Examining More Lymph Nodes May Improve the Prognosis of Patients With Right Colon Cancer: Determining the Optimal Minimum Lymph Node Count.

OBJECTIVES: The objective is to determine the optimal minimum lymph node examination number for right colon cancer (RCC) patients. METHODS: We comprehensively analysed the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database data from 2004 to 2016 to determine the 13-year trend in the number of lymph nodes examined among 108,703 left colon cancer and 165,937 RCC patients. 133,137 RCC patients eligible for inclusion were used to determine the optimal minimum for lymph node examination. We used restricted cubic splines to analyse the dose-response relationship between the number of lymph nodes examined and prognosis. X-tiles and decision trees were used to determine the optimal cutoff for the number of lymph nodes based on the survival outcomes of patients with RCC. The Kaplan-Meier method and COX model were used to estimate the overall survival and independent prognostic factors, and a prediction model was constructed. The C-index, calibration curve, net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were used to determine the predictive performance of the model, and decision curve analysis was used to evaluate the benefits. RESULTS: Lymph node examinations were common among colon cancer patients over the 13-year study period. It is generally agreed that at least 12 lymph nodes must be examined to ensure proper dissection and accurate staging of RCC; however, the optimal number of lymph nodes to be examined is controversial. The dose-response relationship indicated that 12 was not the optimal minimum number of lymph nodes for RCC patients. X-tile and survival decision-tree analysis indicated that 20 nodes was the optimal number. Survival analysis indicated that <20 nodes examined was a risk factor for poor prognosis, and the classification performance was superior for 20 nodes compared to 12 nodes. CONCLUSION: Lymph node examination in RCC patients should be altered. Our research suggests that a 20-node measure may be more suitable for RCC patients.

Competitive Risk Analysis of Prognosis in Patients With Cecum Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: The presence of competing risks means that the results obtained using the classic Cox proportional-hazards model for the factors affecting the prognosis of patients diagnosed with cecum cancer (CC) may be biased. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish a competitive risk model for patients diagnosed with CC to evaluate the relevant factors affecting the prognosis of patients, and to compare the results with the classical COX proportional risk model. METHODS: We extracted data on patients diagnosed with CC registered between 2004 and 2016 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The univariate analysis utilized the cumulative incidence function and Gray's test, while a multivariate analysis was performed using the Fine-Gray, cause-specific (CS), and Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS: The 54463 eligible patients diagnosed with CC included 24387 who died: 12087 from CC and 12300 from other causes. The multivariate Fine-Gray analysis indicated that significant factors affecting the prognosis of patients diagnosed with CC include: age, race, AJCC stage, differentiation grade, tumor size, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and regional lymph nodes metastasis. Due to the presence of competitive risk events, COX model results could not provide accurate estimates of effects and false-negative results occurred. In addition, COX model misestimated the direction of association between regional lymph node metastasis and cumulative risk of death in patients diagnosed with CC. Competitive risk models tend to be more advantageous when analyzing clinical survival data with multiple endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: The present study can help clinicians to make better clinical decisions and provide patients diagnosed with CC with better support.

Evidence for complex sources of persistent halogenated compounds in birds from the south China sea.

Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative brominated flame retardants (ABFRs), and dechlorane plus (DP), were analyzed in muscle of six bird species from the South China Sea. DDTs, with concentrations up to 19,000 ng/g lipid weight (lw), were the dominant contaminants contributing to 66-99% of PHCs in birds. Concentrations of PBDEs, ABFRs, and DP ranged from 1.1 to 130, 0.73-40, and 0.21-2.5 ng/g lw, respectively. Historically pollution of DDTs and flame retardants in surrounding Asian lands were the main sources for PHCs in birds. BDE 209 was the primary PBDE congener in all birds. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the main ABFRs. Anti-DP and p,p'-DDE were the dominating compounds of DP and DDTs, respectively. Only concentrations of BDEs 153, 203, 196, and 207, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD showed significant and positive correlations with δ15N values in samples. The resident birds, red-footed booby (Sula sula), had much lower levels of p,p'-DDE and most of PBDEs than those in migratory birds from the South China Sea. Results of stable isotope ratios of carbon suggest the highly variable food items for the five migratory bird species. The abundance of DBDPE in red-footed booby might be related with the ingestion of plastic debris, which still warrants further verification.

Clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid status in ocular syphilis in HIV-Negative patients.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis with ocular involvement has reemerged as a critical health problem. The aim of the present study was to explore the clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) status in ocular syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients. METHODS: The clinical records of patients with ocular syphilis presenting to the Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital in the period from January 2011 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The median age of 25 HIV-negative patients with ocular syphilis was 53 years, 18 patients (72.0 %) were males and 7 (28.0 %) were females. None of them self-identified themselves as men who had sex with men (MSM). The ocular lesions included: uveitis (13 cases), optic neuropathy (6 cases), retinal vasculitis (5 cases), retinal detachment (3 cases), and neuroretinitis (4 cases). Serum toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) titer ranged from 1 to 512, with a median of 64. Overall, 18 (72.0 %) of the 25 patients had abnormal CSF results, 15 (60.0 %) CSF samples had elevated white blood cell counts, 13 (52.0 %) had elevated protein levels, and 9 (36.0 %) had reactive CSF Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, respectively. Mann-Whitney U tests showed higher serum TRUST titer (>32) correlated with the abnormal CSF results. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic characteristics of patients with ocular syphilis in this study were different from previous reports. The study showed a high CSF abnormal rate in HIV-negative patients. The recommendation for CSF examination from all patients with ocular syphilis, including HIV-negative cases, is strongly supported by the present data.

[Probe into monitoring mechanism of Chinese materia medica resources].

Focusing on the problems of Chinese materia medica resources,and combining with the national Chinese materia medica resources survey, the paper probes into monitoring mechanism of Chinese materia medica resources. The establishment of the monitoring mechanism needs one organization and management agencies to supervise and guide monitoring work, one network system to gather data information, a group of people to perform monitoring work, a system of technical methods to assure monitoring work scientific and practical, a series of achievements and products to figure out the methods for solving problems, a group of monitoring index system to accumulate basic data, and a plenty of funds to keep normal operation of monitoring work.

[Project design and implementation of the fourth national survey Chinese matiera medica resources].

The planning of the fourth national survey on Chinese materia medica resources shall follow the requirement of "carrying out the national survey on Chinese materia medica resources, strengthening the construction of Chinese materia medica resources monitoring and information network" which is according to the document issued by the State Council. Based on the responsibilities of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine which is "organizing the survey, promoting the resource-protection, keeping development and rational utilization", combined with the key problems that need to be solved in current medicinal industry, the related instructions issued by central leadership and the recommendations from NPC delegates, CPPCC members and experts, the planning shall make overall plans and top-level design for the new round of national survey on Chinese materia medica resources.

Observation of the clinical effect of immediate implantation and delayed implantation in the maxillary and maxillary molars.

Objective: To study the clinical application effect of two kinds of implants in the upper and lower molars. Methods: A selection of 120 patients (134 teeth) who underwent implant treatment in the upper and lower molars in the army hospital of the Chinese people's liberation army from January 2018 to June 2019 were divided into an immediate group (using immediate implantation) and a delayed group (using delayed implantation) using a random number table 60 cases (60 teeth) in each group; differences in implant success rate, buccal keratinized gingival width before and after treatment, alveolar bone absorption, periodontal pocket depth, and gingival aesthetic indicators were compared between the two groups. Results: The gingival aesthetics effect of the immediate group was better than that of the delayed group on the whole and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); after 12 months of restoration, the implantation success rate of the immediate group was 96.67%. The deferred group was 93.33%, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both delayed restoration and immediate implant restoration can achieve good results in implant restoration treatment in the maxillary and maxillary molars. However, immediate implantation has certain advantages in reducing the amount of alveolar bone absorption and maintaining the aesthetic effect of the gums.

Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implications for atmospheric transport under monsoon influences.

