N-Terminomic Changes in Neurons During Excitotoxicity Reveal Proteolytic Events Associated With Synaptic Dysfunctions and Potential Targets for Neuroprotection.

Excitotoxicity, a neuronal death process in neurological disorders such as stroke, is initiated by the overstimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Although dysregulation of proteolytic signaling networks is critical for excitotoxicity, the identity of affected proteins and mechanisms by which they induce neuronal cell death remain unclear. To address this, we used quantitative N-terminomics to identify proteins modified by proteolysis in neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell death. We found that most proteolytically processed proteins in excitotoxic neurons are likely substrates of calpains, including key synaptic regulatory proteins such as CRMP2, doublecortin-like kinase I, Src tyrosine kinase and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIß (CaMKIIß). Critically, calpain-catalyzed proteolytic processing of these proteins generates stable truncated fragments with altered activities that potentially contribute to neuronal death by perturbing synaptic organization and function. Blocking calpain-mediated proteolysis of one of these proteins, Src, protected against neuronal loss in a rat model of neurotoxicity. Extrapolation of our N-terminomic results led to the discovery that CaMKIIα, an isoform of CaMKIIß, undergoes differential processing in mouse brains under physiological conditions and during ischemic stroke. In summary, by identifying the neuronal proteins undergoing proteolysis during excitotoxicity, our findings offer new insights into excitotoxic neuronal death mechanisms and reveal potential neuroprotective targets for neurological disorders.

A Widespread Radical-Mediated Glycolysis Pathway.

Glycyl radical enzymes (GREs) catalyze mechanistically diverse radical-mediated reactions, playing important roles in the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria. The model bacterium Escherichia coli MG1655 contains two GREs of unknown function, YbiW and PflD, which are widespread among human intestinal bacteria. Here, we report that YbiW and PflD catalyze ring-opening C-O cleavage of 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate (AG6P) and 1,5-anhydromannitol-6-phosphate (AM6P), respectively. The product of both enzymes, 1-deoxy-fructose-6-phosphate (DF6P), is then cleaved by the aldolases FsaA or FsaB to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and hydroxyacetone (HA), which are then reduced by the NADH-dependent dehydrogenase GldA to form 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO). Crystal structures of YbiW and PflD in complex with their substrates provided insights into the mechanism of radical-mediated C-O cleavage. This "anhydroglycolysis" pathway enables anaerobic growth of E. coli on 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) and 1,5-anhydromannitol (AM), and we probe the feasibility of harnessing this pathway for the production of 1,2-PDO, a highly demanded chiral chemical feedstock, from inexpensive starch. Discovery of the anhydroglycolysis pathway expands the known catalytic repertoire of GREs, clarifies the hitherto unknown physiological functions of the well-studied enzymes FsaA, FsaB, and GldA, and demonstrates how enzyme discovery efforts can cast light on prevalent yet overlooked metabolites in the microbiome.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for hypergycemia in phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway inhibition.

PURPOSE: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition is used for the treatment of certain cancers, but can cause profound hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, for which sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been proposed as a preferred therapy. The objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors for hyperglycemia in PI3K inhibition. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective review of adults initiating the PI3K inhibitor alpelisib. Exposure to different antidiabetic drugs and adverse events including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) were assessed through chart review. Plasma and point-of-care blood glucoses were extracted from the electronic medical record. Change in serum glucose and the rate of DKA on SGLT2 inhibitor versus other antidiabetic drugs were examined as co-primary outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 103 patients meeting eligibility criteria with median follow-up of 92 days after starting alpelisib. When SGLT2 inhibitors were used to treat hyperglycemia, they were associated with a decrease in mean random glucose by -46 mg/dL (95% CI - 77 to - 15) in adjusted linear modeling. Five cases of DKA were identified, two occurring in patients on alpelisib plus SGLT2 inhibitor. Estimated incidence of DKA was: alpelisib plus SGLT2 inhibitor, 48 DKA cases per 100 patient-years (95% CI 6, 171); alpelisib with non-SGLT2 inhibitor antidiabetic drugs, 15 (95% CI 2, 53); alpelisib only, 4 (95% CI 0.1, 22). CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2 inhibitors are effective treatments for hyperglycemia in the setting of PI3K inhibition.

