Diversity of Wolbachia infection and its influence on mitochondrial DNA variation in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.

Plutella xylostella is a pest that severely damages cruciferous vegetables worldwide and has been shown to be infected with the maternally inherited bacteria Wolbachia, with the main infected strain was plutWB1. In this study, we performed a large-scale global sampling of P. xylostella and amplified 3 mtDNA genes of P. xylostella and 6 Wolbachia genes to analyze the infection status, diversity of Wolbachia in P. xylostella, and its effect on mtDNA variation in P. xylostella. This study provides a conservative estimate of Wolbachia infection rates in P. xylostella, which was found to be 7% (104/1440). The ST 108 (plutWB1) was shared among butterfly species and the moth species P. xylostella, revealing that Wolbachia strain plutWB1 acquisition in P. xylostella may be through horizontal transmission. The Parafit analyses indicated a significant association between Wolbachia and Wolbachia-infected P. xylostella individuals, and individuals infected with plutWB1 tended to cluster in the basal positions of the phylogenetic tree based on the mtDNA data. Additionally, Wolbachia infections were associated with increased mtDNA polymorphism in the infected P. xylostella population. These data suggest that Wolbachia endosymbionts may have a potential effect on mtDNA variation of P. xylostella.

Phenotypic Spectrum of Trisomy 18 Mosaicism: a New Patient and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Trisomy 18 syndrome, also called Edwards syndrome, is the second most common autosomal trisomy after trisomy 21 that is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. Approximately 50% of infants with trisomy 18 cannot survive for more than 1 week and about 5 - 10% of children die within 1 year after birth. The aim of this study is to describe a 4-year-old female patient of mosaic trisomy 18 with normal prenatal ultrasound findings and maternal serum markers and to investigate the relationship between the percentage of trisomic cells and the major clinical phenotypes combined with other nine patients through a review of the literature. METHODS: The patient's peripheral blood was examined by cytogenetic G-banding technique. RESULTS: The cytogenetics results reported following the ISCN 2020 guideline as mos 47,XX,+18[87]/46,XX[13]. CONCLUSIONS: There is little correlation between various phenotypes of mosaic trisomy 18 and the percentage of trisomy cells in the patient's peripheral leukocytes. Although most of fetuses with mosaic trisomy 18 have abnormal ultrasound findings, it is necessary to highlight the possibility of normal findings during the pregnancy.

[Application of flat-sided culture tubes during prenatal diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of using flat-sided culture tubes for preparing chromosomes through chorionic villi (CV) and amniotic fluid (AF) cell cultures during prenatal diagnosis. METHODS: From February to March 2020, 157 CV samples and 147 AF samples subjected to prenatal diagnosis at the Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were selected as the study subjects. For each sample, one flat-sided tube and one flask culture were set up by following the standard protocols. The methods were evaluated by comparing the cell growth, experimental process, quality of chromosome preparation and costs. RESULTS: The success rates for the culturing of CV and AF samples by the flat-sided culture tube method were 97.45% (153/157) and 97.96% (144/147), respectively. By contrast, the success rates for the conventional flask method were 98.72% (155/157) for CV and 98.64% (145/147) for AF samples. No significant difference was found between the two methods (P > 0.05). The average harvest time required by the flat-sided culture tube method was 8.45 days for CV and 9.43 days for AF cultures, whilst the average harvest time for conventional flask method was 9.05 days and 9.54 days, respectively. The flat-sided culture tube method for CV had required significantly shorter average harvest time than the conventional method (P < 0.001). No statistical significant difference was found in the average harvest time for AF by the two methods (P > 0.05). The conventional culturing method had required three containers with two sample transfers. By contrast, the flat-sided culture tube method was carried out in one tube without any sample transfer. The average total amount of medium used was 3.91 mL for each flat-sided culture tube and 6.26 mL for each conventional flask. CONCLUSION: The flat-sided culture tube method can provide a simple, cost-effective and error-reducing procedure for the CV and AF samples culture during prenatal diagnosis.

