Airflow obstruction and small airway dysfunction following pulmonary tuberculosis: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary function impairment and chronic respiratory symptoms after tuberculosis are relatively common in low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to estimate the impact of post-tuberculosis (post-TB) on pulmonary function. METHODS: This large cross-sectional, population-based study included subjects aged 15 years or older with technically acceptable postbronchodilator spirometry measurements. Post-TB was diagnosed on the basis of radiological evidence and/or medical history. Airflow obstruction was defined as a postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio below the lower limit of normal of Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) lung function equations. Small airway dysfunction was diagnosed if at least two of the following indicators were less than 65% of predicted: maximal mid-expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow (FEF) 50% or FEF 75%. RESULTS: In this population sample (N=8680, mean age: 40.1 years), 610 (7.0% (95% CI 6.5 to 7.6) participants were post-TB. Post-TB subjects had more frequent respiratory symptoms (46.8% vs 28.3%). Among post-TB subjects, 130 (21.3% (95% CI 18.1 to 24.8)) had airflow obstruction; OR of airflow obstruction was significantly associated with post-TB after adjustment for other confounding factors (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.62). Post-TB was also associated with small airway dysfunction (OR 1.28, 95% CI1.07 to 1.53), which was present in 297 (48.9% (95% CI 33.9 to 53.0)) post-TB subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support existing knowledge that post-TB is positively associated with pulmonary function impairment and make for frequent respiratory symptoms. Post-TB should be considered as a potentially important cause of airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms in patients originating from countries with a high burden of tuberculosis.

Combined effect of ozone and household air pollution on COPD in people aged less than 50 years old.

OBJECTIVES: Air pollution has been suggested as an important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, evidence of interactive effects on COPD between different factors was sparse, especially for young adults. We aimed to assess the combined effects of ambient ozone (O3) and household air pollution on COPD in young individuals. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study of residents aged 15-50 years in the low-income and middle-income regions of western China. We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine the associations between long-term ozone exposure and COPD in young individuals. RESULTS: A total of 6537 young cases were identified among the participants, with a COPD prevalence rate of 7.8 (95% CI 7.2% to 8.5%), and most young COPD individuals were asymptomatic. Exposure to household air pollution was associated with COPD in young patients after adjustment for other confounding factors (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.37). We also found positive associations of COPD with O3 per IQR increase of 20 ppb (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.32). The individual effects of household air pollution and O3 were 1.68 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.46) and 1.55 (95% CI 0.99 to 2.43), respectively, while their joint effect was 3.28 (95% CI 2.35 to 4.69) with the relative excess risk due to interaction of 1.05 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.78). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that exposure to ambient O3 and household air pollution might be important risk factors for COPD among young adults, and simultaneous exposure to high levels of the two pollutants may intensify their individual effects.

A low prognostic nutritional index is associated with chronic subdural hematoma recurrence.

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical condition. Inflammation has been found to play an essential role in the formation of CSDHs, and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), a nutritional and inflammatory baseline marker, plays a role in predicting the prognosis of many diseases. We aimed to identify the relationship between PNI and CSDH recurrence. This study retrospectively analyzed 261 CSDH patients who underwent burr hole evacuation in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from August 2013 to March 2018. The PNI was calculated as 5 ∗ lymphocyte count (109/L) + serum albumin concentration (g/L), and these markers were obtained from the peripheral blood test on the day of discharge from the hospital. Recurrence was defined as operated hematoma enlargement accompanied by newly emerging neurological disorders. The comparison of baseline characteristics demonstrated that patients with bilateral hematoma and low levels of albumin, lymphocytes, and PNI were more likely to be recurrent. After adjusting for age, sex, and other important variables, decreased PNI levels were associated with an increased risk of CSDH (OR, 0.803, 95% CI: 0.715-0.902, p = 0.001). The addition of PNI to conventional risk factors significantly improved the risk prediction of CSDH (net reclassification index: 71.12%, p = 0.001; integrated discrimination index: 10.94%, p = 0.006). A low PNI level is associated with an increased risk of CSDH recurrence. As an easily obtainable nutritional and inflammatory marker, PNI may play a significant role in predicting the recurrence of CSDH patients.