Naringenin inhibits the microsomal triglyceridetransfer protein/apolipoprotein B axis to inhibit intestinal metaplasia progression.

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant condition that increases the risk for subsequent gastric cancer (GC). Traditional Chinese medicine generally plays a role in the treatment of IM, and the phytochemical naringenin used in Chinese herbal medicine has shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastric diseases. However, naringenin's specific effect on IM is not yet clearly understood. Therefore, this study identified potential gene targets for the treatment of IM through bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation. Two genes (MTTP and APOB) were selected as potential targets after a comparison of RNA-seq results of clinical samples, the GEO dataset (GSE78523), and naringenin-related genes from the GeneCards database. The results of both cell and animal experiments suggested that naringenin can improve the changes in the intestinal epithelial metaplasia model via MTTP/APOB expression. In summary, naringenin likely inhibits the MTTP/APOB axis and therefore inhibits IM progression. These results support the development of naringenin as an anti-IM agent and may contribute to the discovery of novel IM therapeutic targets.

Comprehensive Analysis of YTH Domain-Containing Genes, Encoding m6A Reader and Their Response to Temperature Stresses and Yersinia ruckeri Infection in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

YTH domain-containing genes are important readers of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications with ability to directly affect the fates of distinct RNAs in organisms. Despite their importance, little is known about YTH domain-containing genes in teleosts until now. In the present study, a total of 10 YTH domain-containing genes have been systematically identified and functionally characterized in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). According to the phylogenetic tree, gene structure and syntenic analysis, these YTH domain-containing genes could be classified into three evolutionary subclades, including YTHDF, YTHDC1 and YTHDC2. Of them, the copy number of OmDF1, OmDF2, OmDF3, and OmDC1 were duplicated or even triplicated in rainbow trout due to the salmonid-specific whole-genome duplication event. The three-dimensional protein structure analysis revealed that there were similar structures and the same amino acid residues that were associated with cage formation between humans and rainbow trout, implying their similar manners in binding to m6A modification. Additionally, the results of qPCR experiment indicated that the expression patterns of a few YTH domain-containing genes, especially OmDF1b, OmDF3a and OmDF3b, were significantly different in liver tissue of rainbow trout under four different temperatures (7 °C, 11 °C, 15 °C, and 19 °C). The expression levels of OmDF1a, OmDF1b and OmDC1a were obviously repressed in spleen tissue of rainbow trout at 24 h after Yersinia ruckeri infection, while increased expression was detected in OmDF3b. This study provides a systemic overview of YTH domain-containing genes in rainbow trout and reveals their biological roles in responses to temperature stress and bacterial infection.

Identification and Characterization of the Biosynthetic Pathway of the Sulfonolipid Capnine.

Capnine (2-amino-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecane-1-sulfonate) and capnoids (N-fatty acylated capnine derivatives) are sulfonolipids present in the outer membrane of gliding bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes and play a role in their unique gliding motility. They are structurally similar to sphingolipids and are thought to be biosynthesized via a similar pathway. Here we report the identification and biochemical characterization of the capnine biosynthetic enzymes cysteate synthase (CapA) and cysteate-C-fatty acyltransferase (CapB) from the pathogenic gliding bacterium Capnocytophaga ochracea and NAD(P)H-dependent dehydrocapnine reductase CapC from the avian pathogen Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. CapA catalyzes the formation of cysteate from O-phospho-l-serine and sulfite, and CapB catalyzes the formation of dehydrocapnine from cysteate and 13-methyl-myristoyl-CoA, followed by reduction by CapC. CapA is closely related to cystathionine-ß-synthase but distantly related to the archaeal cysteate synthase. Close homologues of CapA, CapB, and the CapA isozyme archaeal cysteate synthase are present in many Bacteroidetes bacteria, including environmental, pathogenic, and human oral and intestinal microbiome bacteria, suggesting the widespread ability of these bacteria to biosynthesize capnine and related sulfonolipids.

Immune biomarkers and response to checkpoint inhibition of BRAFV600 and BRAF non-V600 altered lung cancers.