The seasonal monsoon variations have significant impact on the atmospheric transport of semi-volatile organic pollutants over the South China Sea (SCS). We analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over the basin and island areas (Yongxing Island and Yongshu Island) in 2017. Gaseous PAHs (0.17-1.4 ng m-3) showed spatio-temporal distinctions in their composition and sources among the basin and island areas. Mixed combustion sources of PAHs were identified over the SCS, including a petroleum source near the island areas. The transport routes of PAHs were inferred by the air mass back trajectories and potential source contribution factor analysis, identifying strong biomass burning signals from the Indochina Peninsula and other Southeast Asian countries. Emissions from approximately 90 % of the combustion sources were transported to basin areas by monsoons, whereas the island areas were dominated by local emissions. This study emphasizes the main potential terrestrial source of PAHs over the SCS under monsoon influences.

Worldwide long-term trends in the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease during 1990-2019: A joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was previously a neglected disease that is now becoming a worldwide pandemic. A better understanding of its incidence and long-term trends will help to increase public awareness of the disease and the development of future prevention strategies. Methods: The incidence rates of NAFLD during 1990-2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database according to the following parameters: sex, age, socio-demographic index, and geographical region. Estimated annual percentage changes and joinpoint models were used to assess the long-term trend of NAFLD, and an age-period-cohort model was used to assess the extents of the age, period, and cohort effects. Results: Adult males, postmenopausal females, Latin American populations, and people in developing countries had a high risk of developing NAFLD. The joinpoint model indicated a new trend of increasing NAFLD incidence in 2005. Age was a risk factor affecting NAFLD incidence, with this effect increasing in more-recent periods. Younger birth cohorts had lower risks of NAFLD. Conclusions: Recent prevention measures for NAFLD have achieved good initial results. However, it remains a high priority to increase the public awareness of this condition, develop its diagnostic criteria, identify cost-effective screening methods, and seek policy support to act against NAFLD, which will be a major public health problem in the future.

Semi-volatile organic compounds in fine particulate matter on a tropical island in the South China Sea.

Measurements of hazardous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in remote tropical regions are rare. In this study, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs)], organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS). The concentrations of PACs (median = 53.5 pg/m3) were substantially low compared with previous measurements. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model showed that the eastern and southern China was the main source region of PAC, occurring largely during the northeast (NE) monsoon. The PM2.5 showed remarkably high concentrations of OPEs (median = 3231 pg/m3) and moderate concentrations of PAEs (13,013 pg/m3). Some Southeast Asian countries were largely responsible for their higher concentrations, driven by the tropical SCS monsoons. We found significant atmospheric loss of the SVOCs, which is an explanation for the low concentrations of PACs. Enhanced formation of N/OPAHs originated from tropical regions was also observed. The positive matrix factorization model was applied to apportion the SVOC sources. The results, as well as correlation analyses of the SVOC concentrations, further indicate insignificant local sources and enhanced atmospheric reactions on this island.

Development and validation of nomogram for prediction of low birth weight: a large-scale cross-sectional study in northwest China.

BACKGROUND: Birth weight is closely related to infant survival and future health, growth and development. In developing countries, the incidence of low birth weight is twice as high as in developed countries. Due to the low economic and medical level in northwest China, the problem of low birth weight needs to be solved urgently. METHODS: We developed the predictive model based on data sets from a cross-sectional study conducted in northwest China, and data were collected from August 2013 to November 2013. A total of 27,233 patients were included in the study. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the optimal predictive characteristics among risk factors. The selected characteristics in the LASSO regression were used in multivariate logistic regression to build the prediction model. C-index and calibration plot were used to evaluate the degree of discrimination and calibration of the model. The decision curve is used to evaluate the net benefit rate of the application of the predictive tool. Bootstrapping validation was used for internal validation. RESULTS: Nomogram included gestational age, the sex of the attendance, the mother's education level, antenatal care, the mother's occupation, pregnancy-induced hypertension, family income, exposure to pesticides and nutritional supplements. The C-index of the predicted nomogram was 0.698(95% confidence interval: 0.671-0.725), C-index of internal verification was 0.694, indicating that the model had a good identification ability. Calibration plot showed that the model had good calibration. Decision curve indicated that patients with a threshold probability of low birth weight between 1% and 71% would benefit more from using the prediction tool. CONCLUSION: The use of this predictive model will contribute to clinicians and pregnant women to make personalized predictions easily and quickly so that early lifestyle detection and medical intervention can be undertaken by physicians and patients.

