocks was compared between groups and the learning rates were assessed with simple linear regressions. Each participant's IGT score and mIGT score were compared. RESULTS: CA participants performed worse than controls in both the IGT and the mIGT, especially in the last block (IGT: -0.24 ± 10.05 vs. 3.88 ± 10.31, p = 0.041; mIGT: 2.72 ± 7.62 vs. 8.65 ± 8.64, p < 0.001). In contrast to the controls, those with CA did not significantly improve their scores over time in either task. Controls performed better in the mIGT than the IGT, while CA participants' scores in the two tasks showed no significant difference. IGT and mIGT performance did not correlate with ataxia severity or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Individuals with CA showed impaired performance in both the IGT and mIGT, which indicates disruption in both short-term reward seeking and short-term punishment avoidance. Therefore, these results suggest that reduced sensitivity to long-term consequences drives the risky decision-making in CA.

Ockham's razor or Hickam's dictum: a right atrial mass following excision of left atrial myxoma.

We report a case of a 54-year-old man presenting with a right atrial mass 7 months after undergoing a left atrial myxoma excision surgery. The differential diagnosis included recurrent myxoma or thrombus. The patient underwent repeat open sternotomy on cardiopulmonary bypass. Histopathological evaluation of the mass revealed an organizing thrombus. This report is, to our knowledge, the first that demonstrates right atrial thrombus shortly following excision of left atrial myxoma.

Repair of anomalous pulmonary artery with interposition graft: midterm results.

Anomalous pulmonary artery arising from the aorta is a rare congenital anomaly. The midterm results of repair of this malformation by Gore-Tex graft interposition were examined in 5 patients: 3 with anomalous right pulmonary artery and 2 with anomalous left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. Echocardiography was adequate in 4 cases for diagnosis, planning the operation, and follow-up. Angiography was needed for diagnosis in one case where the echocardiographic findings were unclear. The mean follow-up period was 4 years. One patient with tracheoesophageal fistula and cardiac malformation died 2 months after the operation due to multi-organ failure. Three patients needed re-operation because of graft narrowing, and one was without problems 5.2 years postoperatively. In anomalous pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, repair should be performed as early as possible to prevent pulmonary hypertensive changes. When the anomalous pulmonary artery cannot be anastomosed directly to the main pulmonary artery, an interposition graft can be placed safely without cardiopulmonary bypass. With appropriate follow-up, this can be a satisfactory solution, although it carries the risk of re-operation due to graft narrowing.

Acute Type B Aortic Pathology Mimicking Acute Type A Intramural Hematoma with Organ Malperfusion.

The management of acute Stanford Type A intramural hematoma (IMH) of the aorta remains controversial. Most surgeons advocate emergency surgery in a manner similar to frank acute Type A dissection. Others recommend a conservative approach to this distinct clinicopathological entity. We describe a case of acute aortic pathology initially diagnosed as Type A IMH with organ malperfusion, subsequently identified as acute Type B pathology with retrograde and antegrade extension. An endovascular approach was successfully used to exclude the site of origin.

The role of combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting in the era of carotid stenting in view of long-term results.

OBJECTIVES: The management of concomitant coronary and carotid artery disease is still in evolution. The surgical options are staged approach--carotid endarterectomy (CEA), followed by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or a reversed-staged approach, or combined approach--CEA and CABG under the same anaesthesia. In view of the percutaneous carotid artery stenting option, we have reviewed our short- and long-term experience with combined CEA and CABG to define the role of this procedure. METHODS: From January 1992 to December 2006, we operated on 80 patients performing combined carotid endarterctomy and myocardial revascularization. Short- and long-term results were reviewed. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 3.7%. Perioperative cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurred in 2 patients (2.5%). Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) occurred in 3 patients (3.7%). Combined complications of death + MI + CVA = 10%. During the mean follow-up of 10 ± 3.2 years (1-14 years), 6 patients (7.6%) had neurological events. Freedom from neurological events for 10 years was 92 ± 4%. Nearly 17 (21.5%) had cardiac events. The 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 74 ± 5 and 62 ± 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the short-term results of the non-surgical carotid therapeutic alternative is similar to our surgical results, there are limitations to carotid artery stenting: the need for aggressive antiplatelets therapy, and the haemodynamic changes during the procedure that may be unacceptable for patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Therefore, there is still a role for concomitant surgical CEA and CABG to the results of which the other options should be compared.