BACKGROUND: While 2-4% of lung cancers possess alterations in BRAF, little is known about the immune responsiveness of these tumours. METHODS: Clinical and genomic data were collected from 5945 patients with lung cancers whose tumours underwent next-generation sequencing between 2015 and 2018. Patients were followed through 2020. RESULTS: In total, 127 patients with metastatic BRAF-altered lung cancers were identified: 29 tumours had Class I mutations, 59 had Class II/III alterations, and 39 had variants of unknown significance (VUS). Tumour mutation burden was higher in Class II/III than Class I-altered tumours (8.8 mutations/Mb versus 4.9, P < 0.001), but this difference was diminished when stratified by smoking status. The overall response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) was 9% in Class I-altered tumours and 26% in Class II/III (P = 0.25), with median time on treatment of 1.9 months in both groups. Among patients with Class I-III-altered tumours, 36-month HR for death in those who ever versus never received ICI was 1.82 (1.17-6.11). Nine patients were on ICI for >2 years (two with Class I mutations, two with Class II/III alterations, and five with VUS). CONCLUSIONS: A subset of patients with BRAF-altered lung cancers achieved durable disease control on ICI. However, collectively no significant clinical benefit was seen.

Outpatient clinical pharmacy practice in the face of COVID-19 at a cancer center in New York City.

PURPOSE: With the rapid spread of COVID-19 in New York City since early March 2020, innovative measures were needed for clinical pharmacy specialists to provide direct clinical care safely to cancer patients. Allocating the workforce was necessary to meet the surging needs of the inpatient services due to the COVID-19 outbreak, which had the potential to compromise outpatient services. We present here our approach of restructuring clinical pharmacy services and providing direct patient care in outpatient clinics during the pandemic. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a retrospective review of electronic clinical documentation involving clinical pharmacy specialist patient encounters in 9 outpatient clinics from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020. The analysis of the clinical pharmacy specialist interventions and the impact of the interventions was descriptive. DATA SUMMARY: As hospital services were modified to handle the surge due to COVID-19, select clinical pharmacy specialists were redeployed from the outpatient clinics or research blocks to COVID-19 inpatient teams. During these 3 months, clinical pharmacy specialists were involved in 2535 patient visits from 9 outpatient clinics and contributed a total of 4022 interventions, the majority of which utilized telemedicine. The interventions provided critical clinical pharmacy care during the pandemic and omitted 199 in-person visits for medical care. CONCLUSION: The swift transition to telemedicine allowed the provision of direct clinical pharmacy services to patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic.

An extended bacterial reductive pyrimidine degradation pathway that enables nitrogen release from ß-alanine.

The reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway is the most widespread pathway for pyrimidine degradation in bacteria, enabling assimilation of nitrogen for growth. This pathway, which has been studied in several bacteria including Escherichia coli B, releases only one utilizable nitrogen atom from each molecule of uracil, whereas the other nitrogen atom remains trapped in the end product ß-alanine. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of a ß-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (PydD) and an NAD(P)H-dependent malonic semialdehyde reductase (PydE) from a pyrimidine degradation gene cluster in the bacterium Lysinibacillus massiliensis Together, these two enzymes converted ß-alanine into 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) and generated glutamate, thereby making the second nitrogen from the pyrimidine ring available for assimilation. Using bioinformatics analyses, we found that PydDE homologs are associated with reductive pyrimidine pathway genes in many Gram-positive bacteria in the classes Bacilli and Clostridia. We demonstrate that Bacillus smithii grows in a defined medium with uracil or uridine as its sole nitrogen source and detected the accumulation of 3-HP as a waste product. Our findings extend the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway and expand the diversity of enzymes involved in bacterial pyrimidine degradation.

