Extensive variation in germline de novo mutations in Poecilia reticulata.

The rate of germline mutation is fundamental to evolutionary processes, as it generates the variation upon which selection acts. The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is a model of rapid adaptation, however the relative contribution of standing genetic variation versus de novo mutation (DNM) to evolution in this species remains unclear. Here, we use pedigree-based approaches to quantify and characterize germline DNMs in three large guppy families. Our results suggest germline mutation rate in the guppy varies substantially across individuals and families. Most DNMs are shared across multiple siblings, suggesting they arose during early embryonic development. DNMs are randomly distributed throughout the genome, and male-biased mutation rate is low, as would be expected from the short guppy generation time. Overall, our study shows remarkable variation in germline mutation rate and provides insights into rapid evolution of guppies.

Morphology and chemical composition of Taiwan oil millet (Eccoilopus formosanus) epicuticular wax.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Taiwan oil millet has two types of epicuticular wax: platelet wax composed primarily of octacosanol and filament wax constituted essentially by the singular compound of octacosanoic acid. Taiwan oil millet (TOM-Eccoilopus formosanus) is an orphan crop cultivated by the Taiwan indigenous people. It has conspicuous white powder covering its leaf sheath indicating abundant epicuticular waxes, that may contribute to its resilience. Here, we characterized the epicuticular wax secretion in TOM leaf blade and leaf sheath using various microscopy techniques, as well as gas chromatography to determine its composition. Two kinds of waxes, platelet and filaments, were secreted in both the leaf blades and sheaths. The platelet wax is secreted ubiquitously by epidermal cells, whereas the filament wax is secreted by a specific cell called epidermal cork cells. The newly developed filament waxes were markedly re-synthesized by the epidermal cork cells through papillae protrusions on the external periclinal cell wall. Ultrastructural images of cork cell revealed the presence of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules along the periphery of plasma membrane (PM) and ER-PM contact sites (EPCS). The predominant wax component was a C28 primary alcohol in leaf blade, and a C28 free fatty acid in the leaf sheath, pseudopetiole and midrib. The wax morphology present in distinct plant organs corresponds to the specific chemical composition: platelet wax composed of alcohols exists mainly in the leaf blade, whereas filament wax constituted mainly by the singular compound C28 free fatty acids is present abundantly in leaf sheath. Our study clarifies the filament wax composition in relation to a previous study in sorghum. Both platelet and filament waxes comprise a protection barrier for TOM.

Inhibition of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Acute Pulmonary Inflammation and NF-κB Activation in Mice by a Banana Plant Extract.

NF-κB activation is pivotal for the excess inflammation causing the critical condition and mortality of respiratory viral infection patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a banana plant extract (BPE) on suppressing NF-κB activity and acute lung inflammatory responses in mice induced by a synthetic double-stranded RNA viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)). The inflammatory responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and HE stains and ELISA. The NF-κB activities were detected by immunohistochemistry in vivo and immunofluorescence and Western blot in vitro. Results showed that BPE significantly decreased influx of immune cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and total WBC), markedly suppressed the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, RANTES, IFN-γ, MCP-1, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and IL-17), and restored the diminished anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of poly (I:C)-stimulated mice. Accordingly, HE staining revealed that BPE treatment alleviated poly (I:C)-induced inflammatory cell infiltration and histopathologic changes in mice lungs. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis showed that BPE reduced the pulmonary IL-6, CD11b (macrophage marker), and nuclear NF-κB p65 staining intensities, whilst restored that of IL-10 in poly (I:C)-stimulated mice. In vitro, BPE antagonized poly(I:C)-induced elevation of IL-6, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB p65 signaling, and transient activation of p38 MAPK in human lung epithelial-like A549 cells. Taken together, BPE ameliorated viral mimic poly(I:C)-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice, evidenced by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of action might closely associate with NF-κB signaling inhibition.

Exploring the evolution of coupled natural-cultural ecosystem services and their geographically scaled driven modeling in a coastal city of Southeast China.

