Gastroprotective effect of cirsilineol against hydrochloric acid/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats.

This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of cirsilineol in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Cirsilineol was administered at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg in HCl/ethanol-induced rats. The gastroprotective ability was verified by determining the ulcer score, total acidity, hemoglobin, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxides, and enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gastric tissue and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed a favorable increase in the hemoglobin level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), restored electrochemical balance (carbon dioxide & anion gap) while a noticeable decrease in ulcer index, total acidity, lipid peroxides, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1ß], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in rats treated with the cirsilineol. The serum biochemical analysis on liver markers (alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), kidney markers (urea, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein), and lipid profile (triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol) were attenuated by cirsilineol treatment in rats. Histopathology showed enhanced gastric protection and preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa upon cirsilineol administration. These results ultimately suggest that cirsilineol has gastroprotective effects that prevent the development of gastric ulcer.

Ginsenoside Rd therapy improves histological and functional recovery in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease.

Ginsenoside Rd (GRd) is a biologically active component of ginseng that stimulates the proliferation of endogenous stem cells. The objective of our research was to evaluate the utility of GRd in gastrointestinal mucosal regeneration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to clarify whether GRd exerts its pharmacological effects by modulating endogenous intestinal stem cells. The IBD rat model was established via subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg GRd or an equal volume of physiological saline was then administered orally to rats in different groups every day for seven consecutive days. We observed that GRd treatment, especially 20 mg/kg GRd, significantly reduced indomethacin-induced damage compared with that in the control group. By measuring the mRNA and protein levels of the intestinal stem cell markers Bmi and Msi-1 and the intestinal epithelial cell marker CDX-2 as well as by double-labelling these markers with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we inferred that GRd could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous intestinal stem cells in IBD model rats, leading to improved recovery of intestinal function.

Effects of silane hydrolysis time on the physicochemical properties of bioplastics based on starch and epoxidized soybean oil.

This work investigated the effects of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (APTES) hydrolysis time on the physicochemical properties of the resulting starch/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) bioplastics comprehensively. FTIR analysis confirmed that APTES hydrolyzed for 4 h had the best modification effect on starch. The results of XRD and TGA demonstrated the successful silylation of starch by APTES despite hydrolysis time. Silylation treatment reduced the thermal stability of starch slightly, but enhanced the thermal stability of the resultant bioplastics, revealing better interaction between silylated starch and ESO. The interfacial adhesion of starch and ESO in the bioplastics was obviously enhanced when APTES was hydrolyzed for 2-24 h. The bioplastics with APTES hydrolyzed for 2-4 h showed more desirable tensile properties as the silane hydrolysis was complete and self-condensation of hydrolyzed silanes was avoided. The bioplastics containing silylated starch still showed superior opacity and biodegradability.

[Effects of xinwei granule on STAT3 and p-STAT3 signal pathway in rats with precancerous lesion of gastric cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Xinwei Granule (XG) on signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) and tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) signal pathway in rats with precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma (PLGC). METHODS: Totally 96 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the blank control group (abbreviated as the blank group, n = 16) and the model group (n = 80). The PLGC rat model was established by complex pathogenic factors, in which methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was mainly used. After successful modeling, 75 rats randomly selected were divided into the model group, the Vitacoenzyme group, the low dose XG group, the middle dose XG group, and the high dose XG group, 15 in each group. Fifteen rats were randomly selected from the blank group, and fed with ordinary standard forage and administered with 10 mL/kg 0.9% sodium chloride by gastrogavage. XG at 1.254 g/kg, 2.508 g/kg, and 5.016 g/kg was respectively administered to rats in the three XG groups by gastrogavage. Rats in the model group were administered with 10 mL/kg 0.9% sodium chloride by gastrogavage. Vitacoenzyme was administered to rats in the Vitacoenzyme group. Vitacoenzyme Tablet was pulverized to prepare 0.1 g/mL 0.9% sodium chloride suspension and administered by gastrogavage. All the medication was performed once daily and continued for 12 weeks. The general conditions (including rats' fur, activity, food and water, excrement, body weight, and survival), the pathological changes in the gastric mucosa, as well as the expressions of STAT3 and p-STAT3 were observed. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group,the expression levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3 increased in the model group (P < 0.05). The general conditions, such as the activity, food and water intake, and body weight were improved in each XG group. Compared with the model group, the expressions of STAT3 and p-STAT3 decreased in each XG group with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The occurrence of PLGC, i.e., intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) significantly decreased with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the Vitacoenzyme group, the occurrence of IM and DYS significantly decreased in the middle and high dose XG groups, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). The expressions of STAT3 and p-STAT3 decreased more significantly in the middle and high dose XG groups, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: XG could obviously improve the pathological conditions of gastric mucosa in rats with PLGC. It could fight against the progress of PLGC by down-regulating the expressions of STAT3 mRNA and p-STAT3.

