Effect of Cangrelor on Infarct Size in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated By Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (The PITRI Trial).

Background: The administration of intravenous cangrelor at reperfusion achieves faster onset of platelet P2Y12 inhibition than oral ticagrelor and has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size in the pre-clinical setting. We hypothesized that the administration of cangrelor at reperfusion will reduce MI size and prevent microvascular obstruction (MVO) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods: This was a Phase 2, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial conducted between November 2017 to November 2021 in six cardiac centers in Singapore (NCT03102723). Patients were randomized to receive either cangrelor or placeboinitiated prior to the PPCI procedure on top of oral ticagrelor. The key exclusion criteria included: presenting <6 hours of symptom onset, prior MI and stroke or transient ischemic attack; on concomitant oral anticoagulants; and a contraindication for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The primary efficacy endpoint was acute MI size by CMR within the first week expressed as percentage of the left ventricle mass ( %LVmass). MVO was identified as areas of dark core of hypoenhancement within areas of late gadolinium enhancement. The primary safety endpoint was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC)-defined major bleeding in the first 48 hours. Continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U test [reported as median (1st quartile- 3rd quartile)] and categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test. A 2-sided P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 209 recruited patients, 164 patients (78% ) completed the acute CMR scan. There were no significant differences in acute MI size [placebo: 14.9 (7.3 - 22.6) %LVmass versus cangrelor: 16.3 (9.9 - 24.4)%LVmass, P=0.40] or the incidence [placebo: 48% versus cangrelor: 47%, P=0.99] and extent of MVO [placebo:1.63 (0.60 - 4.65)%LVmass versus cangrelor: 1.18 (0.53 - 3.37)%LVmass, P=0.46] between placebo and cangrelor despite a two-fold decrease in platelet reactivity with cangrelor. There were no BARC-defined major bleeding events in either group in the first 48 hours. Conclusions: Cangrelor administered at time of PPCI did not reduce acute MI size or prevent MVO in STEMI patients given oral ticagrelor despite a significant reduction of platelet reactivity during the PCI procedure.

Protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial of a stepped-care intervention for emergency department patients with panic-related anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 40% of Emergency Department (ED) patients with chest pain meet diagnostic criteria for panic-related anxiety, but only 1-2% are correctly diagnosed and appropriately managed in the ED. A stepped-care model, which focuses on providing evidence-based interventions in a resource-efficient manner, is the state-of-the art for treating panic disorder patients in medical settings such as primary care. Stepped-care has yet to be tested in the ED setting, which is the first point of contact with the healthcare system for most patients with panic symptoms. METHODS: This multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to evaluate the clinical, patient-centred, and economic effectiveness of a stepped-care intervention in a sample of 212 patients with panic-related anxiety presenting to the ED of Singapore's largest public healthcare group. Participants will be randomly assigned to either: 1) an enhanced care arm consisting of a stepped-care intervention for panic-related anxiety; or 2) a control arm consisting of screening for panic attacks and panic disorder. Screening will be followed by baseline assessments and blocked randomization in a 1:1 ratio. Masked follow-up assessments will be conducted at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Clinical outcomes will be panic symptom severity and rates of panic disorder. Patient-centred outcomes will be health-related quality of life, daily functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, and health services utilization. Economic effectiveness outcomes will be the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the stepped-care intervention relative to screening alone. DISCUSSION: This trial will examine the impact of early intervention for patients with panic-related anxiety in the ED setting. The results will be used to propose a clinically-meaningful and cost-effective model of care for ED patients with panic-related anxiety. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03632356. Retrospectively registered 15 August 2018.

Advantage of Using of High-Sensitivity Troponin I Compared to Conventional Troponin I in Shortening Time to Rule out/in Acute Coronary Syndrome in Chest Pain Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department.

Background and Objectives: We aimed to compare the time to diagnosis for acute coronary syndromes using high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and conventional troponin I (TnI) in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain. Materials and Methods: This was an observational prospective study involving patients presenting to the ED of Sant'Andrea Hospital University la Sapienza in Rome (Italy) with chest pain from January to December 2014. Serum troponin was drawn at presentation, and at 3, 6, 9, and/or 12 h if clinically indicated. Depending on date of recruitment, patients had either hsTnI (Abbott Laboratories) or TnI (Abbott Laboratories) performed. The primary endpoint was the time to diagnosis at index visit. Results: A total of 1059 patients were recruited, (673 [63.6%] male, median age 60 years [interquartile range 49−73 years]), out of whom 898 (84.8%) patients were evaluated with hsTnI and 161 (15.2%) with TnI. A total of 393 (37.1%) patients had the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in ED. The median time to diagnosis for those evaluated with TnI was 400 min, IQR 120−720 min, while the use of hsTnI led to a significantly shorter time to diagnosis (median 200 min, IQR 100−200 min, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study confirms that in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain, the use of hsTnI is associated with a reduced time to ruling in/out ACS, and, consequently, hsTnI should be routinely used over TnI for more rapid identification of ACS with benefits for patients and related costs.

