Association of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment on Upper Respiratory Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (SARS-Cov-2 RT-PCR) Negative Conversion Rates Among High-Risk Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND: Acceleration of negative respiratory conversion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might reduce viral transmission. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is a new antiviral agent recently approved for treatment of COVID-19 that has the potential to facilitate negative conversion. METHODS: A cohort of hospitalized adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who had a high risk for progression to severe disease were studied. These patients presented with COVID-19 symptoms between 5 March and 5 April 2022. The time from positive to negative upper respiratory reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) conversion was assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression with the adjustment for patients' baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: There were 258 patients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and 224 nontreated patients who had mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The median (interquartile range) time for patients who converted from positive to negative RT-PCR was 10 days (7-12 days) in patients treated ≤5 days after symptom onset and 17 days (12-21 days) in nontreated patients. The proportions of patients with a negative conversion at day 15 were 89.7% and 42.0% in treated patients and nontreated patients, corresponding to a hazard ratio of 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 3.31-5.65). Adjustment for baseline differences between the groups had little effect on the association. Subgroup analysis on treated patients suggests that time to negative conversion did not vary with the patients' baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort study of high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 found an association between nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and accelerated negative RT-PCR respiratory SARS-CoV-2 conversion that might reduce the risk of viral shedding and disease transmission.

Formin protein DIAPH1 positively regulates PD-L1 expression and predicts the therapeutic response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Formins are evolutionarily conserved genes and profoundly affect cancer progression. This study aims to explore the expressions, prognostic values, and immunological correlations of Formins in cancer. Specific Formins were dysregulated and immuno-biologically correlated in breast cancer (BRCA). Formins showed different expression patterns, namely some were enriched in immune cells while some were enriched in tumor cells. Among all Formins, DIAPH1 was enriched in tumor cells and associated with an inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME). DIAPH1 functioned as an oncogene in BRCA and mediated TGF-ß1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and PD-L1 expression. Moreover, DIAPH1 was overexpressed in most cancers and functioned as a novel pan-cancer immuno-marker, which could predict the response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Overall, DIAPH1 functions as an oncogene and is immunologically correlated, which could be utilized as an alternative biomarker for predicting the immunotherapeutic response.

A comparability study of natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 levels in lung cancer: evidence from immunohistochemical analysis.

Emerging evidence has revealed that the removal of N-linked glycosylation could enhance PD-L1 detection. However, whether PD-L1 antibodies against different epitopes of PD-L1 antigens responding to deglycosylation has not been characterized. In this study, we compared natural and deglycosylated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer (LuCa) using a panel of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, CAL10, 73-10 and SP142). We found that removal of N-linked glycosylation markedly enhanced PD-L1 detection when the 28-8, CAL10 and SP142 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used but slightly inhibited PD-L1 detection when the 73-10 mAb was used. Moreover, for the CAL10 and SP142 mAbs, deglycosylated PD-L1 levels showed stronger correlations with the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Overall, our research provides a comprehensive insight into the application of deglycosylated PD-L1 detection, which expands the clinical significance of this established strategy in LuCa.

Induction of macrophage pyroptosis-related factors by pathogenic E. coli high pathogenicity island (HPI) in Yunnan Saba pigs.

BACKGROUND: Pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. The molecular mechanism by which pyroptosis is induced in macrophages following infection with pathogenic E. coli high pathogenicity island (HPI) will be evaluated in our study. RESULTS: After infection with the HPI+/HPI- strains and LPS, decreased macrophage cell membrane permeability and integrity were demonstrated with propidium iodide (PI) staining and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. HPI+/HPI--infection was accompanied by upregulated expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1ß, IL-18 and GSDMD, with significantly higher levels detected in the HPI+ group compared to those in the HPI- group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). HPI+ strain is more pathogenic than HPI- strain. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that pathogenic E. coli HPI infection of Saba pigs causes pyroptosis of macrophages characterized by upregulated expression of pyroptosis key factors in the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathway, direct cell membrane pore formation, and secretion of the inflammatory factor IL-1ß and IL-18 downstream of NLRP3 and caspase-1 activation to enhance the inflammatory response.

Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolic changes associated with trans-resveratrol treatment in experimental cryptorchidism mice.

This study aimed to analyse global metabolomic changes associated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) treatment in mice with cryptorchidism using untargeted metabolomics. Cryptorchidism was established surgically in Kunming mice, which were then treated with 20µg g-1 day-1, s.c., RSV for 35 consecutive days. Typical manifestations of spermatogenesis arrest were seen in mice with cryptorchidism, and RSV treatment for 35 days restored spermatogenesis. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to profile the metabolome of testes from mice in the control (non-cryptorchid, untreated), cryptorchid and RSV-treated cryptorchid groups. In all, 1386 and 179 differential metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes respectively. Seven and six potential biomarkers were screened for spermatogenesis arrest and restoration respectively. Pathway analysis showed changes in 197 metabolic pathways. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was inhibited in the cryptorchid group, which probably resulted in a decrease in the end product, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). Immunoblot analysis showed that total testicular protein O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation was related to spermatogenesis arrest, further indicating a decrease in UDP-GlcNAc in the cryptorchid group. Thus, untargeted metabolomics revealed the biochemical pathways associated with the restoration of metabolic status in the cryptorchid group following RSV treatment and the findings could be used to monitor the response to RSV treatment. This study provides a meaningful foundation for the future clinical application of RSV in the treatment of spermatogenesis dysfunction.

The emerging roles of circular RNAs in ovarian cancer.

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of regulatory noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecules with a unique covalently closed loop structure. Next-generation sequencing shows that thousands of circRNAs are widely and stably expressed in multiple eukaryotes. As novel regulatory ncRNAs, circRNAs possess several specific molecular functions, including regulating gene transcription and translation, acting as miRNA sponges, and interacting with functional proteins. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is one of the most aggressive malignant diseases affecting the lives of thousands of women worldwide, and the majority of OvCa cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. Accumulating evidence has revealed the significant roles of circRNAs in the occurrence and progression of OvCa, indicating the function of circRNAs as promising biomarkers and their therapeutic relevance in this disease. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which circRNAs mediate OvCa progression as well as their diagnostic and prognostic values in OvCa.

Modular AND Gate-Controlled Delivery Platform for Tumor Microenvironment Specific Activation of Protein Activity.

Protein therapeutics have inspired intensive research interest in a variety of realms. It is still urgently required to avoid premature or unexpected activation of therapeutic proteins to achieve great specificity for therapy. Herein, we reported a modular AND gate-controlled delivery platform for tumor microenvironment specific activation of therapeutic protein activity based on biomineralization of molecular glue-adhered protein enzyme. The AND gate integrates the specific microenvironment of tumor tissues (acidic pH and a certain concentration of ATP) as inputs and activates the therapeutic activity of protein only when both inputs are active. More importantly, the activity of therapeutic protein would not be activated either at acidic pH or in the presence of ATP, which could greatly avoid the deleterious effect on normal tissues. Besides, this AND gate can be modular design and suitable for a variety of therapeutic proteins and nucleic acids.

[Monopolar transurethral enucleation and resection of the prostate: Status quo of its application and studies].

Transurethral enucleation of the prostate allows more complete excision of the proliferative glands at the anatomical level, and has its unique advantages over the traditional surgical procedures, such as better results of surgery, lower recurrence rate, and higher satisfaction of the patients. At present, transurethral laser enucleation of the prostate has a limited application in many grass-root hospitals for the high price of laser and plasma equipment and a high incidence rate of postoperative urinary incontinence. In this context, monopolar transurethral enucleation and resection of the prostate (mTUERP) has come into the attention of clinicians, which can be performed with the equipment for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and may become a real alternative of TURP. This paper presents an overview on the development and present status of mTUERP.

piR-55490 inhibits the growth of lung carcinoma by suppressing mTOR signaling.