Clinical implications of drug-induced liver injury in early-phase oncology clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Data on drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and acute liver failure (ALF) in modern phase 1 oncology trials are limited, specifically with respect to the incidence and resolution of DILI and the safety of drug rechallenge. METHODS: This study reviewed all patients who were recruited to phase 1 oncology trials between 2013 and 2017 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Clinicopathologic data were extracted to characterize DILI, and attribution was assessed on the basis of data prospectively generated during the studies. Logistic regression models were used to explore factors related to DILI and DILI recurrence after drug rechallenge. RESULTS: Among 1670 cases recruited to 85 phase 1 trials, 81 (4.9%) developed DILI. The rate of DILI occurrence was similar for patients in immune-based trials and patients in targeted therapy trials (5.0% vs 4.9%), as was the median time to DILI (5.5 vs 6.5 weeks; P = .48). Two patients (0.12%) met the criteria of Hy's law, although none developed ALF. The DILI resolved in 96% of the patients. Pretreatment factors were not predictive for DILI development. Thirty-six of the 81 patients underwent a drug rechallenge, and 28% of these patients developed DILI recurrence. Peak alanine aminotransferase during the initial DILI was associated with DILI recurrence (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.09; P = .035). CONCLUSIONS: In modern phase 1 oncology trials, DILI is uncommon, may occur at any time, and often resolves with supportive measures. Rechallenging after DILI is feasible; however, the high rate of DILI recurrence suggests that clinicians should consider the severity of the DILI episode and treatment alternatives.

A Pathway for Degradation of Uracil to Acetyl Coenzyme A in Bacillus megaterium.

Bacteria utilize diverse biochemical pathways for the degradation of the pyrimidine ring. The function of the pathways studied to date has been the release of nitrogen for assimilation. The most widespread of these pathways is the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway, which converts uracil into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and ß-alanine. Here, we report the characterization of a ß-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase (PydD2) and an NAD+-dependent malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MSDH) from a reductive pyrimidine catabolism gene cluster in Bacillus megaterium Together, these enzymes convert ß-alanine into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), a key intermediate in carbon and energy metabolism. We demonstrate the growth of B. megaterium in defined medium with uracil as its sole carbon and energy source. Homologs of PydD2 and MSDH are found in association with reductive pyrimidine pathway genes in many Gram-positive bacteria in the order Bacillales Our study provides a basis for further investigations of the utilization of pyrimidines as a carbon and energy source by bacteria.IMPORTANCE Pyrimidine has wide occurrence in natural environments, where bacteria use it as a nitrogen and carbon source for growth. Detailed biochemical pathways have been investigated with focus mainly on nitrogen assimilation in the past decades. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two important enzymes, PydD2 and MSDH, which constitute an extension for the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway. These two enzymes, prevalent in Bacillales based on our bioinformatics studies, allow stepwise conversion of ß-alanine, a previous "end product" of the reductive pyrimidine degradation pathway, to acetyl-CoA as carbon and energy source.

Characterization of santalene synthases using an inorganic pyrophosphatase coupled colorimetric assay.

We developed a colorimetric assay using yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (IPP1) as a coupling enzyme to measure the activities of terpene synthases. IPP1 hydrolyzes pyrophosphate, the byproduct of terpene synthase catalyzed reactions, into orthophosphate, which can then be quantitated by reacting with molybdic acid to form a blue color compound. As a proof of concept, this method was used to quantitatively characterize three santalene synthases, SaSSy and SspiSSy involved in sandalwood oil biosynthesis, and a phylogenetically distant SanSyn from Clausena lansium. Our study provided the kinetic parameters of all three santalene synthases and demonstrated the validity of the enzyme couple colorimetric assay by the comparison of this assay with the existing GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) method.

Retrospective Evaluation of Palifermin Use in Nonhematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Palifermin has been proven to decrease the frequency of severe oral mucositis in adult patients with sarcoma and metastatic colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy. The impact of palifermin on the incidence of mucositis in nonhematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) pediatric population receiving chemotherapy has never been reported to date. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients who received palifermin as secondary prophylaxis to prevent chemotherapy-induced mucositis at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from January 1, 2008 to 2014. Data from electronic medical records on days to mucositis resolution, use of opioids, use of total parenteral nutrition, duration of hospitalization, and antibiotics are collected and presented here. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients received palifermin for secondary prophylaxis after developing mucositis from the prior chemotherapy cycle. Mucositis did not reoccur in the subsequent cycle for 13 of the 18 patients. The majority of patients who received palifermin prophylaxis had decreased opioids and antibiotics use and decreased duration of hospitalization. Six of the 7 patients previously requiring total parenteral nutrition due to mucositis had decreased supplemental nutritional needs following the use of palifermin. CONCLUSION: Palifermin may provide benefit as secondary prophylaxis in pediatric patients to prevent chemotherapy-induced mucositis.