Adult Basic Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations.

This 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations on basic life support summarizes evidence evaluations performed for 22 topics that were prioritized by the Basic Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. The evidence reviews include 16 systematic reviews, 5 scoping reviews, and 1 evidence update. Per agreement within the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, new or revised treatment recommendations were only made after a systematic review. Systematic reviews were performed for the following topics: dispatch diagnosis of cardiac arrest, use of a firm surface for CPR, sequence for starting CPR (compressions-airway-breaths versus airway-breaths-compressions), CPR before calling for help, duration of CPR cycles, hand position during compressions, rhythm check timing, feedback for CPR quality, alternative techniques, public access automated external defibrillator programs, analysis of rhythm during chest compressions, CPR before defibrillation, removal of foreign-body airway obstruction, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, drowning, and harm from CPR to victims not in cardiac arrest. The topics that resulted in the most extensive task force discussions included CPR during transport, CPR before calling for help, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, feedback for CPR quality, and analysis of rhythm during chest compressions. After discussion of the scoping reviews and the evidence update, the task force prioritized several topics for new systematic reviews.

Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports: Update of the Utstein Resuscitation Registry Template for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Consensus Report From a Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa, Resuscitation Council of Asia).

Utstein-style reporting templates provide a structured framework with which to compare systems of care for cardiac arrest. The 2004 Utstein reporting template encompassed both out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest. A 2015 update of the Utstein template focused on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, which makes this update of the in-hospital template timely. Representatives of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation developed an updated in-hospital Utstein reporting template iteratively by meeting face-to-face, by teleconference, and by online surveys between 2013 and 2018. Data elements were grouped by hospital factors, patient variables, pre-event factors, cardiac arrest and postresuscitation processes, and outcomes. Elements were classified as core or supplemental by use of a modified Delphi process. Variables were described as core if they were considered essential. Core variables should enable reasonable comparisons between systems and are considered essential for quality improvement programs. Together with core variables, supplementary variables are considered useful for research.

The Asia-Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) Expert Committee Consensus Recommendations for Assessment of Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in the Emergency Department.

The Asia-Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) consensus recommendations and rapid algorithm were developed to provide guidance for healthcare professionals in the Asia-Pacific region on assessing patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using a hs-TnT assay. Experts from Asia-Pacific convened in 2 meetings to develop evidence-based consensus recommendations and an algorithm for appropriate use of the hs-TnT assay. The Expert Committee defined a cardiac troponin assay as a high-sensitivity assay if the total imprecision is ≤10% at the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit and measurable concentrations below the 99th percentile are attainable with an assay at a concentration value above the assay's limit of detection for at least 50% of healthy individuals. Recommendations for single-measurement rule-out/rule-in cutoff values, as well as for serial measurements, were also developed. The Expert Committee also adopted similar hs-TnT cutoff values for men and women, recommended serial hs-TnT measurements for special populations, and provided guidance on the use of point-of-care troponin T devices in individuals suspected of ACS. These recommendations should be used in conjunction with all available clinical evidence when making the diagnosis of ACS.