Rapid urban expansion and economic development challenges to the sustainability of ecosystem services (ESs), a solid understanding of the mechanisms that drive ESs helps policymakers to respond. However, few existing studies on ES-driven mechanisms emphasize the integration of natural and cultural services, with most neglecting spatial non-stationarity at the geographic scale. Here, we improved the ROS model to quantify cultural ecosystem services (CES) and developed a comprehensive ecosystem services index (CESI) by coupling CES with 6 typical natural ESs (carbon storage (CS), water yield (WY), nitrogen export (NE), soil conservation (SC), habitat quality (HQ), food supply (FS)), subsequently, Spearman's correlation and MGWR were employed to reveal the CESI-driven mechanism considering geographic scales. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, CS, WY, SC, and HQ exhibited decline, which contrasts with the significant increase in CES. (2) The CESI showed a decreasing trend (3.28-3.70) while the coefficient of variation was increasing over time (0.11-0.15). The overall spatial distribution of CESI shows higher northwest than southeast, with strong spatial autocorrelation. (3) The CESI exhibits synergistic associations with CS, SC, HQ, and CES (0.54-0.83), and forms trade-offs with WY, NE, and FS. (4) Climate, vegetation, landscape, human, and topography have significant effects on CES and CESI with a significantly geographic scale differences, especially areas closer to the sea exhibit heightened sensitivity. Besides, the combined effects of multiple factors are stronger than any individual driver. The results emphasize the necessity of introducing ecological land in coastal cities and establishing natural reserves in high CESI areas to maintain diversity. The study improves the CES assessment methodology and proposes an integrated analytical framework that combines natural and cultural ESs with geographic-scale drivers, providing a new perspective on the analysis of ESs mechanisms.

3D-Cultured Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheres Using Calcium-Alginate Scaffolds for Osteoarthritis Treatment in a Mono-Iodoacetate-Induced Rat Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that causes pain, cartilage deformation, and joint inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential therapeutic agents for OA treatment. However, the 2D culture of MSCs could potentially affect their characteristics and functionality. In this study, calcium-alginate (Ca-Ag) scaffolds were prepared for human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) proliferation with a homemade functionally closed process bioreactor system; the feasibility of cultured hADSC spheres in heterologous stem cell therapy for OA treatment was then evaluated. hADSC spheres were collected from Ca-Ag scaffolds by removing calcium ions via ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelation. In this study, 2D-cultured individual hADSCs or hADSC spheres were evaluated for treatment efficacy in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. The results of gait analysis and histological sectioning showed that hADSC spheres were more effective at relieving arthritis degeneration. The results of serological and blood element analyses of hADSC-treated rats indicated that the hADSC spheres were a safe treatment in vivo. This study demonstrates that hADSC spheres are a promising treatment for OA and can be applied to other stem cell therapies or regenerative medical treatments.

Effects of conservation tillage on soil enzyme activities of global cultivated land: A meta-analysis.

The negative impacts of conventional agriculture and the imperative to adopt conservation tillage garnered significant attention. However, the effects of conservation tillage on soil enzyme activities still lack comprehensive cognition. Here, we collected 14,308 pairwise observations from 369 publications worldwide to systematically evaluate the effects of different conservation tillage practices (reduced tillage (T), reduced tillage with straw return (TS), reduced tillage with straw mulch return (TSO), no-tillage (NT), no-tillage with straw return (NTS), and no-tillage with straw mulch return (NTSO)) on the activities of 35 enzymes in soil. The results showed that: (1) the effect of conservation tillage on soil enzyme activity varied by enzyme type, except for peroxidase (-12.34%), which showed an overall significant positive effect (10.28-89.76%); (2) the NTS and TS demonstrated strong potential to improve soil enzyme activities by increasing a wide variety of soil enzyme activities (12-15) and efficacy (9.76-75.56%) than other conservation tillage (8.60-68.68%); (3) in addition, the effect of conservation tillage on soil enzyme activity was regulated by soil depth, crop type, years of conservation tillage, climate (mean annual precipitation and temperature), and soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, etc.). Overall, our quantitative analysis clearly suggests that conservation tillage is an effective measure for improving soil enzyme activity on global croplands, where combination of reduced tillage or no-till with straw return are considered to have great potential and promise. The results contribute to better comprehend the effects of conservation tillage on soil activity and provide a valuable insight for agricultural management.