Lung carcinoma is the most common human cancer with poor prognosis and has an increasing incidence in recent years. However, the related mechanism of lung cancer onset has not been completely explored. Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is a type of noncoding small RNA with established function in germ cells, and interestingly, piRNA has also been shown to be implicated in cancer biology. In this study, piR-55490 was found to be silenced in lung carcinoma specimens and cell lines, compared with normal lung tissues and cells. Intriguingly, the expression level of piR-55490 is negatively associated with patients' survival. Restoration of piR-55490 can reduce the proliferation rates of lung cancer cells, while piR-55490 suppression led to the gain in the proliferation rates. Animal model study showed that piR-55490 can suppress the growth of lung carcinoma xenograft. Further study revealed that piR-55490 suppressed the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in lung cancer cells. Surprisingly, piR-55490 was found to bind 3'UTR of mTOR messenger RNA (mRNA) and induce its degradation in a mechanism similar to microRNA (miRNA). The introduction of an mTOR construct resistant to action of piR-55490 was able to abolish the effect of piR-55490 on lung cancer cells. In conclusions, we found that piRNA can contribute to the suppression of cancer cell phenotypes by directly targeting a oncogene mRNA. This finding facilitates our understanding of piRNA's function and its association with human cancer.

DNA-fueled molecular machine for label-free and non-enzymatic ultrasensitive detection of telomerase activity.

Herein, a non-enzymatic and label-free strategy based on DNA-fueled molecular machine was developed for ultrasensitive detection of telomerase activity in cancer cell extracts even at the single-cell level.

Clinical implication of TMPRSS4 expression in human gallbladder cancer.

Altered expression of transmembrane protease/serine 4 (TMPRSS4) is observed in various types of human cancers. However, the clinical significance of TMPRSS4 expression in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains largely unknown. The present study aims to explore the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of TMPRSS4 in GBC. The levels of TMPRSS4 mRNA and protein in GBC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues were evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. To investigate the correlations between TMPRSS4 and the clinicopathological features of GBC, the expression of TMPRSS4 in 97 patients with GBC were detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of TMPRSS4 expression with patients' survival rate was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Our results showed that the expression levels of TMPRSS4 mRNA and protein in GBC tissues were both significantly higher than those in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that high TMPRSS4 expression was closely correlated with tumor size (P=0.032), histological grade (P=0.002), pathologic T stage (P=0.005), clinical stage (P=0.013), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.003). Moreover, the results of Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that a high expression level of TMPRSS4 resulted in a significantly poor prognosis of GBC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the status of TMPRSS4 expression was an independent prognostic factor for GBC patients. Our results showed that TMPRSS4 plays a key role in GBC and therefore may provide an opportunity for developing a novel therapeutic target as well as a prognostic marker in GBC.

Effects of Adding Sphingomonas Z392 to Drinking Water on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histological Structure, and Microbial Community of Broiler Chickens.

Probiotics are a prominent alternative to antibiotics in antimicrobial-free broiler farming. To assess the effect of Sphingomonas sp. Z392 (isolated and identified) on broiler growth, 600 one-day-old Kebao broiler chickens were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Each group had three replicates, with 100 broiler chickens being raised in each replicate. Regarding the experimental group of broiler chickens, 4.0 × 105 CFU/mL of Sphingomonas Z392 was added to their drinking water. Then, the changes in broiler body weight, the EPI, intestinal histological structure, and gut microbiota were examined. The results show that the supplementation of the broilers' drinking water with 4 × 105 CFU/mL of Sphingomonas Z392 resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, Aminobacterium, Oribacterium, Christensenellaceae, Faecalibacterium, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Butyricicoccaceae, and Caproiciproducens, which have been reported to be positively correlated with the improved digestion and absorption of broiler chickens. The relative abundance of Odoribacter, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Rikenellaceae increased, and these have been reported to be negatively correlated with the occurrence of intestinal diseases. The relative abundance of Campylobacter, Shigella Castellani, Bilophila, Campylobacter, Clostridia, and Anaerotruncus decreased, and these have been reported to be positively correlated with the occurrence of intestinal diseases. At the same time, the following also increased: the integrity of small intestinal villus morphology; the number of goblet cells in small intestinal epithelial cells; the health of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of jejunal villous epithelial cells; the number of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of goblet cells in the small intestinal epithelium, ileal villous epithelial cells, and mitochondria in the cytoplasm of large intestinal villous epithelial cells; the VH/CD of the ileum; and digestive, absorption, and defense capabilities. In particular, the final weight increased by 4.33%, and the EPI increased by 10.10%. Therefore, the supplementation of broiler drinking water with Sphingomonas generated better economic benefits from the broiler chickens.