Efficacy analysis of neuroendoscopy-assisted burr-hole evacuation for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this study was to compare neuroendoscopy-assisted burr-hole evacuation with conventional burr-hole evacuation in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), and to evaluate the curative effect of neuroendoscopy. This study follows PRISMA guidelines and uses the keywords "chronic subdural hematoma," "neuroendoscopies," "neuroendoscopy," "endoscopy," "endoscopic neurosurgery," and "neuroendoscopic surgery" to conduct an electronic search of online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. There were no restrictions on language or publication year. This meta-analysis involved 948 patients in six studies. The results showed that the recurrence rate in the neuroendoscopy group was significantly lower than that in the conventional burr-hole group (3.1% vs. 13.8%, P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the neuroendoscopy group had a longer operation time (P<0.001) and a shorter postoperative drainage time (P<0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in hospital stay (P=0.14), mortality (P=0.39), postoperative morbidity (P=0.12), or 6-month neurological outcomes (P=0.32) between the two groups. It should be noted that the comparison of neurological outcomes was based on 269 patients (6/106 vs. 14/163). Compared with conventional burr-hole evacuation, neuroendoscopy-assisted burr-hole evacuation reduces the recurrence rate of CSDH and shortens the postoperative drainage time. However, the neuroendoscopy group did not have lower mortality or morbidity or better functional outcomes. In the future, randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of neuroendoscopic surgery.

GL-YOLO-Lite: A Novel Lightweight Fallen Person Detection Model.

The detection of a fallen person (FPD) is a crucial task in guaranteeing individual safety. Although deep-learning models have shown potential in addressing this challenge, they face several obstacles, such as the inadequate utilization of global contextual information, poor feature extraction, and substantial computational requirements. These limitations have led to low detection accuracy, poor generalization, and slow inference speeds. To overcome these challenges, the present study proposed a new lightweight detection model named Global and Local You-Only-Look-Once Lite (GL-YOLO-Lite), which integrates both global and local contextual information by incorporating transformer and attention modules into the popular object-detection framework YOLOv5. Specifically, a stem module replaced the original inefficient focus module, and rep modules with re-parameterization technology were introduced. Furthermore, a lightweight detection head was developed to reduce the number of redundant channels in the model. Finally, we constructed a large-scale, well-formatted FPD dataset (FPDD). The proposed model employed a binary cross-entropy (BCE) function to calculate the classification and confidence losses. An experimental evaluation of the FPDD and Pascal VOC dataset demonstrated that GL-YOLO-Lite outperformed other state-of-the-art models with significant margins, achieving 2.4-18.9 mean average precision (mAP) on FPDD and 1.8-23.3 on the Pascal VOC dataset. Moreover, GL-YOLO-Lite maintained a real-time processing speed of 56.82 frames per second (FPS) on a Titan Xp and 16.45 FPS on a HiSilicon Kirin 980, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

Association of lens density quantified by IOLMaster 700 with lenticular myopia in nuclear cataract.

PURPOSE: To explore the associated ocular parameters with lenticular myopia and assess the correlation between lens density and myopic shift. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 50 patients with lenticular high myopia as the study group and 85 cases as the validation group. Lens density was obtained through swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT, IOLMaster 700) and measured by Image J software. Linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were applied to study the association between lenticular myopia and ocular variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration charts were plotted for nuclear density (ND) in identifying lenticular high myopia. RESULTS: Both ND and lens thickness were discovered to be associated with spherical equivalent refraction and lens power (p < 0.05); yet, only ND was significantly correlated with lenticular myopia, as the difference of nuclear density (NDdiff) between the lenticular myopic eye and the fellow eye was significantly correlated with the interocular difference of spherical equivalent refraction (SERdiff, r = - 0.752, p < 0.001) and the interocular difference of lens power (LPdiff, r = 0.834, p < 0.001). The ND is a good metric for diagnosing lenticular high myopia, with the area under curve (AUC) being 0.898 (0.821-0.949) and the cut-off value being 98.88 pixel units. The accuracy of the cut-off value in the validation group was 82.35%. CONCLUSIONS: Average ND quantified by IOLMaster 700 is not only associated with lenticular myopia but is a suitable metric for predicting the amount of myopic shift.

Postoperative pneumocephalus and recurrence and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted a meta-analysis to analyze the effects of pneumocephalus after chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) surgery on hematoma recurrence, mortality, and functional outcomes. In this meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science online databases were queried using the keywords "pneumocephalus," "pneumoencephalos," "intracranial pneumatocele," "pneumo encephalon," "subdural air," and "chronic subdural hematoma." The results were limited to English-language articles. Through the online database, we identified a total of 276 articles and finally included 14 articles for meta-analysis. The results showed that the recurrence rate in the pneumocephalus group was higher than that in the control group, with a pooled OR of 3.35 (CI: 2.51-4.46, P < 0.001). There was no difference in recurrence rate between the no/few and moderate pneumocephalus groups (OR: 1.27, CI: 0.68-2.37, P = 0.46), but the recurrence rate of the large pneumocephalus group was significantly higher than that of the moderate group, with a pooled OR of 3.29 (CI: 1.71-6.32, P < 0.001). This study failed to show higher mortality and worse outcomes in the pneumocephalus group than in the control. Pneumocephalus after surgical evacuation of CSDH was associated with the recurrence rate of hematoma. Pneumocephalus affecting recurrence was correlated with gas volume, and moderate pneumocephalus may have less impact, while patients with large pneumocephalus are more likely to recur than those with moderate pneumocephalus. More prospective cohort studies are needed for further investigation and verification. This meta-analysis was registered (PROSPERO CRD42022321800).