Altered Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Blood After Ischemic Stroke and Proximity to Putative Stroke Risk Loci.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although peripheral blood mRNA and micro-RNA change after ischemic stroke, any role for long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), which comprise most of the genome and have been implicated in various diseases, is unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that lncRNA expression also changes after stroke. METHODS: lncRNA expression was assessed in 266 whole-blood RNA samples drawn once per individual from patients with ischemic stroke and matched with vascular risk factor controls. Differential lncRNA expression was assessed by ANCOVA (P<0.005; fold change>|1.2|), principal components analysis, and hierarchical clustering on a derivation set (n=176) and confirmed on a validation set (n=90). Poststroke temporal lncRNA expression changes were assessed using ANCOVA with confounding factor correction (P<0.005; partial correlation with time since event >|0.4|). Because sexual dimorphism exists in stroke, analyses were performed for each sex separately. RESULTS: A total of 299 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between stroke and control males, whereas 97 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between stroke and control females. Significant changes of lncRNA expression with time after stroke were detected for 49 lncRNAs in men and 31 lncRNAs in women. Some differentially expressed lncRNAs mapped close to genomic locations of previously identified putative stroke-risk genes, including lipoprotein, lipoprotein(a)-like 2, ABO (transferase A, α1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transferase B, α1-3-galactosyltransferase) blood group, prostaglandin 12 synthase, and α-adducins. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of altered and sexually dimorphic lncRNA expression in peripheral blood of patients with stroke compared with that of controls and suggests that lncRNAs have potential for stroke biomarker development. Some regulated lncRNA could regulate some previously identified putative stroke-risk genes.

Src Family Kinases in Brain Edema After Acute Brain Injury.

Brain edema, the first stage of intracranial hypertension, has been associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality after acute brain injury such as ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Acute brain injury often initiates release of many molecules, including glutamate, adenosine, thrombin, oxyhemoglobin, cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), and others. Most of these molecules activate Src family kinases (SFKs), a family of proto-oncogenic non-receptor tyrosine kinases, resulting in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain edema at the acute stage after brain injury. However, SFKs also contribute to BBB self-repair and brain edema resolution in the chronic stage that follows brain injury. In this review, we summarize possible pathways through which SFKs are implicated in both brain edema formation and its eventual resolution.

RNA in blood is altered prior to hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication of ischemic stroke that worsens outcomes and increases mortality. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier is a central feature of HT pathogenesis, and leukocytes may contribute to this process. We sought to determine whether ischemic strokes that develop HT have differences in RNA expression in blood within 3 hours of stroke onset prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. METHODS: Stroke patient blood samples were obtained prior to treatment with thrombolysis, and leukocyte RNA was assessed by microarray analysis. Strokes that developed HT (n = 11) were compared to strokes without HT (n = 33) and controls (n = 14). Genes were identified (corrected p < 0.05, fold change ≥|1.2|), and functional analysis was performed. RNA prediction of HT in stroke was evaluated using cross-validation, and in a second stroke cohort (n = 52). RESULTS: Ischemic strokes that developed HT had differential expression of 29 genes in circulating leukocytes prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. A panel of 6 genes could predict strokes that later developed HT with 80% sensitivity and 70.2% specificity. Key pathways involved in HT of human stroke are described, including amphiregulin, a growth factor that regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9; a shift in transforming growth factor-ß signaling involving SMAD4, INPP5D, and IRAK3; and a disruption of coagulation factors V and VIII. INTERPRETATION: Identified genes correspond to differences in inflammation and coagulation that may predispose to HT in ischemic stroke. Given the adverse impact of HT on stroke outcomes, further evaluation of the identified genes and pathways is warranted to determine their potential as therapeutic targets to reduce HT and as markers of HT risk.

Distinctive RNA expression profiles in blood associated with Alzheimer disease after accounting for white matter hyperintensities.