Gene duplication to the Y chromosome in Trinidadian Guppies.

Differences in allele frequencies at autosomal genes between males and females in a population can result from two scenarios. First, unresolved sexual conflict over survival can produce allelic differentiation between the sexes. However, given the substantial mortality costs required to produce allelic differences between males and females at each generation, it remains unclear how many loci within the genome experience significant sexual conflict over survival. Alternatively, recent studies have shown that similarity between autosomal and Y sequences can create perceived allelic differences between the sexes. However, Y duplications are most likely in species with large nonrecombining regions, in part because they simply represent larger targets for duplications. We assessed the genomes of 120 wild-caught guppies, which experience extensive predation- and pathogen-induced mortality and have a relatively small ancestral Y chromosome. We identified seven autosomal genes that show allelic differences between male and female adults. Five of these genes show clear evidence of whole or partial gene duplication between the Y chromosome and the autosomes. The remaining two genes show evidence of partial homology to the Y. Overall, our findings suggest that the guppy genome experiences a very low level of unresolved sexual conflict over survival, and instead the Y chromosome, despite its small ancestral size and recent origin, may nonetheless accumulate genes with male-specific functions.

Exploring the disparities in park accessibility through mobile phone data: Evidence from Fuzhou of China.

Parks are a major public service infrastructure for urban residents. Due to the unbalance geographic distribution of public parks within an urban, residents may have uneven access to this service. Despite there has been an efflorescent literature references, there is no consensus on how to properly measure the accessibility of park. The traditional place-based or infrastructure-based approach is often criticized for inappropriately defining spatial units or threshold distances. Taking a fast urbanization region-Fuzhou City, China as a case, this study overcomes this deficiency by employing the method of two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) to evaluate the park accessibility using mobile phone data (during December 10, 2018 to December 16, 2018), which is people-based information with actual park users' origin-destination trajectory of park users. The results indicate that the threshold distance is 2 km from the visitors' home to park regardless of level, and the total number of visitors is relative fewer in weekend than that in workdays. The spatial distribution of park effective area presents a notably decreasing trend from the urban center to its periphery; however, the spatial distribution of park accessibility is more scattered and irregular. Finally, different key factors of park accessibility are identified for different locations using Geographically weighted regression (GWR) technique. Our study has a good implication for urban park planner and manager to implement differentiated planning policies for parks with full consideration of holistic factors.

Child Sexual Abuse Survivors' Grief Experiences After the Death of the Abuser.

This qualitative study examined the language of women who were child sexual abuse survivors (N = 16) to gain insight into their grief experiences following the death of their abusers. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 62 years (M = 47.4) and the majority were White, had been abused by a family member, and had sought child sexual abuse-related counseling. Five primary themes emerged during analysis: (a) grief reflecting a complex relationship; (b) loss of opportunity for confrontation, clarity, and connection; (c) funeral as liability, not benefit; (d) others' lack of understanding of multilayered grief; and (e) coping through transformation. Discussion illuminates sense-making and connections between themes and existing thanatological concepts and research.

Investigations of organ and effective doses of abdominal cone-beam computed tomography during transarterial chemoembolization using Monte Carlo simulation.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the organ dose, effective dose (ED), conversion factor, and the C-arm rotation angle effects on dose variations of abdominal C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: The organ doses and EDs for abdominal C-arm CBCT were retrospectively calculated according to a Monte Carlo technique for 80 patients. Dose variations from projections, ED to dose-area product (DAP) ratios, and effects of body mass index (BMI) on the ED and ED to DAP ratios were also analyzed. RESULTS: The kidney received the highest dose (14.6 ± 1.2 mSv). Organ dose deviations among C-arm rotation angles was highest for stomach (CV = 0.71). The mean ED of the the CBCT run during TACE was 3.5 ± 0.5 mSv, and decreased with increased BMI (R2 = 0.45, p < 0.001). The mean ED to DAP ratio was 0.27 ± 0.04 mSv·Gy- 1·cm- 2 and tended to decrease with increased BMI (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001). The mean ED to DAP ratios were 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.26 ± 0.02, and 0.23 ± 0.03 mSv·Gy- 1·cm- 2 for patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2, 25-30 kg/m2, and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Suitable conversion factors for C-arm CBCT facilitate the use of DAPs for estimating the ED. The patient dose can be varied by adjusting the CBCT rotation angle setting, and dose reduction strategies can be further manipulated.

