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BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used as an anti-fibrinolytic drug for over half a century and has received much attention in recent decades. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of topical vs intravenous TXA in reducing blood loss and promoting wound healing in bone surgery. METHODS: From the electronic resources, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI, and Scopus were used to perform a literature search over the last 10 years between 2010 and 2020. EndNote™ X8 was used for managing the electronic resource. Searches were performed with mesh terms. The data were retracted blindly by two independent reviewers. Random effects were used to deal with potential heterogeneity and I 2 showed heterogeneity. Chi-square (I 2) tests were used to quantify the extent of heterogeneity (P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant). The efficacy of topical TXA in reducing blood loss and promoting wound healing in bone surgery was compared with intravenous TXA and placebo. RESULTS: According to the research design, 1360 potentially important research abstracts and titles were discovered in our electronic searches, and 18 papers remained in agreement with our inclusion criteria. It was found that TXA reduced 277.51 mL of blood loss compared to placebo, and there was no significant difference between topical TXA and IV TXA in reducing blood loss in bone surgery. Our analyses also showed that TXA significantly reduced blood transfusion compared to placebo and there was no significant difference between topical TXA and IV TXA. CONCLUSION: The use of both topical and intravenous TXA are equally effective in reducing blood loss in bone surgery, which might be beneficial for wound healing after surgery.
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Corni fructus, the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., has been used as a tonic for the kidney in China for thousands of years. Loganin is one of the major constituents derived from Corni fructus. In this study, we revealed the sedative and hypnotic activity of loganin and investigated its mechanisms for the first time. Pentobarbital-induced sleep test and insomnia mice models [induced by caffeine and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)] were used for the assessment of sedative and hypnotic effects of loganin. It was found that loganin (20-50 mg/kg) exerted sedative effect in normal mice. Loganin exhibited hypnotic effect by increasing sleep onset and sleep duration in pentobarbital-treated mice, recovering PCPA-induced insomnia and exerting synergistic hypnosis effect with 5-HTP. In addition, electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings of rats showed that loganin (35 mg/kg) prolonged the ratio of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and shortened wakefulness significantly, further immunohistochemistry showed that loganin (35 mg/kg) increased c-Fos expression in GABAergic neurons of rats in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). The levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite were measured in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice, 1 h after loganin (35 mg/kg) treatment. 5-HT, 5-HIAA/5-HT, DA, and DOPAC were decreased significantly in the prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, these results indicated that loganin produced beneficial sedative and hypnotic activity, which might be mainly mediated by modification of the serotonergic system and GABAergic neurons.
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Memory is known as a series of behavioral changes caused by an experience, while learning is a process for acquiring memory. In the present study, we suggested a new method (hexagonal maze) to evaluate the learning and memory of rats. For preliminary validation, the authors used the maze to carry out two classical experiments. At first, the performance of rats of various ages was observed in the maze. Additionally, after establishing the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation model using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), the authors also utilized a new experimental device to analyze learning and memory responses to REM sleep deprivation in rats. Behavior of the rats in the maze was recorded by a video recorder and was then quantified. According to the behavioral characteristics, rats of various ages showed differences in memory. Middle-aged male rats exhibited a higher level compared to the young (P<0.05) and the old group (P<0.01). The results also indicated that the ability of learning and memory showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) after REM sleep deprivation. These findings were consistent with those of several similar studies using one of the adopted procedures (Morris water maze, radial arm maze and the Y-maze). Based on the above-mentioned preliminary experiments, the introduction of a hexagonal maze may provide an applicable method for analyzing learning and memory of rat.