BACKGROUND: Defining the RNA transcriptome in Alzheimer Disease (AD) will help understand the disease mechanisms and provide biomarkers. Though the AD blood transcriptome has been studied, effects of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were not considered. This study investigated the AD blood transcriptome and accounted for WMH. METHODS: RNA from whole blood was processed on whole-genome microarrays. RESULTS: A total of 293 probe sets were differentially expressed in AD versus controls, 5 of which were significant for WMH status. The 288 AD-specific probe sets classified subjects with 87.5% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity. They represented 188 genes of which 29 have been reported in prior AD blood and 89 in AD brain studies. Regulated blood genes included MMP9, MME (Neprilysin), TGFß1, CA4, OCLN, ATM, TGM3, IGFR2, NOV, RNF213, BMX, LRRN1, CAMK2G, INSR, CTSD, SORCS1, SORL1, and TANC2. CONCLUSIONS: RNA expression is altered in AD blood irrespective of WMH status. Some genes are shared with AD brain.

Alternative splicing patterns of hnrnp genes in gill tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during salinity changes.

Alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in various physiological processes in eukaryotes, such as the stress response. However, patterns of AS events remain largely unexplored during salinity acclimation in fishes. In this study, we conducted AS analysis using RNA-seq datasets to explore splicing patterns in the gill tissues of rainbow trout exposed to altered salinity environments, ranging from 0 ‰ (T0) to 30 ‰ (T30). The results revealed 1441, 351, 483, 1051 and 1049 differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) events in 5 pairwise comparisons, including T6 vs. T0, T12 vs. T0, T18 vs. T0, T24 vs. T0, and T30 vs. T0, respectively. These DAS events were derived from 1290, 328, 444, 963 and 948 genes. Enrichment analysis indicated that these DAS genes were related to RNA splicing and processing. Among these, 14 DAS genes were identified as members of the large heterogeneous nuclear RNP (hnRNP) gene family. Alternative 3' splice site (A3SS), exon skipping (SE) and intron retention (RI) events resulted in the fragmentation or even loss of the functional RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains in hnrnpa0, hnrnp1a, hnrnp1b and hnrnpc genes. The incomplete RRM domains would hinder the interactions between hnRNP genes and pre-mRNAs. It would in turn influence the splicing patterns and mRNA stability of downstream target genes in response to salinity changes. The study provides insights into salinity acclimation in gill tissues of rainbow trout and serves as a significant reference on the osmoregulation mechanisms at post-transcription regulation levels in fish.

H∞ state estimation of continuous-time neural networks with uncertainties.

[Formula: see text] state estimation is addressed for continuous-time neural networks in the paper. The norm-bounded uncertainties are considered in communication neural networks. For the considered neural networks with uncertainties, a reduced-order [Formula: see text] state estimator is designed, which makes that the error dynamics is exponentially stable and has weighted [Formula: see text] performance index by Lyapunov function method. Moreover, it is also given the devised method of the reduced-order [Formula: see text] state estimator. Then, considering that sampling the output y(t) of the neural network at every moment will result in waste of excess resources, the event-triggered sampling strategy is used to solve the oversampling problem. In addition, a devised method is also given for the event-triggered reduced-order [Formula: see text] state estimator. Finally, by the well-known Tunnel Diode Circuit example, it shows that a lower order state estimator can be designed under the premise of maintaining the same weighted [Formula: see text] performance index, and using the event-triggered sampling method can reduce the computational and time costs and save communication resources.

Effect of pectin structure on the in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids in simulated juice model.

The impact of pectin structure on carotenoid bioaccessibility is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate how the different pectic polymers affected the bioaccessibility of carotenoids in a simulated juice model during static in vitro digestion. This study includes homogalacturonan (HG), which is a linear pectic polymer, rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), which is a branched pectic polymer, and rhamnogalacturonan (RG), which is a diverse pectic polymer rich in RG-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), and xylogalacturonan domains. Juice models without pectin had the highest carotenoid bioaccessibility, suggesting pectin has negative effects on carotenoid bioaccessibility. During the intestinal phase, systems with HG showed the highest viscosity, followed by systems with RG and systems with RG-I. Systems with RG-I had lower carotenoid bioaccessibility than systems with HG and RG-II. Both the percentage of RG-I and the average side chain length of RG-I had negative correlations with carotenoid bioaccessibility. RG-I side chains with more arabinose and/or galactose might cause lower carotenoid bioaccessibility in this juice model system. This study offers valuable insights into the relationship between pectin structure and carotenoid bioaccessibility in a simulated juice model, highlighting the importance of considering pectin composition for maximizing carotenoid bioaccessibility and potential health benefits in fruit-based beverages.