Local Skull Thinning is One of Risks for the Ruptured Arachnoid Cysts With Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults: Thirty-two Clinical Reports.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) in young people are uncommon, rupture of arachnoid cysts (ACs) is one of the reasons for young patients. The detailed features of CSDHs associated with ACs remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of risks for the rupture of ACs with CSDH in Adults. METHODS: The CT scans of 1231 patients who were diagnosed as CSDH were reviewed between Jan 2009 and Jan 2019 in the Department of Neurotrauma in Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University/China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases. The clinical features, treatments, and prognosis of 32 patients with ACs were analyzed. RESULTS: Ruptured ACs with CSDH were diagnosed in 32 patients in 1231 CSDH cases, which account for 2.60%. Headache was the commonest presenting symptom. According to the Takizawa' classification, there were 22 cases for Type A, 9 for Type B and 1 for Type C. Thinning or external convex of the calvarium was demonstrated in 17/32 cases (53.1%). Thirty-one patients were treated with burr hole irrigation. Favorable outcomes were achieved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ACs should be taken into consideration in young and middle-aged patients with CSDH. For those patients were found ACs in conventional medical examination, especially those whose imaging examinations demonstrated thinning or external convex of the calvarium, it was crucial to remind them to avoid the occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Burr hole irrigation is still the preferred treatment for ruptured ACs with CSDH.

Polythiourethanes Crosslinked with Dynamic Disulfide Bonds: Synthesis via Nonisocyanate Approach, Thermomechanical and Reprocessing Properties.

Polythiourethanes (PTUs) crosslinked with dynamic disulfide bonds are synthesized via a nonisocyanate approach. First, a difunctional five-membered cyclic trithiocarbonate (1) is synthesized via the reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with carbon disulfide (CS2 ). Thereafter, the step-growth polymerizations of 1 with α,ω-diamino poly(propylene oxide)s with various molar masses are carried out to obtain a series of linear poly(mercapto thiourethane)s. These linear poly(mercapto thiourethane)s are readily crosslinked upon formation of disulfide bonds, which are generated via radical coupling reaction with the side mercapto groups. These crosslinked PTUs can be tailored into the materials from thermosetting plastics to crosslinked elastomers, depending on the molar masses of α,ω-diamino poly(propylene oxide)s. More importantly, these crosslinked PTUs display excellent reprocessing properties at elevated temperatures, which is attributable to the metathesis reaction of dynamic disulfide bonds.

High-Quality Genome Resource of Diaporthe destruens Causing Foot Rot Disease of Sweet Potato.

Foot rot of sweet potato caused by Diaporthe destruens severely affects yield and quality worldwide. Research on this pathogen is limited due to nonavailability of genome resources. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence of D. destruens isolate CRI 305-2, which was originally isolated from infected stem of sweet potato in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. The genome comprised a total length of 56,108,228 bp, consisted of 47 scaffolds with an overall G+C content of 48.7% and an N50 of 2,479,481 bp. This resource can be used as a reference for evolution mechanisms and comparative genomic research.

Frequency Domain Analysis of Partial-Tensor Rotating Accelerometer Gravity Gradiometer.

The output model of a rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer (RAGG) established by the inertial dynamics method cannot reflect the change of signal frequency, and calibration sensitivity and self-gradient compensation effect for the RAGG is a very important stage in the development process that cannot be omitted. In this study, a model based on the outputs of accelerometers on the disc of RGAA is established to calculate the gravity gradient corresponding to the distance, through the study of the RAGG output influenced by a surrounding mass in the frequency domain. Taking particle, sphere, and cuboid as examples, the input-output models of gravity gradiometer are established based on the center gradient and four accelerometers, respectively. Simulation results show that, if the scale factors of the four accelerometers on the disk are the same, the output signal of the RAGG only contains (4k+2)ω (ω is the spin frequency of disc for RAGG) harmonic components, and its amplitude is related to the orientation of the surrounding mass. Based on the results of numerical simulation of the three models, if the surrounding mass is close to the RAGG, the input-output models of gravity gradiometer are more accurate based on the four accelerometers. Finally, some advantages and disadvantages of cuboid and sphere are compared and some suggestions related to calibration and self-gradient compensation are given.