Ofloxacin-loaded HMPB NPs for Klebsiella pneumoniae eradication in the surgical wound with the combination of PTT.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a common bacterium whose drug-resistant can cause surgical failures and incurable infections in hospital patients. Thus, how to reverse or delay the resistance induction has become a great challenge for development antiresistant drug. Recently, the combination of nanomaterial-loaded antibiotics with photothermal therapy showed the efficient antibacteria ability under a low dosage of antibiotics. In this study, a nanocomposite of HMPB NPs with inherent photothermal therapy capability was used to eradicate K. pneumoniae after loading with Ofloxacin, an antibiotic against K. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. The nanocomplexes named as Ofloxacin@HMPB@HA NPs showed a higher effect against K. pneumoniae by destroying cell integrity and inducing ATP leakage with the assistance of laser irradiation, compared with sole Ofloxacin@HMPB@HA NPs or laser irradiation. Surgical wound infection assay further demonstrated the efficient killing K. pneumoniae and promoting the formation of new tissues, as well, which was reflected by the rapid healing of surgical wound. In summary, these results indicate the great potential of this combinational tactic based on Ofloxacin@HMPB@HA NPs for preventing the failure caused by K. pneumoniae infection.

[Comparison of performance of two prenatal diagnostic techniques for the detection of chromosomal mosaicisms in amniocytes].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of chromosomal karyotyping analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism-based microarray (SNP-array) for the detection of chromosomal mosaicisms in amniotic fluid samples. METHODS: Seventy four pregnant women with fetal mosaicisms detected by both methods were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 74 mosaicisms, 12 were pseudo and 62 were true mosaicisms, which included 1 Robertsonian translocation, 3 deletions, 4 supernumerary markers, 19 autosomal aneuploidy mosaicisms, 30 sex chromosome aneuploidy mosaicisms and 5 isometric chromosome mosaicisms. CONCLUSION: Chromosome karyotyping analysis and SNP-array have their own advantages and limitations for the diagnosis of mosaicisms. When the two methods have yielded inconsistent results, fluorescence in situ hybridization may be used for further verification.

[Genetic testing and pregnancy outcome of 337 fetuses with urinary system anomalies].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis and pregnancy outcome of fetuses with urinary system anomalies. METHODS: Ultrasonographic features, genetic testing and pregnancy outcomes of 337 fetuses with urinary system anomalies identified by prenatal ultrasonograhy were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic features of the fetuses were mainly characterized by hydronephrosis or hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal dysplasia. Thirty four fetuses (10.1%) were found to harbor a genetic defect, including 14 numerical chromosomal disorders, 10 structural chromosomal aberrations, and 10 pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs). In 31 cases, the parents elected induced labor. For the 303 fetuses with negative findings, 142 were born by spontaneous delivery or Caesarean section, 48 cases underwent induced labor, 1 case had miscarriage, and the remaining 112 cases had unknown or missed pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION: Hydronephrosis or hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal dysplasia are the most common findings among fetuses with urinary system anomalies. Approximately 10.1% of such fetuses are positive by genetic testing.

Imaging Dirac-mass disorder from magnetic dopant atoms in the ferromagnetic topological insulator Crx(Bi0.1Sb0.9)2-xTe3.

To achieve and use the most exotic electronic phenomena predicted for the surface states of 3D topological insulators (TIs), it is necessary to open a "Dirac-mass gap" in their spectrum by breaking time-reversal symmetry. Use of magnetic dopant atoms to generate a ferromagnetic state is the most widely applied approach. However, it is unknown how the spatial arrangements of the magnetic dopant atoms influence the Dirac-mass gap at the atomic scale or, conversely, whether the ferromagnetic interactions between dopant atoms are influenced by the topological surface states. Here we image the locations of the magnetic (Cr) dopant atoms in the ferromagnetic TI Cr0.08(Bi0.1Sb0.9)1.92Te3. Simultaneous visualization of the Dirac-mass gap Δ(r) reveals its intense disorder, which we demonstrate is directly related to fluctuations in n(r), the Cr atom areal density in the termination layer. We find the relationship of surface-state Fermi wavevectors to the anisotropic structure of Δ(r) not inconsistent with predictions for surface ferromagnetism mediated by those states. Moreover, despite the intense Dirac-mass disorder, the anticipated relationship [Formula: see text] is confirmed throughout and exhibits an electron-dopant interaction energy J* = 145 meV·nm(2). These observations reveal how magnetic dopant atoms actually generate the TI mass gap locally and that, to achieve the novel physics expected of time-reversal symmetry breaking TI materials, control of the resulting Dirac-mass gap disorder will be essential.

Preparation of Ag@3D-TiO2 Scaffolds and Determination of its Antimicrobial Properties and Osteogenesis-promoting Ability.