Heart rate n-variability (HRnV) and its application to risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain is one of the most common complaints among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Causes of chest pain can be benign or life threatening, making accurate risk stratification a critical issue in the ED. In addition to the use of established clinical scores, prior studies have attempted to create predictive models with heart rate variability (HRV). In this study, we proposed heart rate n-variability (HRnV), an alternative representation of beat-to-beat variation in electrocardiogram (ECG), and investigated its association with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in ED patients with chest pain. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from the ED of a tertiary hospital in Singapore between September 2010 and July 2015. Patients > 20 years old who presented to the ED with chief complaint of chest pain were conveniently recruited. Five to six-minute single-lead ECGs, demographics, medical history, troponin, and other required variables were collected. We developed the HRnV-Calc software to calculate HRnV parameters. The primary outcome was 30-day MACE, which included all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between individual risk factors and the outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the HRnV model (based on leave-one-out cross-validation) against other clinical scores in predicting 30-day MACE. RESULTS: A total of 795 patients were included in the analysis, of which 247 (31%) had MACE within 30 days. The MACE group was older, with a higher proportion being male patients. Twenty-one conventional HRV and 115 HRnV parameters were calculated. In univariable analysis, eleven HRV and 48 HRnV parameters were significantly associated with 30-day MACE. The multivariable stepwise logistic regression identified 16 predictors that were strongly associated with MACE outcome; these predictors consisted of one HRV, seven HRnV parameters, troponin, ST segment changes, and several other factors. The HRnV model outperformed several clinical scores in the ROC analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The novel HRnV representation demonstrated its value of augmenting HRV and traditional risk factors in designing a robust risk stratification tool for patients with chest pain in the ED.

Performance of cardiac troponins within the HEART score in predicting major adverse cardiac events at the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the performance of a single blood draw of high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and conventional troponin I (cTnI) within a modified HEART score for predicting 30-day MACE at Emergency Department (ED) presentation, and established local reference norms for all three assays by determining the cut-off point which yielded the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value for acute myocardial infarction and 30-day MACE. METHODS: This single-center prospective cohort study recruited chest pain patients at the ED, whose hsTnT, hsTnI and cTnI were taken on admission. Subjects were classified into low and non-low risk group according to their modified HEART score, with MACE as the primary endpoint. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated, area under the curves (AUCs) were calculated; the performance characteristics were determined. RESULTS: The performance of modified HEART scores was comparable among the three assays for 30-day MACE (84.9-87.0% sensitivity, 95.6-96.0% NPV, 95%CI) and none of these had very high AUC and specificity (AUC 0.70-0.71, 53.7-56.7% specificity, 95% CI). The modified HEART score using a single blood draw of either hsTnT (3.9ng/L), hsTnI (0.9ng/L) or cTnI (0.0ng/L) at presentation yielded a sensitivity of 100% for 30-day MACE. CONCLUSION: The modified HEART score using a single blood draw of either hsTnT, hsTnI or cTnI was equally effective in risk-stratifying chest pain patients for safe discharge. The theoretical cut-off points yielding 100% sensitivity are potentially useful (when achieved) for safely discharging low risk patients with undifferentiated chest pain in the ED.

ILCOR Scientific Knowledge Gaps and Clinical Research Priorities for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: A Consensus Statement.

Despite significant advances in the field of resuscitation science, important knowledge gaps persist. Current guidelines for resuscitation are based on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations, which includes treatment recommendations supported by the available evidence. The writing group developed this consensus statement with the goal of focusing future research by addressing the knowledge gaps identified during and after the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation evidence evaluation process. Key publications since the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations are referenced, along with known ongoing clinical trials that are likely to affect future guidelines.

2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary.

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a near-continuous review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation science that replaces the previous 5-year cyclic batch-and-queue approach process. This is the first of an annual series of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations summary articles that will include the cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in the previous year. The review this year includes 5 basic life support and 1 pediatric Consensuses on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Each of these includes a summary of the science and its quality based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force members are provided in Values and Preferences sections. Finally, the task force members have prioritized and listed the top 3 knowledge gaps for each population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question.

Part 3: Adult Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations.

This review comprises the most extensive literature search and evidence evaluation to date on the most important international BLS interventions, diagnostics, and prognostic factors for cardiac arrest victims. It reemphasizes that the critical lifesaving steps of BLS are (1) prevention, (2) immediate recognition and activation of the emergency response system, (3) early high-quality CPR, and (4) rapid defibrillation for shockable rhythms. Highlights in prevention indicate the rational and judicious deployment of search-and-rescue operations in drowning victims and the importance of education on opioid-associated emergencies. Other 2015 highlights in recognition and activation include the critical role of dispatcher recognition and dispatch-assisted chest compressions, which has been demonstrated in multiple international jurisdictions with consistent improvements in cardiac arrest survival. Similar to the 2010 ILCOR BLS treatment recommendations, the importance of high quality was reemphasized across all measures of CPR quality: rate, depth, recoil, and minimal chest compression pauses, with a universal understanding that we all should be providing chest compressions to all victims of cardiac arrest. This review continued to focus on the interface of BLS sequencing and ensuring high-quality CPR with other important BLS interventions, such as ventilation and defibrillation. In addition, this consensus statement highlights the importance of EMS systems, which employ bundles of care focusing on providing high-quality chest compressions while extricating the patient from the scene to the next level of care. Highlights in defibrillation indicate the global importance of increasing the number of sites with public-access defibrillation programs. Whereas the 2010 ILCOR Consensus on Science provided important direction for the "what" in resuscitation (ie, what to do), the 2015 consensus has begun with the GRADE methodology to provide direction for the quality of resuscitation. We hope that resuscitation councils and other stakeholders will be able to translate this body of knowledge of international consensus statements to build their own effective resuscitation guidelines.

Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update of the Utstein Resuscitation Registry Templates for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa, Resuscitation Council of Asia); and the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation.

Utstein-style guidelines contribute to improved public health internationally by providing a structured framework with which to compare emergency medical services systems. Advances in resuscitation science, new insights into important predictors of outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and lessons learned from methodological research prompted this review and update of the 2004 Utstein guidelines. Representatives of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation developed an updated Utstein reporting framework iteratively by meeting face to face, by teleconference, and by Web survey during 2012 through 2014. Herein are recommendations for reporting out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data elements were grouped by system factors, dispatch/recognition, patient variables, resuscitation/postresuscitation processes, and outcomes. Elements were classified as core or supplemental using a modified Delphi process primarily based on respondents' assessment of the evidence-based importance of capturing those elements, tempered by the challenges to collect them. New or modified elements reflected consensus on the need to account for emergency medical services system factors, increasing availability of automated external defibrillators, data collection processes, epidemiology trends, increasing use of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emerging field treatments, postresuscitation care, prognostication tools, and trends in organ recovery. A standard reporting template is recommended to promote standardized reporting. This template facilitates reporting of the bystander-witnessed, shockable rhythm as a measure of emergency medical services system efficacy and all emergency medical services system-treated arrests as a measure of system effectiveness. Several additional important subgroups are identified that enable an estimate of the specific contribution of rhythm and bystander actions that are key determinants of outcome.

Compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation in improving bystanders' cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been advocated as a preferable approach for bystanders in an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) event as it has been associated with an increased chance of survival. The elimination of mouth-to-mouth ventilation also addresses some of the barriers to performing CPR. The aim of this study is to undertake a literature review investigating the effectiveness of compression-only CPR in improving rescuers' CPR performance when compared with standard CPR. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed from January 2003 to January 2014, to include research studies that compared compression-only CPR with standard CPR on participants above the age of 21, and reported quality of CPR performance as the primary outcome. FINDINGS: Of the 3004 articles retrieved, 16 met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed studies revealed that compression-only CPR requires a shorter time to initiate CPR and delivers a higher number of total compressions. The depth of compressions in compression-only CPR performed may be shallower than that of standard CPR due to greater rescuer fatigue. It therefore remains inconclusive if compression-only CPR can deliver a higher number of adequate compressions over extended periods of time. It is also unclear if simplified CPR can improve skill retention level in the long run. CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to determine whether compression-only CPR can indeed help improve rescuers' CPR performance. Future research efforts, together with resuscitation policy and practice implications, are needed to further improve rescuers' CPR performance with the ultimate goal to enhance OHCA survival rates.

Prehospital Trauma Care in Singapore.

Prehospital emergency care in Singapore has taken shape over almost a century. What began as a hospital-based ambulance service intended to ferry medical cases was later complemented by an ambulance service under the Singapore Fire Brigade to transport trauma cases. The two ambulance services would later combine and come under the Singapore Civil Defence Force. The development of prehospital care systems in island city-state Singapore faces unique challenges as a result of its land area and population density. This article defines aspects of prehospital trauma care in Singapore. It outlines key historical milestones and current initiatives in service, training, and research. It makes propositions for the future direction of trauma care in Singapore. The progress Singapore has made given her circumstances may serve as lessons for the future development of prehospital trauma systems in similar environments. Key words: Singapore; trauma; prehospital emergency care; emergency medical services.

Predictors of major adverse cardiac events among patients with chest pain and low HEART score in the emergency department.