Pituitary apoplexy and CABG: should we change our strategy?

Patients with pituitary adenoma that had coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass had pituitary apoplexy develop with neurologic deficits and even death. Four patients with pituitary adenoma underwent coronary artery bypass grafting operations (3 patients had coronary artery bypass grafting on bypass, 1 of them with known pituitary adenoma. All of them had pituitary apoplexy develop with neurologic deficits). One patient with known pituitary adenoma who had a coronary artery bypass grafting operation off pump was neurologically intact. Our recommendation is to consider operating on patients with pituitary adenoma who need coronary artery bypass grafting operation off pump, and to prevent pituitary apoplexy that cardiopulmonary bypass may cause.

Undifferentiated sarcoma of the pulmonary artery mimicking pulmonary thromboembolic disease.

Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma is an uncommon tumor. Mandelstamm in 1923 was the first to describe the disease in an autopsy. Since then, less than 200 cases were reported. The incidence is 0.001-0.03%, they are always highly malignant sarcoma, and women are involved twice as often as men. The presentation is often cough, dyspnea, and chest pain, and patients are usually diagnosed as suffering from pulmonary emboli, and primary tumor of the pulmonary artery is not usually considered in the differential diagnosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary artery sarcoma is made of the "clot" resected during pulmonary artery thrombendarterectomy. Our suggestion is that in patients with unilateral pulmonary artery occlusive disease, no evidence of positive hypercoagulability tests, and no history of thromboembolism, a high suspicion of pulmonary artery sarcoma should be kept in mind, and an angiographic-guided biopsy from the intra-arterial occlusive material should be considered. The treatment is surgery. The survival without operation is less than 2 months. Some patients were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. We report on a woman with undifferentiated sarcoma of the pulmonary artery, mimicking chronic pulmonary artery emboli. This case illustrates the need to consider malignancy in the differential diagnosis of patients having pulmonary emboli.

A new angle-independent Doppler ultrasonic device for assessment of blood flow volume in the extracranial internal carotid artery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new angle-independent ultrasonic device for assessment of blood flow volume in the internal carotid artery. METHODS: In vitro, a pulsatile pump was set to provide an outflow of physiological fluid at 500 mL/min through an 8-mm-diameter tube. Flow volume rates were measured 10 times by 10 different operators and compared with time-collected flow volume rates. In vivo, internal and common carotid artery blood flow volumes were measured in 28 volunteers by 2 operators using a FlowGuard device (Biosonix Ltd). Internal and common carotid artery diameters and blood flow volumes were also assessed by Duplex sonography and compared with FlowGuard measurements. In 10 volunteers, internal carotid artery blood flow volume changes in response to monitored breath manipulations were recorded. RESULTS: In vitro, intraoperator variability was 4.04% (range, 2%-5.7%). The mean error rate +/- SD was 3.54% +/- 0.8% (range, 2.7%-5.2%). In vivo, the mean common carotid artery blood flow volume was 456 +/- 39 mL/min (range, 417-583 mL/min) with a mean diameter of 6.7 +/- 0.7 mm (range, 5.8-8.7 mm). The mean internal carotid artery blood flow volume was 277 +/- 25 mL/min (range, 239-338 mL/min) with a mean diameter of 5 +/- 0.5 mm (range, 4.1-6.1 mm). No significant difference was found between operators. Internal carotid artery diameter and blood flow volume measured by the FlowGuard were closely correlated with the results of Duplex sonography. Repeated shifts of end-tidal CO2 induced reproducible changes in internal carotid artery flow volume: 187.5 +/- 18.1 mL/min at 26.8 +/- 1.9 mm Hg and 382.1 +/- 18.2 mL/min at 47 +/- 2.2 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: The FlowGuard showed that volume flow studies in the internal carotid artery could be easily performed, with results compatible with those of previous clinical reports. Duplex comparative results and breath-induced changes in internal carotid artery flow volume justify further evaluation of the system.