OBJECTIVES: The micro-nano structure of 3D-printed porous titanium (Ti) alloy with excellent performance in avoiding stress shielding and promoting bone tissue differentiation provides a new opportunity for the development of bone implants, but it necessitates higher requirements for bone tissue differentiation and the antibacterial properties of bone implants in clinical practice. METHODS: This study investigated the preparation, antimicrobial properties, and osteogenesis-promoting ability of the 3D printed porous Ti alloy anodic oxidized Ag-carrying (Ag@3D-TiO2) scaffolds. The 3D printed porous Ti alloy (3D-Ti), anodized 3D printed porous Ti alloy (3D-TiO2), and Ag@3D-TiO2 scaffolds were synthesized using electron beam melting. The antimicrobial properties of the scaffolds were examined using antibacterial tests and their cytocompatibility was assessed using a cell proliferation assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. In vitro cellular assays were used to investigate the effects of the scaffold microstructural features on cell activity, proliferation, and osteogenesis-related genes and proteins. In vivo animal experiments were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and osteogenesis-promoting abilities of the scaffolds. RESULTS: The Ag@3D-TiO2 scaffolds exhibited sustained anti-microbial activity over time, enhanced cell proliferation, facilitated osteogenic differentiation, and increased extracellular matrix mineralization. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (COL-I), and osteocalcin (OCN)-related genes and proteins were upregulated. In vivo animal implantation experiments, the anti-inflammatory effect of the Ag@3D-TiO2 scaffolds were observed using histology, and a large amount of fibrous connective tissue was present around it; the Ag@3D-TiO2 scaffolds were more bio-compatible with the surrounding tissues compared with 3D-Ti and 3D-TiO2; a large amount of uniformly distributed neoplastic bone tissue existed in their pores, and the chronic systemic toxicity test showed that the 3D-Ti, 3D-TiO2, and Ag@3D-TiO2 scaffolds are biologically safe. CONCLUSION: The goal of this study was to create a scaffold that exhibits antimicrobial properties and can aid bone growth, making it highly suitable for use in bone tissue engineering.

Decreased extrasynaptic δ-GABAA receptors in PNN-associated parvalbumin interneurons correlates with anxiety in APP and tau mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with gradual memory loss and anxiety which affects ~75% of AD patients. This study investigated whether AD-associated anxiety correlated with modulation of extrasynaptic δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors (δ-GABAARs) in experimental mouse models of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We combined behavioural experimental paradigms to measure cognition performance, and anxiety with neuroanatomy and molecular biology, using familial knock-in (KI) mouse models of AD that harbour ß-amyloid (Aß) precursor protein App (AppNL-F) with or without humanized microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), age-matched to wild-type control mice at three different age windows. RESULTS: AppNL-F KI and AppNL-F/MAPT AD models showed a similar magnitude of cognitive decline and elevated magnitude of anxiety correlated with neuroinflammatory hallmarks, including triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), reactive astrocytes and activated microglia consistent with accumulation of Aß, tau and down-regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling compared to aged-matched WT controls. In both the CA1 region of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, there was an age-dependent decline in the expression of δ-GABAARs selectively expressed in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons, encapsulated by perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the AD mouse models compared to WT mice. In vivo positive allosteric modulation of the δ-GABAARs, using a δ-selective-compound DS2, decreased the level of anxiety in the AD mouse models, which was correlated with reduced hallmarks of neuroinflammation, and 'normalisation' of the expression of δ-GABAARs. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the δ-GABAARs could potentially be targeted for alleviating symptoms of anxiety, which would greatly improve the quality of life of AD individuals.

Dysregulated Wnt and NFAT signaling in a Parkinson's disease LRRK2 G2019S knock-in model.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive late-onset neurodegenerative disease leading to physical and cognitive decline. Mutations of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of PD. LRRK2 is a complex scaffolding protein with known regulatory roles in multiple molecular pathways. Two prominent examples of LRRK2-modulated pathways are Wingless/Int (Wnt) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Both are well described key regulators of immune and nervous system development as well as maturation. The aim of this study was to establish the physiological and pathogenic role of LRRK2 in Wnt and NFAT signaling in the brain, as well as the potential contribution of the non-canonical Wnt/Calcium pathway. In vivo cerebral Wnt and NFATc1 signaling activity was quantified in LRRK2 G2019S mutant knock-in (KI) and LRRK2 knockout (KO) male and female mice with repeated measures over 28 weeks, employing lentiviral luciferase biosensors, and analyzed using a mixed-effect model. To establish spatial resolution, we investigated tissues, and primary neuronal cell cultures from different brain regions combining luciferase signaling activity, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and western blot assays. Results were analyzed by unpaired t-test with Welch's correction or 2-way ANOVA with post hoc corrections. In vivo Wnt signaling activity in LRRK2 KO and LRRK2 G2019S KI mice was increased significantly ~ threefold, with a more pronounced effect in males (~ fourfold) than females (~ twofold). NFATc1 signaling was reduced ~ 0.5-fold in LRRK2 G2019S KI mice. Brain tissue analysis showed region-specific expression changes in Wnt and NFAT signaling components. These effects were predominantly observed at the protein level in the striatum and cerebral cortex of LRRK2 KI mice. Primary neuronal cell culture analysis showed significant genotype-dependent alterations in Wnt and NFATc1 signaling under basal and stimulated conditions. Wnt and NFATc1 signaling was primarily dysregulated in cortical and hippocampal neurons respectively. Our study further built on knowledge of LRRK2 as a Wnt and NFAT signaling protein. We identified complex changes in neuronal models of LRRK2 PD, suggesting a role for mutant LRRK2 in the dysregulation of NFAT, and canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling.