Dose-Response Association of Waist-to-Height Ratio Plus BMI and Risk of Depression: Evidence from the NHANES 05-16.

BACKGROUND: Obesity or underweight has been found to be associated with depression, but the relationship remains to be determined so that more precise prevention strategies can be implemented. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-height ratio (WHR) were used as indicators to study the dose-response relationship between depression and obesity or underweight. METHODS: We obtained basic information and disease-related data for 13,975 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016 dataset. The depressive status was determined based on the PHQ-9 scale (>4). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association and risk of BMI, WHTR and depressive status. Based on the results of logistic regression, the dose-response relationship between BMI, WHTR and depressive state was analyzed using restricted cubic splines (RCS). RESULTS: The adjusted model showed that compared with the fourth quartile (Q4) of BMI, the odds ratios (ORs) of depression for Q1, Q2 and Q3 were 0.63 (0.56-0.71), 0.61 (0.54-0.68) and 0.74 (0.66-0.82), and compared with the fourth quartile (Q4) of WHtR, the odds ratios (ORs) of depression for Q1, Q2 and Q3 were 0.55 (0.49-0.62), 0.57 (0.51-0.64) and 0.64 (0.57-0.71), respectively. The restricted cubic spline regression depicted a U-shaped dose-response relationship between continuous changes of obesity indicators and the risk of depression (P1, P2 < 0.001). When the participants' BMI reached approximately 25kg/m2 with the reference value of BMI was 18.5kg/m2, the risk of depression was minimized (OR=0.68, 95% Cl=0.56-0.83). When the WHtR reached approximately 0.52 with the reference value of WHtR was 0.40, the risk of depression was minimized (OR=0.69, 95% Cl=0.54-0.88). CONCLUSION: We found a significant U-shape correlation between BMI, WHtR and depression. People with slight overweight have the lowest risk of depression. However, according to the International Obesity standards, the population at these levels of weight may have an obesity-chronic disease risk, and this is not recommended.

A pan-cancer study of selenoprotein genes as promising targets for cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND: The most important health benefit of selenium (Se) is in the prevention and control of cancer. Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs) are selenoenzymes that are thought to play a role in oxidative stress. The differential expression of genes of the TXNRD and GPX families is closely related to carcinogenesis and the occurrence of cancer. This study comprehensively analyzed the expression profiles of seven genes in the TXNRD and GPX families, in terms of their correlations with patient survival and immune-cell subtypes, tumor microenvironment, and drug sensitivity. RESULTS: The expression profiles of genes in the TXNRD and GPX families differ between different types of cancer, and also between and within individual cancer cases. The expression levels of the seven analyzed genes are related to the overall survival of patients. The TXNRD1 and TXNRD3 genes are mainly related to poor prognoses, while other genes are related to good or poor prognoses depending on the type of cancer. All of the genes were found to be correlated to varying degrees with immune-cell subtypes, level of mechanistic cell infiltration, and tumor cell stemness. The TXNRD1, GPX1, and GPX2 genes may exert dual effects in tumor mutagenesis and development, while the TXNRD1, GPX1, GPX2, and GPX3 genes were found to be related to drug sensitivity or the formation of drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The results will greatly help in identifying the association between genes and tumorigenesis, especially in the immune response, tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance, and very important when attempting to identify new therapeutic targets.