Inflammasome and pyroptosis in autoimmune liver diseases.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are the four main forms of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), which are all defined by an aberrant immune system attack on the liver. Most previous studies have shown that apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of hepatocyte death in AILDs. Recent studies have reported that inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is critical for the inflammatory response and severity of liver injury in AILDs. This review summarizes our present understanding of inflammasome activation and function, as well as the connections among inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and AILDs, thus highlighting the shared features across the four disease models and gaps in our knowledge. In addition, we summarize the correlation among NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the liver-gut axis, liver injury, and intestinal barrier disruption in PBC and PSC. We summarize the differences in microbial and metabolic characteristics between PSC and IgG4-SC, and highlight the uniqueness of IgG4-SC. We explore the different roles of NLRP3 in acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury, as well as the complex and controversial crosstalk between various types of cell death in AILDs. We also discuss the most up-to-date developments in inflammasome- and pyroptosis-targeted medicines for autoimmune liver disorders.

Development and validation of a blood routine-based extent and severity clinical decision support tool for ulcerative colitis.

Monitoring extent and severity is vital in the ulcerative colitis (UC) follow-up, however, current assessment is complex and low cost-effectiveness. We aimed to develop a routine blood-based clinical decision support tool, Jin's model, to investigate the extent and severity of UC. The multicentre retrospective cohort study recruited 975 adult UC inpatients and sub-grouped into training, internal validation and external validation set. Model was developed by logistics regression for the extent via Montreal classification and for the severity via Mayo score, Truelove and Witts score (TWS), Mayo endoscopic score (MES) and Degree of Ulcerative colitis Burden of Luminal Inflammation (DUBLIN) score. In Montreal classification, left-sided and extensive versus proctitis model achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.78 and 0.81 retrospectively. For severity, Mayo score model, TWS model, MES model and DUBLIN score model achieved an AUROC of 0.81, 0.70, 0.74 and 0.70 retrospectively. The models also were evaluated with satisfactory calibration and clinical unity. Jin's model was free with open access at http://jinmodel.com:3000/ . Jin's model is a noninvasive, convenient, and efficient approach to assess the extent and severity of UC.

Genetic evidence of the regulatory role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in articular chondrocyte maintenance in an experimental mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates the rate of differentiation of growth chondrocytes and is also expressed in articular chondrocytes. This study tested the hypothesis that PTHrP might have a regulatory role in articular chondrocyte maintenance. METHODS: Control sequences of growth differentiation factor 5 were used to delete PTHrP from articular chondrocytes in the mid-region of mouse articular cartilage. Mice with conditional deletion of PTHrP (knockout [KO]) and littermate control mice were evaluated for degenerative changes using both a time-course design and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) technique. A total histologic score of degenerative changes was determined for the femoral and tibial articular surfaces (total maximum score of 60). RESULTS: The time-course study revealed degenerative changes in only a minority of the KO mice. In the DMM model, male KO mice were highly susceptible to DMM-induced degenerative changes (mean ± SEM total histologic score 45 ± 2.7 in KO mice versus 23 ± 1.4 in controls; P < 0.0001 by Mann-Whitney U test), with virtually no overlap between groups. PTHrP normally functions in a feedback loop with Indian hedgehog (IHH), in which a reduction in one signaling partner induces a compensatory increase in the other. A number of phenotypic and functional markers were documented in KO mice to suggest that the IHH-PTHrP axis is capable of compensating in response to a partial Cre-driven PTHrP deletion, a finding that underscores the need to subject the mouse articular cartilage to a destabilizing challenge in order to elicit frankly degenerative findings. CONCLUSION: PTHrP may regulate articular chondrocyte maintenance in mice.

An atypical degenerative osteoarthropathy in Hyp mice is characterized by a loss in the mineralized zone of articular cartilage.

Patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) develop enthesophytes and osteophytes secondary to articular cartilage degeneration and together are the primary cause of morbidity in adult patients so afflicted. We have previously characterized the enthesopathy in Hyp mice, a murine model of XLH. We now extend these studies to the synovial joint in order to characterize potential cellular changes in articular cartilage that may predispose patients to the osteoarthropathy of XLH. We report that, despite highly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase activity throughout articular cartilage, there is a complete loss in the mineralized zone of articular cartilage as assessed by von Kossa staining of mineral and as quantified by EPIC-microCT analysis and evidence of vascular invasion. We also identify the downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) factors identified as regulators of terminally differentiated mineralizing articular chondrocytes. There is also a striking increase in the histochemical staining of sulfated proteoglycans, a change that may reflect the loss of a transitional tissue that reduces mechanical stress at the interface between cartilage and subchondral bone. The failure of mineralizing articular chondrocytes to develop in the hypophosphatemic state suggests that phosphate may be a key regulator of chondrocyte mineralization. Accordingly, we find that the appropriate zonal arrangement and phenotypic markers of articular cartilage are significantly reestablished by phosphate-replacement therapy. Given the turnover and maintenance of articular cartilage ECM, the identification of early and abnormal cellular changes unique to XLH will undoubtedly aid in a more effective management of this disease to minimize the onset of degenerative osteoarthropathy.