Identification and prognostic biomarkers among ZDHHC4/12/18/24, and APT2 in lung adenocarcinoma.

S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases are differentially expressed in various cancers and several malignant tumors and show a strong prognostic ability. Notwithstanding, the potential clinical impact of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases, particularly in the prognosis and progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), has not been clarified. Expression levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases in LUAD were investigated using TCGA. GEPIA was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases at different pathological stages. Metascape was used to investigate the biological significance of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. The Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to analyze the prognostic value of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. CBioportal was used to analyze gene alterations in S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. UALCAN was used to examine DNA promoter methylation levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases. Finally, we investigated the relationship between S-palmitoylases, S-depalmitoylases, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells using TIMER. Correlations with immune checkpoint-related genes were determined using the R packages reshape2, ggpubr, ggplot2, and corrplot. PCR was also performed to assess the degree of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 transcript expression in lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal lung tissues. HPA was utilized to investigate protein levels of S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases in LUAD and normal lung tissue. Our study found that ZDHHC2/3/4/5/6/7/9/12/13/16/18/20/21/23/24, APT1/2, PPT1, LYPLAL1, ABHD4/10/11/12/13 and ABHD17C mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD, whereas ZDHHC1/8/11/11B/14/15/17/19/22, ABHD6/16A and ABHD17A mRNA expression was significantly downregulated. The functions of the differentially expressed S-palmitoylases and S-depalmitoylases were mainly associated with protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase and protein-cysteine S-acyltransferase activities. Patients with high expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24, APT2, ABHD4, ABHD11 and ABHD12 had a shorter overall survival. Infiltration of six immune cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) was closely associated with the expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2. ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 positively correlated with the immune checkpoint-related gene CD276. We assessed the mRNA levels of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 and APT2 using qRT-PCR and found increased expression of ZDHHC4/12/18/24 in LUAD compared with healty control lung tissues. ZDHHC4/12/18/24, and APT2 are potential prognostic biomarkers of LUAD. Their expression levels could be related to the tumor microenvironment in LUAD.

High Concentration of Iron Ions Contributes to Ferroptosis-Mediated Testis Injury.

In order to explore the effect of excessive iron supplementation on ferroptosis in mouse testes, Kunming mice received injections of varying concentrations of iron. The organ weight, sperm density, and malformation rate were measured. Observations of pathological and ultrastructural alterations in spermatogenic tubules were conducted using haematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Transcript levels of related genes and serum biochemical indicators were measured in mouse testicular tissue. The results showed that higher iron concentration inhibited the growth of mice; reduced the organ coefficients of the testis, heart, and liver; and increased the rate of sperm malformation and mortality. Supplementation with high levels of iron ions can adversely affect the male reproductive system by reducing sperm count, damaging the structure of the seminiferous tubules and causing sperm cell abnormalities. In addition, the iron levels also affected the immune response and blood coagulation ability by affecting the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The results showed that iron ions can affect mouse testicular tissue and induce ferroptosis by altering the expression of ferroptosis-related genes. However, the degree of effect was different for the different concentrations of iron ions. The study also revealed the potential role of deferoxamine in inhibiting the occurrence of ferroptosis. Nevertheless, the damage caused to the testis by deferoxamine supplementation suggests the need for further research in this direction. This study provides reference for reproductive toxicity induced by environmental iron exposure and clarifies the mechanism of reproductive toxicity caused by iron overload and the important role of iron in the male reproductive system.

Reforestation of Cunninghamia lanceolata changes the relative abundances of important prokaryotic families in soil.