Binding Modes of Salicylic Acids to Titanium Oxide Molecular Surfaces.

A set of titanium oxide clusters (TOCs) comprised of 4 to 16 Ti atoms are synthesized with substituted salicylates (SSAs). The interfacial coordination environment of these SSA/Ti oxide hybrids are surveyed and found to be limited to four binding modes, with the bridging chelate mode being the most common one. The SSA-functionalized TOCs show strong visible light absorption properties. The contribution of the SSAs in the frontier orbitals of the TOCs are analyzed by using TD-DFT calculations based on the molecular geometries determined by X-ray diffraction. For TOCs of relatively high O/Ti ratio, the SSAs narrow the band gap of the TOCs by contributing solely to the HOMOs. Both binding modes and locations of the SSAs are important for the roles of SSAs in changing the HOMOs and thereby the absorption onsets.

Essential contribution of macrophage Tie2 signal mediated autophagy in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization.

Autophagy plays critical roles in various ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Tie2-expressing macrophages (TEMs) play crucial roles in angiogenesis. To investigate the role of TEMs and autophagy in the development of AMD, we employed macrophage-specific Tie2 knockout mice and used a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The results showed that TEMs can promote CNV formation by up-regulating the level of autophagy. These results were further verified by in vitro cell experiments that peritoneal macrophages from Tie2 knockout mice can inhibit the expression of autophagy-related factors and inhibit the expression of angiogenic factor of VEGF by activating AMPK signaling pathway. Our results suggest that TEMs and macrophage Tie2 signal mediated-autophagy play critical role in experimental CNV, and they may be novel preventive targets for AMD treatment.

Geniposide exhibits anticancer activity to medulloblastoma cells by downregulating microRNA-373.

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is a common tumor originates from central nervous system in children with metastatic potential. Geniposide is the major active ingredient separated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Herein, we tested the possible anticancer activity of geniposide on human medulloblastoma cells, as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Firstly, followed by geniposide incubation, cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of medulloblastoma Daoy cells, along with microRNA-373 (miR-373) expression were tested, respectively. Then, the influences of miR-373 overexpression in the reduction of medulloblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and the elevation of apoptosis, triggered by geniposide treatment, were re-investigated. Finally, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway activity was analyzed. RESULTS: Geniposide treatment inhibited medulloblastoma cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, but promoted cell apoptosis. Surprisingly, miR-373 expression in medulloblastoma cells was obviously downregulated by geniposide treatment. miR-373 overexpression reversed the effects of geniposide on Daoy cells. Furthermore, geniposide hindered the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by downregulating miR-373 expression. CONCLUSION: Geniposide exhibited anticancer activity on human medulloblastoma cells and blocked Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by downregulating miR-373 expression.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Traced back to December 2019, an unexpected outbreak of a highly contagious new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has rapidly swept around China and the globe. There have now been an estimated 2 580 000 infections and more than 170 000 fatal cases around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that approximately 14% of infections developed into severe disease, 5% were critically ill, and the mortality rate of critically ill patients is reported to be over 50%. The shortage of specific anti-viral treatment and vaccines remains a huge challenge. In COVID-19, refractory hypoxemia is common among the critically ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) despite invasive mechanical ventilation, and is further complicated by respiratory and circulatory failure. This difficult situation calls for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for assisting respiration and circulation if necessary. This article reviews the pertinent clinical literature, technical guidance, and expert recommendations on use of ECMO in critically ill cases of COVID-19. Here, we present basic knowledge and opinions about COVID-19 and ECMO, review the evidence on ECMO use in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and H1N1 influenza, share the technical guidance and recommendations on use of ECMO in COVID-19, summarize the current use of ECMO against COVID-19 in China, and discuss the issues in use of ECMO in COVID-19.

Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Chirality on Same Solid Cobalt Catalysts at Low Temperature.

Currently, designing solid catalysts at high temperature is the main strategy to realize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with specific chirality, meaning it is very hard and challenging to create new catalysts or faces to fit new chirality. However, low temperatures make most catalysts solid, and developing solid catalysts at low temperature is desired to realize chirality control of SWNTs. A rational approach to grow SWNTs array with different chiralities on same solid Co catalysts at low temperature (650 °C) is herein put forward. Using solid Co catalysts, near-armchair (10, 9) tubes horizontal array with ≈75% selectivity and (12, 6) tubes array with ≈82% are realized by adopting a small amount of ethanol and large amount of CO respectively. (10, 9) tubes are enriched for thermodynamic stability and (12, 6) tubes for kinetics growth rate. Both kinds of tubes show a similar symmetry to the Co (1 1 1) face with threefold symmetry for the symmetry matching nucleation mechanism proposed earlier. This method provides a new strategy to study the nucleation mechanism and more possibilities for preparing new solid catalysts to control the structure of SWNTs.