Susceptibility of iodine concentration map of dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital mammography for quantitative and tumor enhancement assessment.

Background Dual-energy (DE) contrast-enhanced digital mammography (DE-CEDM) provides additional information on tumor angiogenesis. Purpose To investigate the susceptibility of reconstructing color-coded iodine concentration maps on the basis of quantitative calibrations of the iodine concentration and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in DE-CEDM applications. Material and Methods A custom-made phantom filled with iodine concentrations in the range of 0.1-10 mg/cm2 was used in calibrations. All DE images were acquired using the GE Senographe Essential system. From DE subtraction images, the image contrast and CNR were obtained, and the quantitative relationship between these two metrics and the iodine concentration at each phantom thickness was investigated. The quantitative CNR calibration curves were applied to reconstruct color-coded iodine maps on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Results Both the mean contrast and mean CNR increased linearly with the iodine concentration. The iodine concentration estimated from the iodine map reconstructed from quantitative CNR calibrations was highly consistent with the desired iodine concentration (R2 = 0.989), and smaller relative errors (in the range of 3.0-19.5%) were observed with iodine concentrations not less than 1 mg/cm2. Conclusion An iodine concentration map could be reconstructed based on the linear relationship between the CNR and iodine concentration. From the color-coded iodine concentration map, the contrast medium enhancement phenomenon could be further estimated quantitatively, and tumor enhancement patterns could be easily observed.

Population Susceptibility to Insecticides and the Development of Resistance in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Excessive insecticide applications are commonly used to manage Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett in China. Resistance status, resistance development trends, and patterns of cross-resistance to insecticides in B. cucurbitae were investigated. Among 21 populations from Hainan Island, two populations expressed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin; seven, eight, and ten populations expressed intermediate resistance to spinosad, avermectin, and beta-cypermethrin, respectively; four, six, one, five, and four populations expressed low resistance to spinosad, avermectin, trichlorfon, beta-cypermethrin, and fipronil, respectively; and the remaining populations exhibited either minor resistance or remained susceptible. Analysis of the development of resistance showed that resistance levels to spinosad and avermectin were readily developed at 40.68- and 18.42-fold, respectively, and a spinosad-resistant strain also showed relative positive cross-resistance to beta-cypermethrin and avermectin, but relative negative cross-resistance to trichlorfon and fipronil. These data represent the most extensive survey of insecticide resistance conducted in B. cucurbitae to date, and the level of insecticide resistance in populations should be considered when designing control measures and pest management strategies.

Generation of Potent Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Neutralizing Antibodies from Mouse Phage Display Library for Cancer Therapy.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important stimulator for angiogenesis in solid tumors. Blocking VEGF activity is an effective therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Avastin, a humanized monoclonal antibody recognizes VEGF, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. To generate potential VEGF-recognizing antibodies with better tumor regression ability than that of Avastin, we have designed a systematic antibody selection plan. From mice immunized with recombinant human VEGF, we generated three phage display libraries, scFv-M13KO7, Fab-M13KO7, and scFv-Hyperphage, in single-chain Fv (scFv) or Fab format, displayed using either M13KO7 helper phage or Hyperphage. Solid-phase and solution-phase selection strategies were then applied to each library, generating six panning combinations. A total of sixty-four antibodies recognizing VEGF were obtained. Based on the results of epitope mapping, binding affinity, and biological functions in tumor inhibition, eight antibodies were chosen to examine their abilities in tumor regression in a mouse xenograft model using human COLO 205 cancer cells. Three of them showed improvement in the inhibition of tumor growth (328%-347% tumor growth ratio (% of Day 0 tumor volume) on Day 21 vs. 435% with Avastin). This finding suggests a potential use of these three antibodies for VEGF-targeted therapy.

