ASK1 promotes apoptosis of normal and malignant plasma cells.

Although the overproduction of immunoglobulins by short-lived plasma cells accompanying an immune response links with their apoptosis, how long-lived plasma cells adapt to ensure their longevity in this context is obscure. Here, we show that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) contributes to apoptosis of plasma cells because ASK1 activity was induced during differentiation of short-lived plasma cells, and, when produced by ASK1-deficient mice, these cells survived better than those of control mice. Moreover, antigen-specific long-lived plasma cells generated by immunization accumulated in ASK1-deficient mice, suggesting ASK1 also plays a negative role in survival of long-lived plasma cells. In malignant plasma cells, ASK1 transcription was directly suppressed by B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). The expression of ASK1 and Blimp-1 showed an inverse correlation between normal human mature B cells and bone marrow plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Suppression of ASK1 is crucial for cell survival because its enforced expression in MM cells caused apoptosis in vitro and lowered MM load in a xenograft animal model; furthermore, alteration of ASK1 activity affected MM cell survival. Our findings indicate a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of survival in normal and malignant plasma cells by ASK1.

B4GALT1-dependent galectin-8 binding with TGF-ß receptor suppresses colorectal cancer progression and metastasis.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß signaling is critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Disruption of Smad-depednent TGF-ß signaling has been shown in CRC cells. However, TGF-ß receptor remains expressed on CRC cells. Here, we investigated whether the cooperation between tumor-associated N-glycosylation and a glycan-binding protein modulated the TGF-ß-driven signaling and metastasis of CRC. We showed that galectin-8, a galactose-binding lectin, hampered TGF-ß-induced EMT by interacting with the type II TGF-ß receptor and competing with TGF-ß binding. Depletion of galectin-8 promoted the migration of CRC cells by increasing TGF-ß-receptor-mediated RAS and Src signaling, which was attenuated after recombinant galectin-8 treatment. Treatment with recombinant galectin-8 also induces JNK-dependent apoptosis in CRC cells. The anti-migratory effect of galectin-8 depended on ß4-galactosyltransferase-I (B4GALT1), an enzyme involved in N-glycan synthesis. Increased B4GALT1 expression was observed in clinical CRC samples. Depletion of B4GALT1 reduced the metastatic potential of CRC cells. Furthermore, inducible expression of galectin-8 attenuated tumor development and metastasis of CRC cells in an intra-splenic injection model. Our results thus demonstrate that galectin-8 alters non-canonical TGF-ß response in CRC cells and suppresses CRC progression.

Involvement of histone demethylase LSD1 in Blimp-1-mediated gene repression during plasma cell differentiation.

Plasma cell differentiation is orchestrated by the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), which silences the gene expression program of mature B cells. The molecular mechanism underlying Blimp-1 suppression of mature B-cell gene expression is not fully understood. Here we report that a proline-rich domain in Blimp-1 directly interacts with LSD1, a histone lysine demethylase. Both LSD1 knockdown and expression of Blimp-1 lacking the proline-rich domain derepressed the activities of Blimp-1-dependent luciferase reporters. Disruption of the Blimp-1 interaction with LSD1 or reduced LSD1 expression attenuated antibody production, demonstrating the biological significance of this interaction. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that Blimp-1 binding to its target sites is accompanied by LSD1 binding to those same sites and that LSD1 binding correlates with histone modifications of accessible chromatin. These findings provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of the silencing of mature B-cell genes by Blimp-1 in plasma cell differentiation.

Induction of apoptosis in plasma cells by B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 knockdown.

B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is a transcriptional repressor that plays an important role during plasmacytic differentiation and is expressed in normal and transformed plasma cells. We here investigated the importance of continuous Blimp-1 expression. We found that knockdown of Blimp-1 expression by lentiviral vector-delivered short hairpin RNA causes apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines and plasmacytoma cells, indicating that continued expression of Blimp-1 is required for cell survival. We examined the mechanism underlying Blimp-1 knockdown-mediated apoptosis and found that the Blimp-1 knockdown neither reversed the phenotypic markers of plasma cells nor caused cell cycle arrest. Instead, our results show that knockdown of Blimp-1 induced the proapoptotic protein Bim, reduced the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3. We further link apoptosis in transformed plasma cells mediated by proteasome inhibitors, the effective therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma patients, with reduced expression of Blimp-1. Lastly, we show that Blimp-1-dependent cell survival may act downstream of IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) because IRF4 knockdown leads to down-regulation of Blimp-1 and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and plasmacytoma cells. Together, our data suggest that Blimp-1 ensures the survival of transformed plasma cells.