[Cytogenetic analysis of 105 new human abnormal karyotypes].

To analyze the genetic effect of the abnormal chromosome karyotype, we summarized and studied the clinical data of the new abnormal karyotypes diagnosed at the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Women and Children Care Hospital from January 2009 to July 2012. The samples were cultured routinely for the karyotype analysis using G banding and C banding. Chromosomal aberrations were named according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN 2009). Among tested samples, 105 new human abnormal karyotypes were identified (86 reciprocal translocation, 10 chromosomal inversion, six derivative chromosome, one duplication, one isochromosome, one partial trisomy and monosomy). The results suggest that chromosomal abnormalities were a major cause of miscarriage, infertility, congenital abnormalities, mental retardation and amenorrhea in humans.

Antibacterial Structure Design of Porous Ti6Al4V by 3D Printing and Anodic Oxidation.

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is a commonly used bone implant material, primarily prepared as a porous material to better match the elastic modulus of human bone. However, titanium alloy is biologically inert and does not have antibacterial properties. At the same time, the porous structure with a large specific surface area also increases the risk of infection, leading to surgical failure. In this paper, we prepared three porous samples with different porosities of 60%, 75%, and 85%, respectively (for short, 3D-60, 3D-75, and 3D-85) using 3D printing technology and clarified the mechanical properties. Through tensile experiments, when the porosity was 60%, the compressive modulus was within the elastic modulus of human bone. Anodic oxidation technology carried out the surface modification of a 3D-printed porous titanium alloy with 60% porosity. Through change, the different voltages and times on the TiO2 oxide layer on the 3D-printed porous titanium alloy are different, and it reveals the growth mechanism of the TiO2 oxide layer on a 3D-printed unique titanium alloy. The surface hydrophilic and antibacterial properties of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy were significantly improved after modification by anodic oxidation.

Oxygen stress on age-stage, two-sex life tables and transcriptomic response of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).

Elucidating the genetic basis of local adaption is one of the important tasks in evolutionary biology. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the highest biodiversity for an extreme environment worldwide, and provides an ideal natural laboratory to study adaptive evolution. The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is one of the most devastating pests of the global Brassica industry. A highly heterozygous genome of this pest has facilitated its adaptation to a variety of complex environments, and so provides an ideal model to study fast adaptation. We conducted a pilot study combining RNA-seq with an age-stage, two-sex life table to study the effects of oxygen deprivation on DBM. The developmental periods of all instars were significantly shorter in the hypoxic environment. We compared the transcriptomes of DBM from Fuzhou, Fujian (low-altitude) and Lhasa, Tibet (high-altitude) under hypoxia treatment in a hypoxic chamber. Some DEGs are enriched in pathways associated with DNA replication, such as DNA repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair and homologous recombination. The pathways with significant changes were associated with metabolism process and cell development. Thus, we assumed that insects could adapt to different environments by regulating their metabolism. Our findings indicated that although adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia in different DBM strains could be similar, DBM individuals from Tibet had superior tolerance to hypoxia compared with those of Fuzhou. Local adaptation of the Tibetan colony was assumed to be responsible for this difference. Our research suggests novel mechanisms of insect responses to hypoxia stress.

Facile construction of Z-scheme AgCl/Bi3TaO7 photocatalysts for effective removal of tetracycline under visible-light irradiation.

