[Peritoneum: a new view of the problem].

The author suggests to differentiate the concepts of "location of the organs in regard to the peritoneum" and "coverage of the organs with the peritoneum". According to the author, all the organs, except the ovaries, are located extraperitoneally, but are covered with the peritoneum from one, three or all the sides.

[The intermediate nerve system]. / Sistema promezhutochnogo nerva.

A comparative-embryological study (223 fetuses of man, cat, dog, albino rat and mole) has established a similarity in the development and structure of the intermediate nerve in mammalia. The nerve under study represents a complex structural-functional system. Its afferent component includes a geniculate ganglion, a nucleus of the solitary tract, root, peripheral branches. A superior salivary nucleus, a root, pterygopalatine, submandibular, sublingual and auricular (in man) parasympathetic ganglia of the head, peripheral branches. The intermediate nerve fibers are included as additional sources in branches of other cranial nerves, vegetative ganglia and plexuses being spread on a considerable territory of the head. The intermediate nerve is an isolated anatomical structure and deserves being detached into a separate pair of cranial nerves.

[The morphofunctional organization of the accessory olfactory organ in mammals]. / Morfofunktsional'naia organizatsiia dopolnitel'nogo organa obonianiia u mlekopitaiushchikh.

The study was performed in 180 fetuses of albino rat aged 12-21 d, cat--5-120 mm parietococcygeal length and man--4-70 mm parietococcygeal length, divided into histological slices. Vomeronasal organ of mammals, human included was found to be closely connected with nasal cavity, being its derivative. Within the period of primary palate formation in animals vomeronasal organ opens up into primary choanae, being linked both with oral and nasal cavities in similar extent. In following stages of development the period of secondary palate formation vomeronasal organ displays specific features of its structure.

[Information analysis of spinal ganglia]. / Informatsionnyi analiz spinnomozgovykh gangliev.

Information parameters (entropia and redundancy) of cervical and thoracic spinal ganglia of albino rat foetuses, mature animals (cat and dog) and human subjects were analysed. Information characteristics of spinal ganglia were shown to be level-specified and to depend on their functional peculiarities. Information parameters of thoracic spinal ganglia of man and different animals are specie specified and may be used in assessment of morphological structures as information systems.

[Disorders of vaginal development in the progeny of white rats exposed to x-ray irradiation]. / Narusheniia razvitiia vlagalishcha u potomstva belykh krys pod vliianiem rentgenovskogo oblucheniia.

One hundred and twenty white rat embryos 13-22-day-old have been irradiated with x-rays (the dose 250 R) on the 12th-14th day of embryogenesis. The embryos have been divided into series of sagittal, frontal, transversal sections and stained by means of general histological methods. The irradiation performed on the days mentioned does not affect formation of the paramesonephric ducts. In all the experimental animals the caudal end of the paramesonephric duct is separated from the mesonephric duct as a solid cellular cord in which the lumen appears later. In the experimental females the disturbances developed after irradiation are manifested first of all in retardation of the main stages of the organ's formation; the retardation is observed: in fusion of the paramesonephric ducts, in resorption of the medial septum between the fused ducts, in separating the sinuous part of the vagina from the urogenital sinus, in recanalization of the vaginal epithelial cord. More severe lesions are presented as agenesia of the vaginal sinuous part and as its atresia represented by a transversal septum of the organ. The disorders in the vagina development are depended on massive primary necrobiotic radial lesions of the mesenchymal cells around the epithelial anlages of the small pelvis.

[Development of the nasal cavity and formation of the nostrils in human embryogenesis]. / Razvitie polosti nosa i obrazovanie narushnykh nosovykh otverstii v embriogeneze cheloveka.

The development of nasal cavity was traced in human embryos. The identity in the primitive formation of the mouth cavity and that of the nasal cavity is stated. During embryogenesis, the primitive nasal cavities are demonstrated to change their position concerning the mouth cavity. Epithelial "cluster" formation in the area of the nostrils is examined: it appears in embryos of 16-19 mm long, is mostly prominent in embryos of 50-55 mm long, is absent in fetuses of 5.5 months old. By comparing the terms and dynamics in the development of epithelial adhesion in the larynx an the nostrils, the importance of these temporal structures for protecting the respiratory tract of the embryo from amniotic fluid is demonstrated.

[The intermediate nerve and its place in the system of cranial nerves]. / Promezhutochnyi nerv i ego mesto v sisteme cherepnykh nervov.

The intermediate nerve (IN) in embryogenesis of man, cat and white rat is formed similarly. From the common with the VIII cranial nerve anlage the geniculum node, the vestibular and cochlear ganglia are emerged. A separated root of the IN connects the geniculum node with the nuclei, situating in the CNS. From the geniculum node main branches of the IN get off: the greater petrosal nerve and the cord of the tympanum, its fibers in the temporal bone canal run in the facial nerve trunk. In the periphery the IN branches unite with other cranial nerves, make connections with branches of vegetative (parasympathetic) ganglia and plexuses. They spread along a large territory, forming a system of parasympathetic innervation in the area of the head and ensuring with specific nervous apparatuses the gustatory organ. It is expedient to select the IN into an independent cranial nerve and confirm it the number of the regular pair.

Functional anatomy of physiologic atresia in human and mammal embryogenesis.

1. Physiological atresias represent temporal functionate structures that appear and disappear in various organs at different stages in embryonic development. 2. The phenomen of physiological atresia has its morphological and time characteristics in different organs and systems. The universal occurrence of the epithelial adhesion observed in the viscera and natural apertures in the body have functional significance for the embryo in its adaptation to the development in the amniotic medium. 3. Deviations in recanalization of fetal occlusions result in the appearance of congenital atresia and other defects in the development. This is grounded by some indirect evidences. 4. Detailed a knowledge of embryogenesis has clinical importance in explaining the observed congenital anomaly and for their diagnosis and correction.

Ganglia formation of the peripheral nervous system.

Embryologic studies have shown that the ganglions of the peripheral nervous system are formed by the neuroblasts from the central nervous system. The histotopography of the neurons and their segmental communications with the central nervous system are established experimentally (segmental section of the ventral roots and resection of the spinal nodes: 100 experiments). It is proved that the neurons, which communicate with the definite segment of the spinal cord, are diffusely distributed in the ganglion mass.

[Structure and homodynamia of the intersegmental connection TI-TII]. / Struktura i gomodinamiia mezhsegmentarnoi sviazi TI-TII.

The reason to consider the second thoracic cerebrospinal nerve (Th2) as one of the sources of the brachial plexus is the fact of the intersegmentary connection between Th1 and Th2 by means of a neural branch situating on the internal surface of the thorax near the vertebral column (the intrathoracic or paravertebral branch). However, not all cases of the intersegmentary connection Th1-Th2 should be regarded only as participation of Th2 in the formation of the brachial plexus, this is conditioned by certain peculiarities of its structure and by the character of interconnections with the I intercostal nerve. The macro-microscopic method demonstrates that the intersegmentary connection Th1-Th2 includes somatic and vegetative components, that to the same extent participate both in formation of the brachial plexus and in the I intercostal nerve. The intersegmentary connection Th1-Th2 is considered as a vegetative neural structure, containing somatic conductors and is considered as a homologue of superficial connective branches. It is the way, by which sympathetic fibers can reach the brachial plexus from the segment situating below, without passing through the superior thoracic nodes of the sympathetic trunk.