Over the past decades, many forests have been converted to monoculture plantations, which might affect the soil microbial communities that are responsible for governing the soil biogeochemical processes. Understanding how reforestation efforts alter soil prokaryotic microbial communities will therefore inform forest management. In this study, the prokaryotic communities were comparatively investigated in a secondary Chinese fir forest (original) and a reforested Chinese fir plantation (reforested from a secondary Chinese fir forest) in Southern China. The results showed that reforestation changed the structure of the prokaryotic community: the relative abundances of important prokaryotic families in soil. This might be caused by the altered soil pH and organic matter content after reforestation. Soil profile layer depth was an important factor as the upper layers had a higher diversity of prokaryotes than the lower ones (p < 0.05). The composition of the prokaryotic community presented a seasonality characteristic. In addition, the results showed that the dominant phylum was Acidobacteria (58.86%) with Koribacteraceae (15.38%) as the dominant family in the secondary Chinese fir forest and the reforested plantation. Furthermore, soil organic matter, total N, hydrolyzable N, and NH4+-N were positively correlated with prokaryotic diversity (p < 0.05). Also, organic matter and NO3--N were positively correlated to prokaryotic abundance (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that re-forest transformation altered soil properties, which lead to the changes in microbial composition. The changes in microbial community might in turn influence biogeochemical processes and the environmental variables. The study could contribute to forest management and policy-making.

M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells, partially through TLR4/IL-10 signaling pathway.

M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key regulators of the link between inflammation and cancer. A negative correlation between infiltration intensity of M2-polarized TAMs and prognosis of pancreatic cancer has been reported. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process in the progression of primary tumors toward metastasis. Inflammation-induced EMT has been previously shown, therefore, we hypothesized M2-polarized TAMs could induce EMT in pancreatic cancer. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling has an active role in tumor progression during chronic inflammation and the receptor is primarily expressed on macrophages. Activation of TLR4 on M2-polarized TAMs stimulates an increase in the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10); consequently, another aim was to investigate the potential role of TLR4/IL-10 signaling in the EMT of pancreatic cancer. Treatment with IL-4 (20 ng/ml) for 24 h successfully induced the polarization of macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 to M2 phenotype, IL-10(high), IL-12(low), and IL-23(low), and high expression of CD204 and CD206. A coculture system allowed investigation of the roles of M2-polarized TAMs and TLR4/IL-10 signaling in the EMT of Panc-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our results showed that coculture with M2-polarized TAMs increased fibroblastic morphology, upregulated mesenchymal markers vimentin and snail at the mRNA and protein levels, and increased proliferation, migration, and metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 proteolytic activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Simultaneously, coculture with M2-polarized TAMs decreased the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. Coculture with pancreatic cancer cells increased TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in M2-polarized TAMs. Application of TLR4 siRNA and neutralizing antibodies against TLR4 and IL-10 markedly inhibited E-cadherin reduction and the upregulation of snail and vimentin. Furthermore, activation of TLR4 signaling by lipopolysaccharide profoundly increased the EMT of pancreatic cancer cells. In conclusion, M2-polarized TAMs promoted EMT in pancreatic cancer cells partially through TLR4/IL-10 signaling, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies and enhancing our understanding of M2-polarized TAMs.

High level of FOXC1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Accumulating evidence for overexpression of FOXC1 in various types of human cancer suggests that it plays a key role in tumor biology. However, little is known about the function of FOXC1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). This study was to investigate the expression profile of FOXC1 in PDA and its clinical significance. We detected the expression profile of FOXC1 mRNA and protein in PDA tissue and in corresponding normal tissue by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was also used in the detection of FOXC1 protein expression. The clinicopathological implications of these proteins were analyzed statistically. Survival analysis was performed to assess prognostic significance. FOXC1 mRNA was overexpressed in PDA tissue when compared with corresponding normal tissue, so was FOXC1 protein. The overexpression of FOXC1 was significantly associated with the degree of clinical stage (p < 0.001), histological differentiation (p = 0.002), and lymph node metastases (p < 0.001). Survival analysis revealed that overexpression of FOXC1 is associated with a poorer prognosis. These observations suggest that FOXC1 plays a key role in PDA and therefore may provide an opportunity for developing a novel therapeutic target as well as a prognostic marker in PDA.

Epidemiological investigation of lower respiratory tract infections during influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus pandemic based on targeted next-generation sequencing.