AIM: For patients who present to the emergency departments (ED) with undifferentiated chest pain, the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) may be underestimated in low-HEART score patients. We aimed to identify characteristics of patients who were classified as low risk by HEART score but subsequently developed MACE at 6 weeks. METHODS: We studied a multiethnic cohort of patients who presented with chest pain arousing suspicion of acute coronary syndrome to EDs in the Netherlands and Singapore. Patients were risk-stratified using HEART score and followed up for MACE at 6 weeks. Risk factors of developing MACE despite low HEART scores (scores 0-3) were identified using logistic and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Among 1376 (39.8%) patients with low HEART scores, 63 (4.6%) developed MACE at 6 weeks. More males (53/806, 6.6%) than females (10/570, 2.8%) with low HEART score developed MACE. There was no difference in outcomes between ethnic groups. Among low-HEART score patients with 2 points for history, 21% developed MACE. Among low-HEART score patients with 1 point for troponin, 50% developed MACE, while 100% of those with 2 points for troponin developed MACE. After adjusting for HEART score and potential confounders, male sex was independently associated with increased odds (OR 4.12, 95%CI 2.14-8.78) and hazards (HR 3.93, 95%CI 1.98-7.79) of developing MACE despite low HEART score. CONCLUSION: Male sex, highly suspicious history and elevated troponin were disproportionately associated with MACE. These characteristics should prompt clinicians to consider further investigation before discharge.

Stress myocardial perfusion imaging for the evaluation and triage of chest pain in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) often present atypically. In a randomized controlled trial, we studied whether adding stress myocardial perfusion imaging (SMPI) to an evaluation strategy for emergency department (ED) patients presenting with chest pain more effectively identifies patients with ACS. METHODS: Participants were randomized to standard ED chest pain protocol (clinical assessment) or standard protocol supplemented with SMPI results. During 6 hours of electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and serial cardiac markers (creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, troponin), participants developing ST segment changes or elevated cardiac markers were admitted. Those with a negative observation period underwent SMPI (N = 1,004) or clinical assessment (N = 504) based on randomization, and admitted if their SMPI scan was abnormal or senior clinicians found a high or intermediate risk for ACS. RESULTS: SMPI participants had a significantly lower admission rate than clinical assessment participants (10.16% vs 18.45%), with no significant between-group differences in risk of cardiac events (CEs) after 30 days (0.40% vs 0.79%) or 1 year (0.70% vs 0.99%). CONCLUSIONS: When added to a standard triage strategy incorporating clinical evaluation, serial ECGs, and cardiac markers, SMPI improved clinical decision making for chest pain patients, significantly reducing the need for hospitalization without an increase in adverse CE rates at 30 days or 1 year.

Residents' Report of COVID-19 Associated Training Disruptions, Stressors, and Opportunities During the Pandemic-The Singapore Experience.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted residency training. Several studies have been performed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on residency training in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-International (ACGME-I)-accredited institutions. However, these were either limited to certain specialties or failed to consider possible opportunities from the pandemic. Objective: To determine the stressors on residents as well as the opportunities that arose from the COVID-19 pandemic across multiple specialities in Singapore. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among SingHealth residents was conducted between July and September 2020. The survey assessed the balance between service and training during hospital postings, the pandemic's influence on examination and teaching, the psychological impact of the pandemic, the level of burnout, and the effect on morale of residents during the pandemic. Results: The response rate was 27.1% (253 of 934). Out of the 253 residents, 136 (53.8%) felt stressed during the pandemic. Concerns about family's health and safety pertaining to potential COVID-19 infection, progression in training, and completion of examinations were the top 3 stressors. One-hundred and three residents (40.7%) had their training disrupted either by being placed in an interim posting not part of their residency requirements or being deployed to care for patients with COVID-19. Although administrative support and information for virtual teaching were sufficient, only 108 (42.7%) agreed it had the same value as face-to-face sessions. Despite the challenges, 179 (70.8%) thought that experiencing this crisis provided more meaning in their career. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about challenges and learning opportunities for residents.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a biochemical marker for acute kidney injury and long-term outcomes in patients presenting to the emergency department.