A string of AgCl/Bi3TaO7 two-component composite was synthesized by hydrothermal and deposition-precipitation process initially. The photocatalytic activities of mixed-phase AgCl/Bi3TaO7 were evaluated toward the decomposition of tetracycline (TC). Among these as-prepared materials, AgCl/Bi3TaO7 nanocomposites when the molar ratio of baked materials between AgCl and Bi3TaO7 was 1:5 presented the optimal photocatalytic quantum efficiency for TC dissociation (86.82%) with visible-light exposure, which was 1.69 and 2.38 folders higher than that of single Bi3TaO7 and AgCl, respectively. What is more, it illustrated that the photo-generated carriers were markedly isolated on account of the formation of heterojunction confirmed by EIS analysis. Meanwhile, radical trapping experiments implied that the photo-induced holes (h+), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide radical (·O2-) were the major active species. The escalated photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the unique construction of Z-scheme AgCl/Bi3TaO7 heterojunction, which could expedite charge separation and transmission, cement light absorption capability and retain the strong redox ability of photo-generated electrons and holes. Our finding suggests that AgCl/Bi3TaO7 nanocomposites possess great potential for photocatalytic oxidation of residual TC in the wastewater effluents and the reported strategy can contribute to the development of novel high-performance photocatalyst.

Meteorin-like protein elevation post-exercise improved vascular inflammation among coronary artery disease patients by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become the most common cause of death worldwide. However, the negative effects of CAD are able to be alleviated via exercises, possibly via increased production of meteorin-like protein (Metrnl). In this study, we aim to evaluate the connection between Metrnl production during exercise with lowered CAD risk and severity. METHODS: Two age and gender-matched groups of 60 human patients, one with CAD, and one without were randomly recruited. The CAD group were subjected to continuous training exercises. Mice were exercised by using a treadmill, establishing an animal exercise model. ELISA was used to measure plasma Metrnl and inflammatory factors. To determine the impact of Metrnl on glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption and extracellular acid rates were taken for untreated, palmitic acid (PA)-treated, and PA+Metrnl co-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Western blot was used to measure expression levels for the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. RESULTS: CAD patients had lower Metrnl levels compared to non-CAD controls. Furthermore, higher Metrnl levels post-exercise were inversely associated with LDL, inflammatory cytokines, and CAD severity, as well as being positively associated with HDL. Metrnl was able to counteract against PA-induced HUVEC glucose metabolic dysfunction via reducing ROS production, which in turn lowered NLRP3 inflammasome expression, thereby serving as the basis behind the inverse correlation between Metrnl and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise was able to increase Metrnl production from skeletal muscle among CAD patients, and subsequently improve patient atherosclerosis via counteracting against endothelial metabolic dysfunction and pro-inflammatory activities.

Effect of the Addition of Steel Fibers on the Bonding Interface and Tensile Properties of Explosion-Welded 2A12 Aluminum Alloy and SS-304 Steel.

First of all, the explosion-welding method was adopted to prepare steel fiber-reinforced steel-aluminum composite plates. Secondly, the smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method was used to investigate the effect of introducing steel fibers to a vortex region created at the bonding interface of the steel-aluminum composite plate. Thirdly, the following conclusions were drawn through an analysis of the vortex region with the assistance of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A brittle intermetallic compound FeAl was produced in the vortex region in an environment characterized by high temperature, high pressure, and high strain rate, resulting in cracks, holes and pores. In addition, the hardness of the vortex area was less than the estimated value, which is mainly because the main element in the vortex area was 2A12 aluminum with low hardness, and there were cracks, holes, pores and other defects that caused hardness reduction. Although the addition of steel fibers caused defects at the bond interface, the addition of steel fibers was effective in improving the tensile resistance performance of steel-aluminum composite panels to a certain extent. In addition, the larger the fiber diameter, the more significant the increase in tensile resistance.

Functional Characterization of the Ryanodine Receptor Gene in Diaphorina citri.

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is a major citrus pest spread around the world. It is also a vector of the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', considered the cause of the fatal citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the primary target sites of diamide insecticides. In this study, full-length RyR cDNA from D. citri (named DcRyR) was isolated and identified. The 15,393 bp long open reading frame of DcRyR encoded a 5130 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 580,830 kDa. This protein had a high sequence identity (76-79%) with other insect homologs and a low sequence identity (43-46%) with mammals. An MIR domain, two RIH domains, three SPRY domains, four RyR repeat domains, an RIH-associated domain at the N-terminus, two consensus calcium-binding EF-hands, and six transmembrane domains were among the characteristics that DcRyR shared with insect and vertebrate RyRs. In expression analysis, the DcRyR gene displayed transcript abundance in all tissues and developmental stages as well as gene-differential and stage-specific patterns. In addition, diagnostic PCR experiments revealed that DcRyR had three potential alternative splice variants and that splicing events might have contributed to the various functions of DcRyR. However, diamide resistance-related amino acid residue mutations I4790M/K and G4946E were not found in DcRyR. These results can serve as the basis for further investigation into the target-based diamide pesticide resistance of D. citri.

Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods reveal microbe-clay mineral interactions by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria in an integral oilfield.

Fe(III) may be reasonably considered as one of the most important electron acceptors in petroleum reservoir ecosystems. The microbial mineralization of clay minerals, especially montmorillonite, is also of great significance to the exploration of petroleum and gas reservoirs. The bioreduction mechanisms of iron-poor minerals in petroleum reservoirs have been poorly investigated. This study investigated the bioreduction of montmorillonite by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) in petroleum reservoirs based on culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that Halolactibacillus, Bacillus, Alkaliphilus, Shewanella, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas were the key genera involved in the bioreduction of Fe(III). Through the traditional culture-dependent method, most of the key genera were isolated from the samples collected from petroleum reservoirs. Traditional culture-dependent methods can be used to reveal the metabolic characteristics of microorganisms (such as iron-reduction efficiency) to further elucidate the roles of different species (B. subtilis and B. alkalitelluris) in the environment. Moreover, many species with high iron-reduction efficiencies and relatively low abundances in the samples, such as Tessaracoccus and Flaviflexus, were isolated from petroleum reservoirs for the first time. The combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods can be used to further the understanding of the microbial communities and the metabolic characteristics of DIRB in petroleum reservoirs. Structural alterations that occurred during the interactions of microorganisms and montmorillonite were revealed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The physical and chemical analysis results demonstrated that microorganisms from petroleum reservoirs can dissolve iron-poor montmorillonite and promote the release of interlayer water. The secondary minerals illite and clinoptilolite were observed in bioreduced smectite. The formation of secondary minerals was closely related to the dissolution degrees of minerals based on iron reduction.

Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Flower Extract Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in the Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rat Model.

INTRODUCTION: This research was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott flower extract (SJF) on the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. METHODS: Arthritis was evoked by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the hind paw. SJF (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) or Celecoxib (5 mg/kg/day) were administered intragastrically from the 0th day to the 28th day. The arthritis symptoms (paw edema, arthritic scores, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia), inflammation biomarkers (RT and CRP), related enzymes (MMP1 and MMP13), oxidative stress markers (CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1ß) of SJF-treated CFA rats were evaluated. RESULTS: CFA rats exhibited severe arthritis symptoms, increased oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, SJF treatment relieving arthritis symptoms and restored body weight gain compared with those in the CFA group. SJF treatment decreased the levels of CRP, RF, MMP1, and MMP13 in the CFA group. Besides, SJF treatment increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the MDA content and inflammatory cytokines compared with those in the CFA group. Moreover, SJF could increase the mRNA expression of GPx-1 and CAT and inhibit the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the ankle tissue of CFA rats.

Molecular and pharmacological characterization of biogenic amine receptors from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.

BACKGROUD: Insect biogenic amines play important roles in mediating behavioral and physiological processes. They exert their effects by binding to biogenic amine receptors (BARs), which are specific receptor proteins in the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. BAR genes have been cloned and characterized from multiple model insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera and Tribolium castaneum. However, relatively little work has addressed the molecular properties, expression profiles, and pharmacological characterization of BARs from other insects, including important pests. RESULTS: In this study, we cloned 17 genes encoding putative biogenic amine receptor proteins from Plutella xylostella, a global pest of Brassica crops. These PxBAR genes were five octopamine receptors (PxOA1, PxOA2B1, PxOA2B2, PxOA2B3, and PxOA3), three tyramine receptors (PxTAR1A, PxTAR1B, and PxTAR2), four dopamine receptors (PxDOP1, PxDOP2, PxDOP3, and PxDopEcR), and five serotonin receptors (Px5-HT1A , Px5-HT1B , Px5-HT2A , Px5-HT2B , and Px5-HT7 ). All PxBARs showed considerable sequence identity with orthologous BARs, and phylogenetic analysis clustered the receptors within their respective groups while preserving organismal evolutionary relationships. We investigated their molecular properties and expression profiles, and pharmacologically characterized the dopamine receptor, PxDOP2. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides important information and resources on biogenic amine receptors from P. xylostella, which suggests potential target sites for controlling this pest species. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.