Nomogram based on immune scores for predicting the survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between immune scores and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and construct a corresponding clinical prediction model. METHODS: The present research was a retrospective cohort study. We obtained the clinical information and immune scores of 137 patients with ESCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and a Cox proportional risk model was used to construct the clinical prediction model. The concordance index, receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to evaluate model performance and prediction accuracy. RESULTS: Patients with a high immune score (> -121.4) showed a worse prognosis than those with a low immune score (< -645.8; hazard ratio=3.743, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.385-10.115, P=0.009). The concordance index of the predictive model was 0.733 (95% CI=0.655-0.812). The calibration curve showed that the 3- and 5-year overall survival rates predicted by the model were highly consistent with the observed values. The NRI and IDI for the 3-year overall survival indicated that the model with the immune scores was superior for classifying the risk probability and distinguishing cases. CONCLUSION: Immune scores may be an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with ESCC.

A Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Role of Selenoprotein P mRNA in Tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) exhibits its anti-carcinogenic properties by regulating the redox system. However, the relationship between selenoprotein P (SeP), mRNA (SELENOP mRNA) and tumorigenesis remains unclear. Plasma SeP transports Se to various target tissues and has antioxidant characteristics. The present study aimed to explore the multifaceted pan-cancer properties of SELENOP in terms of its tissue-specific expression, prognostic value, immune function, and signaling pathway enrichment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The expression profile of SELENOP was determined in 33 tumor types and survival, pathway enrichment, and correlation analyses were conducted based on TCGA database. The relationship between SELENOP expression and immune infiltration and macrophage subtype gene markers was investigated using the TIMER and GEPIA. RESULTS: SELENOP gene expression was decreased in many cancer tissues, but was upregulated in brain lower grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, SELENOP expression was associated with a better prognosis in most cancers, but a poorer prognosis in LGG and uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC). Our results showed that SELENOP was correlated with infiltration level of six immune cell types, where SELENOP also showed a strong correlation with macrophages in some cancer types. However, we failed to determine macrophage polarization in 33 tumor types. SELENOP negatively regulated vascular endothelial cell proliferation in LGG and UCEC and epidermal cell differentiation in six tumor types. In contrast, upregulation was related to immune function, including T cell activation, B cell-mediated immunity, adaptive immune response and immune response regulation cell surface receptor signaling pathways in another six tumor types. CONCLUSION: These findings highlighted the tissue-specific expression, prognostic value and immune characteristics of SELENOP in pan-cancer, and provided insights for illustrating the role of SELENOP in tumorigenesis.

Potential application values of a marine red yeast, Rhodosporidiums sphaerocarpum YLY01, in aquaculture and tail water treatment assessed by the removal of ammonia nitrogen, the inhibition to Vibrio spp., and nutrient composition.

In recent years, marine red yeasts have been increasingly used as feed diets for larviculture of aquatic animals mainly due to their rich nutrition and immunopotentiation, however little attention is given to their other probiotic profits. In this study, a marine red yeast strain YLY01 was isolated and purified from farming water and it was identified as a member of Rhodosporidiums sphaerocarpum by the phylogeny based on 18S rDNA sequence. The strain YLY01 could effectively remove ammonia nitrogen from an initial 9.8 mg/L to 1.3 mg/L in 48 h when supplemented with slight yeast extract and glucose in water samples and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was up to 86%. Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) in experimental group incubated with the yeast YLY01 exhibited a higher survival rate than those in blank control group and positive control group challenged by Vibrio harveyi, and it manifested that the strain has high biosecurity to at least shrimps. The strain YLY01 could inhibit the growth of Vibrio cells when a small quantity of carbon source was added into farming water. In addition, a nutrition composition assay showed the contents of protein, fatty acids, and total carotenoids of the yeast YLY01 were 30.3%, 3.2%, and 1.2 mg/g of dry cell weight, respectively. All these results indicated that the marine red yeast YLY01 has a great potential to be used as a versatile probiotic in aquaculture and to be developed as a microbial agent for high-ammonia tail water treatment.

Tranexamic acid can treat ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs.