The differential roles of Slit2-exon 15 splicing variants in angiogenesis and HUVEC permeability.

Slit2, a secreted glycoprotein, is down-regulated in many cancers. Slit2/Robo signaling pathway plays an important, but controversial, role in angiogenesis. We identified splicing variants of Slit2 at exon 15, Slit2-WT and Slit2-ΔE15, with differential effects on proliferation and invasive capability of lung cancer cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential roles of these exon 15 splicing variants in angiogenesis. Our results revealed that both Slit2-WT and Slit2-ΔE15 inhibit motility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The conditioned medium (CM) collected from CL1-5/VC or CL1-5/Slit2-WT lung adenocarcinoma cells blocked HUVEC tube formation and angiogenesis on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay when compared with untreated HUVECs and CAM, respectively. However, CM of CL1-5/Slit2-ΔE15 restored the quality of tubes and the size of vessels. Although both Slit2-WT and Slit2-ΔE15 inhibited permeability induced by CM of cancer cells, Slit2-ΔE15 exhibited stronger effect. These results suggested that Slit2-ΔE15 plays important roles in normalization of blood vessels by enhancing tube quality and tightening endothelial cells, while Slit2-WT only enhances tightening of endothelial cells. It appears that Robo4 is responsible for Slit2 isoform-mediated inhibition of permeability, while neither Robo1 nor Robo4 is required for Slit2-ΔE15-enhanced tube quality. The results of this study suggest that Slit2-ΔE15 splicing form is a promising molecule for normalizing blood vessels around a tumor, which, in turn, may increase efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Estimation of footprints of the canine stifle ligaments using deformable shape templates of bones.

Knowledge regarding the ligament footprints in the canine stifle is essential for biomechanical modeling of the joint and patient-specific surgical planning for anatomical ligament reconstruction. The present study aimed to establish and evaluate deformable shape templates (DSTs) of the femur and tibia with footprints of the cruciate and collateral ligaments embedded for the noninvasive estimation of ligament footprint positions. To this end, a data set of computed tomography (CT)-derived surface models of the femur and tibia were established and used to build statistical shape models (SSMs). The contours of the stifle ligaments were obtained from CT scans of 27 hindlimb specimens with radio-opaque markings on the ligament footprints. The DST, constructed by embedding averaged footprint contours into the SSM, was used to estimate subject-specific ligament footprints in a leave-one-out cross-validation framework. The DST predictions were compared with those derived from radio-opaque-marked footprints. The results showed that the averaged Euclidean distances between the estimated and reference footprint centroids were less than 1.2 mm for the cruciate ligaments and 2.0 mm for the collateral ligaments. The DST appeared to provide a feasible alternative approach for noninvasively estimating the footprints of the stifle ligaments in vivo.

Comparative analysis of the differences in volatile organic components of three lavender essential oils in Ili region using sensory evaluation, GC-IMS and GC-MS techniques.

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a widely utilized aromatic plant, with the economic value of its essential oil (EO) largely dependent on its aroma. This study investigated the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the EOs of three species of lavender (H70-1, French blue, Taikong blue) in Ili region from 2019 to 2023 with the combination of sensory evaluation, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EO from Taikong blue lavender exhibited greater stability in VOC composition compared to the other two varieties. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) effectively distinguished the aromas of the three EOs aroma. Combining odor activity value (OAV) and variable importance in projection (VIP) values identified five VOCs crucial for discriminating among the three lavender EO types. This study provides theoretical support for the cultivation and commercialization of lavender as an industrial crop, as well as for quality control of EO production in the Ili region.

Exploring the hormetic effects of radiation on the life table parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda.