Survey of the enthesopathy of X-linked hypophosphatemia and its characterization in Hyp mice.

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by rickets and osteomalacia as a result of an inactivating mutation of the PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) gene. PHEX encodes an endopeptidase that, when inactivated, results in elevated circulating levels of FGF-23, a novel phosphate-regulating hormone (a phosphatonin), thereby resulting in increased phosphate excretion and impaired bone mineralization. A generalized and severe mineralizing enthesopathy in patients with XLH was first reported in 1985; we likewise report a survey in which we found evidence of enthesopathy in fibrocartilaginous insertion sites, as well as osteophyte formation, in the majority of patients. Nonetheless, there has been very little focus on the progression and pathogenesis underlying the paradoxical heterotopic calcification of tendon and ligament insertion sites. Such studies have been hampered by lack of a model of mineralizing enthesopathy. We therefore characterized the involvement of the most frequently targeted fibrocartilaginous tendon insertion sites in Hyp mice, a murine model of the XLH mutation that phenocopies the human syndrome in every detail including hypophosphatemia and elevated FGF-23. Histological examination of the affected entheses revealed that mineralizing insertion sites, while thought to involve bone spur formation, were not due to bone-forming osteoblasts but instead to a significant expansion of mineralizing fibrocartilage. Our finding that enthesis fibrocartilage cells specifically express fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Klotho suggests that the high circulating levels of FGF-23, characteristic of XLH and Hyp mice, may be part of the biochemical milieu that underlies the expansion of mineralizing enthesis fibrocartilage.

IGF-1 stimulates de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by Schwann cells during myelination.

Schwann cell (SC) differentiation to the myelinating phenotype is characterized by the elaboration of a lipid-rich membrane and the expression of myelin-specific proteins. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been identified as a growth factor that stimulates the early events of myelination in SCs that signals via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Given the role of IGF-1 in promoting myelination, we performed studies to determine if the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway was a target of IGF-1 signaling in the formation of myelin membrane in dorsal root ganglion neuron/Schwann cell (DRG/SC) cocultures. We report that the fatty acid profile of lipid extracts of cocultures treated with IGF-1 match that reported for native myelin membrane by electrospray mass spectroscopy analysis. We also demonstrate de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in response to IGF-1 treatment in DRG/SC cocultures metabolically labeled with (13)C-acetate as a carbon source for fatty acid synthesis. Consistent with this finding, Western blot analysis of lysates from both cocultures and purified SCs reveal that IGF-1 stimulates two key fatty acid synthesizing enzymes. Additionally, we show that stimulation of fatty acid synthesizing enzymes is mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We also show that the fatty acid synthesizing enzymes and associated signaling pathways are elevated during the period of myelin membrane formation in sciatic nerve. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IGF-1 plays an important regulatory function during myelin membrane formation.

Induction of parathyroid hormone-related peptide following peripheral nerve injury: role as a modulator of Schwann cell phenotype.

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is widely distributed in the rat nervous system, including the peripheral nervous system, where its function is unknown. PTHrP mRNA expression has recently been shown to be significantly elevated following axotomy of sympathetic ganglia, although the role of PTHrP was not investigated. The role of PTHrP in peripheral nerve injury was investigated in this study using the sciatic nerve injury model and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explant model of nerve regeneration. We find that PTHrP is a constitutively secreted peptide of proliferating Schwann cells and that the PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) mRNA is expressed in isolated DRG and in sciatic nerve. Using the sciatic nerve injury model, we show that PTHrP is significantly upregulated in DRG and in sciatic nerve. In addition, in situ hybridization revealed significant localization of PTHrP mRNA to Schwann cells in the injured sciatic nerve. We also find that PTHrP causes a dramatic increase in the number of Schwann cells that align with and bundle regrowing axons in explants, characteristic of immature, dedifferentiated Schwann cells. In addition to stimulating migration of Schwann cells along the axonal membrane, PTHrP also stimulates migration on a type 1 collagen matrix. Furthermore, treatment of purified Schwann cell cultures with PTHrP results in the rapid phosphorylation of the cAMP response element protein, CREB. We propose that PTHrP acts by promoting the dedifferentiation of Schwann cells, a critical requirement for successful nerve regeneration and an effect consistent with known PTHrP functions in other cellular differentiation programs.