Exposure of human skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes erythema and pigmentation. Guinea pigs are recognized as having pigmentation similar to that of humans, after exposure to UV radiation. Recently, the curative effect of oral treatment of tranexamic acid in skin pigmentation was confirmed by many doctors in China. Our aim was to investigate the effects of tranexamic acid on pigmentation in the skin of guinea pigs exposed to UV irradiation and its possible mechanism. Guinea pigs were exposed to UVB radiation (60 min per day) for 30 days, skin pigmentation was clearly observed after that. 30 days later, tranexamic acid (5 mg/mL) was intradermally injected into the exposed regions every day after radiation to prevent or inhibit the pigmentation process. After 30 days the skin was removed and stained by HMB45 immunohistochemistry and the Masson Fontana-Ponceau method. HMB45 positive expression melanocytes in the basal layer of UV-exposed epidermis showed no significant differences in the regions to which tranexamic acid solutions had been applied compared with the control. But the melanin content was significantly reduced. We concluded that tranexamic acid has no effect on the number of melanocytes, it is likely that it affects the function of melanocytes, to inhibit the melanin expression in order to lighten moth patches.

An Intelligent Diagnosis Method of Brain MRI Tumor Segmentation Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network and SVM Algorithm.

Among the currently proposed brain segmentation methods, brain tumor segmentation methods based on traditional image processing and machine learning are not ideal enough. Therefore, deep learning-based brain segmentation methods are widely used. In the brain tumor segmentation method based on deep learning, the convolutional network model has a good brain segmentation effect. The deep convolutional network model has the problems of a large number of parameters and large loss of information in the encoding and decoding process. This paper proposes a deep convolutional neural network fusion support vector machine algorithm (DCNN-F-SVM). The proposed brain tumor segmentation model is mainly divided into three stages. In the first stage, a deep convolutional neural network is trained to learn the mapping from image space to tumor marker space. In the second stage, the predicted labels obtained from the deep convolutional neural network training are input into the integrated support vector machine classifier together with the test images. In the third stage, a deep convolutional neural network and an integrated support vector machine are connected in series to train a deep classifier. Run each model on the BraTS dataset and the self-made dataset to segment brain tumors. The segmentation results show that the performance of the proposed model is significantly better than the deep convolutional neural network and the integrated SVM classifier.

Bisphenol A and the Risk of Obesity a Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is suspected to be associated with several chronic metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to review previous epidemiological studies that examined the relationship between BPA exposure and the risk of obesity. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched by 2 independent investigators for articles published from the start of database coverage until January 1, 2020. Subsequently, the reference list of each relevant article was scanned for any other potentially eligible publications. We included observational studies published in English that measured urinary BPA. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the highest versus lowest level of BPA were calculated. Ten studies with a sample size from 888 to 4793 participants met our inclusion criteria. We found a positive correlation between the level of BPA and obesity risk. A dose-response analysis revealed that 1-ng/mL increase in BPA increased the risk of obesity by 11%. The similar results were for different type of obesity, gender, and age.

Occurrence of organic pollutants in plastics on beach: Stranded foams can be sources of pollutants in islands.

Increasing amount of plastic debris stranded on beach can introduce many foreign substances, including organic pollutants into island ecosystems. In the present study, stranded foams were collected from an island located in South China Sea, to investigate the levels and profiles of several flame retardants (FRs) and plasticizers, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), emerging brominated FRs, and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of PBDEs and OPEs in plastic debris ranged from not detected (ND, <0.60 ng/g) to 0.46 mg/g and from ND (<0.70 ng/g) to 17.3 mg/g, respectively. The high levels of PBDEs and OPEs were expected as the fact that PBDEs and OPEs were incorporated additives in plastics. OPEs were the main chemicals in most of foams. Brominated FRs dominated in some samples. Core and surface parts in foams had similar composition profiles of pollutants. Significantly higher concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were observed in surface samples than core samples (p < .05). TCEP and TPHP in foam surface seem to be from both incorporated additives and adsorbed chemicals from environmental matrices. The density of pollutants introduced by stranded foams in sampling area was estimated in comparison with air deposition of pollutants. The high loading of pollutants in stranded foams indicates that foams can be potential sources for organic pollutants, especially incorporated plastic additives, in islands.