Background: Co-infection has been a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in previous influenza pandemics. However, the current influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus pandemic, as the first major outbreak following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, may differ epidemiologically. Further investigation is necessary to understand the specific features and impact of this influenza A pandemic. Study design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a Chinese hospital between January and April 2023, focusing on patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Pathogen detection employed targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or sputum samples. Results: This study enrolled 167 patients with lower respiratory tract infections, and the overall positivity rate detected through tNGS was around 80%. Among them, 40 patients had influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus infection, peaking in March. In these patients, 27.5% had sole infections, and 72.5% had co-infections, commonly with bacteria. The frequently detected pathogens were Aspergillus fumigatus, SARS-CoV-2, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For non-influenza A virus-infected patients, the co-infection rate was 36.1%, with 42.3% having SARS-CoV-2. Patients with influenza A virus infection were younger, had more females and diabetes cases. Among them, those with sole infections were older, with less fever and asthma but more smoking history. Regarding prognosis, compared to sole influenza A virus infection, co-infected patients demonstrated higher 21-day recovery rates and a higher incidence of heart failure. However, they exhibited lower proportions of respiratory failure, acute kidney failure, septic shock, and hospital stays lasting more than 10 days. Interestingly, patients with non-influenza A virus infection had a significantly lower 21-day recovery rate. Correlation analysis indicated that the 21-day recovery rate was only associated with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus. Conclusion: During the current pandemic, the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus may have been influenced by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and did not exhibit a strong pathogenicity. In fact, patients infected with influenza A virus showed better prognoses compared to those infected with other pathogens. Additionally, tNGS demonstrated excellent detection performance in this study and showed great potential, prompting clinical physicians to consider its use as an auxiliary diagnostic tool.

miR­124 inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis in myocardial ischaemia­reperfusion injury by activating mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1.

Mitochondria­mediated apoptosis is the primary cause of cardiomyocyte death. Therefore, mitochondria are a key target for treating myocardial injury. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 (MCUR1)­mediated mitochondrial calcium homeostasis markedly promotes cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. However, whether MCUR1 is involved in regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischaemia­reperfusion remains unknown. microRNA­124 (miR­124) is upregulated in cardiovascular disease, suggesting a key role for miR­124 in the cardiovascular system. Whether miR­124 affects cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial infarction is not well understood. Western blot showed that miR­124 and MCUR1 were upregulated in cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Flow cytometry assay of cell apoptosis showed that miR­124 inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating MCUR1 following H2O2 treatment. The dual­luciferase reporter assay confirmed binding of miR­124 to MCUR1 3'­UTR and subsequent activation of MCUR1. FISH assay revealed the entry of miR­124 into the cell nucleus. Therefore, MCUR1 was identified as a novel target of miR­124, and it was shown that the miR­124­MCUR1 axis modulated cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2 in vitro. The results indicated induced expression of miR­124 during acute myocardial infarction and its transport to the nucleus. In the nucleus, miR­124 transcriptionally activated MCUR1 by binding to its enhancers. These findings reveal a role of miR­124 as a biomarker for myocardial injury and infarction.

GBP5 Identifies Immuno-Hot Tumors and Predicts the Therapeutic Response to Immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Background: Immunotherapy drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have been approved for first- and second-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but only a portion of patients respond to ICIs. It is crucial to screen the beneficiaries of immunotherapy through biomarkers accurately. Methods: Several datasets were used to explore the predictive value for immunotherapy and immune relevance of guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5) in NSCLC, including the GSE126044 dataset, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) dataset, the Kaplan-Meier plotter dataset, the HLuA150CS02 cohort, and the HLugS120CS01 cohort. Results: GBP5 was upregulated in tumor tissues but associated with a good prognosis in NSCLC. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that GBP5 was strongly correlated with the expression of many immune-related genes, TIIC levels, and PD-L1 expression based on RNA-seq data onto online databases and validation of the NSCLC tissue microarray using IHC staining. Moreover, pan-cancer analysis has shown that GBP5 was a factor in identifying immuno-hot tumors, except for a few tumor types. Conclusion: In summary, our current research suggests that GBP5 expression is a potential biomarker for predicting the outcome of NSCLC patients treated with ICIs. More research with large-scale samples is needed to determine their value as biomarkers of ICIs benefit.