Introduction: Creatinine has limitations in identifying and predicting acute kidney injury (AKI). Our study examined the utility of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in predicting AKI in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), and in predicting the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all-cause mortality at three months post visit. Methods: This is a single-centre prospective cohort study conducted at Singapore General Hospital (SGH). Patients presenting to SGH ED from July 2011 to August 2012 were recruited. They were aged ≥21 years, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and had congestive cardiac failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome or required hospital admission. AKI was diagnosed by researchers blinded to experimental measurements. Serum NGAL was measured as a point-of-care test. Results: A total of 784 patients were enrolled, of whom 107 (13.6%) had AKI. Mean serum NGAL levels were raised (P < 0.001) in patients with AKI (670.0 ± 431.9 ng/dL) compared with patients without AKI (490.3 ± 391.6 ng/dL). The sensitivity and specificity of NGAL levels >490 ng/dL for AKI were 59% (95% confidence interval [CI] 49%-68%) and 65% (95% CI 61%-68%), respectively. Need for RRT increased 21% per 100 ng/dL increase in NGAL (P < 0.001), whereas odds of death in three months increased 10% per 100 ng/dL increase in NGAL (P = 0.028). No clear relationship was observed between NGAL levels and MACE. Conclusion: Serum NGAL identifies AKI and predicts three-month mortality.

A 2-h diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms in the Asia-Pacific region (ASPECT): a prospective observational validation study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chest pain contribute substantially to emergency department attendances, lengthy hospital stay, and inpatient admissions. A reliable, reproducible, and fast process to identify patients presenting with chest pain who have a low short-term risk of a major adverse cardiac event is needed to facilitate early discharge. We aimed to prospectively validate the safety of a predefined 2-h accelerated diagnostic protocol (ADP) to assess patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: This observational study was undertaken in 14 emergency departments in nine countries in the Asia-Pacific region, in patients aged 18 years and older with at least 5 min of chest pain. The ADP included use of a structured pre-test probability scoring method (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] score), electrocardiograph, and point-of-care biomarker panel of troponin, creatine kinase MB, and myoglobin. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events within 30 days after initial presentation (including initial hospital attendance). This trial is registered with the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12609000283279. FINDINGS: 3582 consecutive patients were recruited and completed 30-day follow-up. 421 (11.8%) patients had a major adverse cardiac event. The ADP classified 352 (9.8%) patients as low risk and potentially suitable for early discharge. A major adverse cardiac event occurred in three (0.9%) of these patients, giving the ADP a sensitivity of 99.3% (95% CI 97.9-99.8), a negative predictive value of 99.1% (97.3-99.8), and a specificity of 11.0% (10.0-12.2). INTERPRETATION: This novel ADP identifies patients at very low risk of a short-term major adverse cardiac event who might be suitable for early discharge. Such an approach could be used to decrease the overall observation periods and admissions for chest pain. The components needed for the implementation of this strategy are widely available. The ADP has the potential to affect health-service delivery worldwide. FUNDING: Alere Medical (all countries), Queensland Emergency Medicine Research Foundation and National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Christchurch Cardio-Endocrine Research Group (New Zealand), Medquest Jaya Global (Indonesia), Science International (Hong Kong), Bio Laboratories Pte (Singapore), National Heart Foundation of New Zealand, and Progressive Group (Taiwan).

Examining the signs and symptoms experienced by individuals with suspected acute coronary syndrome in the Asia-Pacific region: a prospective observational study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether symptoms reported by patients presenting with possible acute coronary syndrome vary across different ethnic backgrounds. We also assess the predictive value of individual symptoms according to ethnic background. METHODS: The study used prospectively collected data on adult patients presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome to 12 emergency departments in the Asia-Pacific region. Trained research nurses collected data on ethnicity, type of pain, and associated symptoms, using a customized case report form. The primary endpoint was acute coronary syndrome within 30 days of presentation, as adjudicated by cardiologists using standardized guidelines. Logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship between ethnicity and symptom type and the predictive value of symptom type for acute coronary syndrome. RESULTS: Acute coronary syndrome was diagnosed in 358 (19.2%) of the 1,868 patients recruited. In comparison with white patients, Chinese patients were less likely to report atypical pain (odds ratio [OR]=0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2 to 0.34), exertional pain (OR=0.41; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.53), pleuritic pain (OR=0.26; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.35), pain on palpation (OR=0.31; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.49), nausea (OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.67), diaphoresis (OR=0.41; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.51), and shortness of breath (OR=0.59; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.73). The comparison of white with other ethnic groups yielded similar results. The predictive value of symptoms was similarly poor across different ethnic groups, with the notable exception of India, where typical pain was predictive of acute coronary syndrome (OR 8.82; 95% CI 2.19 to 35.48). CONCLUSION: There are cross-cultural differences in symptoms reported by patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Such differences are not likely to be clinically relevant because the majority of symptoms display limited diagnostic value for acute coronary syndrome.