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera frugiperda, a global agricultural pest, can be effectively controlled through the sterile insect technique. However, exposure to low-dose radiation below the sterilization threshold may induce hormetic effects. Here, the biphasic aspects of the fertile progeny population of S. frugiperda were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table after dosing male and female pupae with 10-350 Gy gamma radiation. RESULTS: The parental sterilizing dose for 6-day-old female and male pupae was 200 and 350 Gy, respectively. The total longevity, pre-adult survival rate, net reproduction rate, and intrinsic growth rate of the offspring population increased with decreasing radiation doses from 250 to 10 Gy. Offspring population of parents treated with low doses of 10-100 Gy showed better life table parameters compared to non-irradiated controls. Females and males fecundity irradiated with 10, 50, and 100 Gy and 10 Gy, respectively, exceeded controls, producing 2339.4, 2726.4, 2311, and 2369 eggs, as opposed to 1802.9 eggs produced by the controls. Males irradiated with 10 Gy displayed the highest intrinsic rates of increase and net reproduction rate, at 0.1709 and 682.3, respectively. Projections from the survival rate and fecundity indicated that female and male S. frugiperda populations after 10 Gy irradiation may grow considerably faster than the controls. CONCLUSION: This study explores the hormetic effects of low-dose radiation on S. frugiperda through life table analysis, while providing enhancements for utilizing substerilizing gamma dose in a modified F1 sterility technique. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhanced non-viral gene delivery via calcium phosphate/DNA co-precipitates with low-voltage pulse electroporation in NK-92 cells for immunocellular therapy.

Achieving high cell transfection efficiency is essential for various cell types in numerous disease applications. However, the efficient introduction of genes into natural killer (NK) cells remains a challenge. In this study, we proposed a design strategy for delivering exogenous genes into the NK cell line, NK-92, using a modified non-viral gene transfection method. Calcium phosphate/DNA nanoparticles (pDNA-CaP NPs) were prepared using co-precipitation methods and combined with low-voltage pulse electroporation to facilitate NK-92 transfection. The results demonstrated that the developed pDNA-CaP NPs exhibited a uniform diameter of approximately 393.9 nm, a DNA entrapment efficiency of 65.8%, and a loading capacity of 15.9%. Furthermore, at three days post-transfection, both the transfection efficiency and cell viability of NK-92 were significantly improved compared to standalone plasmid DNA (pDNA) electroporation or solely relying on the endocytosis pathway of pDNA-CaP NPs. This study provides valuable insights into a novel approach that combines calcium phosphate nanoparticles with low-voltage electroporation for gene delivery into NK-92 cells, offering potential advancements in cell therapy.

Insecticide toxicity to oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) is influenced by environmental factors.

In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors (temperature, dose, dietary source, and feeding density) on the insecticide tolerance of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The results indicated that the toxicities of trichlorphon and abamectin to B. dorsalis increased with an increase in temperature. At 15-35 degrees C, the toxicity of beta-cypermethrin decreased with an increase in temperature at low doses (0.82 and 1.86 mg/L), but was similar at a high dose (4.18 mg/L). These results demonstrated that the temperature coefficient of beta-cypermethrin was related to both temperature and dosage. The insecticide sensitivity of B. dorsalis reared on different dietary sources was significantly different. Trichlorphon sensitivity of B. dorsalis fed on banana was the highest with an LC50 of 1.61 mg/L, followed by on apple, carambola, semiartificial diet, pear, mango, guava, orange, and papaya. With an increasing feeding density, the sensitivity of B. dorsalis adults to trichlorphon increased, while the sensitivities of B. dorsalis adults to abamectin and beta-cypermethrin decreased. The differences between LC50 values of insects reared at densities of 10 and 13 eggs/g of semiartificial diet to trichlorphon, abamectin and beta-cypermethrin were not significant. This result suggested that representative toxicity could be obtained by using adults developed at a feeding density between 10-13 eggs/g of semiartificial diet. Adult body weight was positively correlated with the LC50 value of trichlorphon, but was negatively correlated with the toxicities of abamectin and beta-cypermethrin. These results suggested that the effects of adult body weight on the toxicity of insecticides were different among different chemicals.