Carburization of Fe/Ni Catalyst for Efficient Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

Scale-up production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high quality and purity is in pursuit, since the subsequent post purification treatment of residual metal or amorphous carbon is complicated and restricts further applications. Here, a compatible method to efficiently synthesize pure SWNTs on various supporters by using the precarburized Fe/Ni catalysts is reported. The preparation of catalysts is achieved by gas phase deposition together with CO gas at proper temperature, and the carburization of metal particles occurring simultaneously contributes to the size limitation of catalysts. By using micro-quartz sand as a recyclable supporter, high-quality SWNTs with a yield of 50 mg h-1 are prepared with 60% metal precursor utilization, 81% carbon source utilization, and only 0.12% (m/m) metal residues. Taking advantage of carburized Fe/Ni catalysts and appropriate supports makes it possible to balance the quantity, purity, and quality among SWNTs growth. Furthermore, this method provides a straightforward pathway to strongly combine SWNTs and diverse composite materials for further potential applications.

Consensus statement from the International Consensus Meeting on the Role of Decompressive Craniectomy in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury : Consensus statement.

BACKGROUND: Two randomised trials assessing the effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy (DC) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) were published in recent years: DECRA in 2011 and RESCUEicp in 2016. As the results have generated debate amongst clinicians and researchers working in the field of TBI worldwide, it was felt necessary to provide general guidance on the use of DC following TBI and identify areas of ongoing uncertainty via a consensus-based approach. METHODS: The International Consensus Meeting on the Role of Decompressive Craniectomy in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury took place in Cambridge, UK, on the 28th and 29th September 2017. The meeting was jointly organised by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), AO/Global Neuro and the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma. Discussions and voting were organised around six pre-specified themes: (1) primary DC for mass lesions, (2) secondary DC for intracranial hypertension, (3) peri-operative care, (4) surgical technique, (5) cranial reconstruction and (6) DC in low- and middle-income countries. RESULTS: The invited participants discussed existing published evidence and proposed consensus statements. Statements required an agreement threshold of more than 70% by blinded voting for approval. CONCLUSIONS: In this manuscript, we present the final consensus-based recommendations. We have also identified areas of uncertainty, where further research is required, including the role of primary DC, the role of hinge craniotomy and the optimal timing and material for skull reconstruction.

Degradation of thin-film lithium batteries characterised by improved potentiometric measurement of entropy change.

The degradation phenomena of thin-film solid state batteries caused by cycling at a high cut-off voltage and different temperatures were studied using an improved potentiometric measurement of entropy change combined with electrochemical impedance analysis and incremental capacity analysis. Entropy profiling is demonstrated as a viable non-destructive technique for solid state batteries that is sensitive to structural changes in electrodes during galvanostatic cycling, and is complementary to other techniques for studying degradation. The characteristic peaks and valleys in the entropy profile as a function of the state-of-charge could be closely correlated to theories of phase transitions in the cathode material. This technique is therefore a useful technique to help understand and diagnose the degradation mechanism, and specify the state-of-health in a promising new battery technology.

Evidence-based medicine in neurosurgery: an academic publication view.

Although evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been progressively developing for decades in neurosurgery, there remains a lack of data to fully understand this topic. This study was aimed to evaluate extensively EBM related to neurosurgery through the analysis of neurosurgical EBM publications. We searched the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database for all EBM publications related to neurosurgery. The number of publications and other information were obtained. Data were extracted from the search results to obtain the following information: document type, countries/territories, funding agencies, organizations, publication year, source of titles, and research area. From among all of the publications, we extracted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for further analysis at RCT characteristic and funding agencies. According to the search strategy, 6907 publications were related to EBM in neurosurgery. A total of 91 countries/territories participated in neurosurgical EBM publications. English-speaking countries (USA, England, and Canada) contributed most of the publications. "University of Toronto" is the organization which published the most EBM publications. In total, 1654 neurosurgical RCTs were found. We summarize their characteristics and record the highest cited (more than 400) RCTs, which we descript the distribution in different neurosurgical fields and stages. We also found that more than half of the RCTs were directly funded by industrial companies, and government-funded agencies accounted for no more than one fifth of the RCTs. EBM in neurosurgery has a good foundation but also needs to be constantly revised and improved to synchronize with evidence-based medicine development.