Outbreak of severe community-acquired bacterial infections among children in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), October to December 2022.

PURPOSE: In late 2022, a surge of severe S. pyogenes infections was reported in several European countries. This study assessed hospitalizations and disease severity of community-acquired bacterial infections with S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae among children in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany, during the last quarter of 2022 compared to long-term incidences. METHODS: Hospital cases due to bacterial infections between October and December 2022 were collected in a multicenter study (MC) from 59/62 (95%) children's hospitals in NRW and combined with surveillance data (2016-2023) from the national reference laboratories for streptococci, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae. Overall and pathogen-specific incidence rates (IR) from January 2016 to March 2023 were estimated via capture-recapture analyses. Expected annual deaths from the studied pathogens were calculated from national death cause statistics. RESULTS: In the MC study, 153 cases with high overall disease severity were reported with pneumonia being most common (59%, n = 91). IRs of bacterial infections declined at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and massively surged to unprecedented levels in late 2022 and early 2023 (overall hospitalizations 3.5-fold), with S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae as main drivers (18-fold and threefold). Observed deaths during the study period exceeded the expected number for the entire year in NRW by far (7 vs. 0.9). DISCUSSION: The unprecedented peak of bacterial infections and deaths in late 2022 and early 2023 was caused mainly by S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae. Improved precautionary measures are needed to attenuate future outbreaks.

De novo missense variants in RRAGC lead to a fatal mTORopathy of early childhood.

PURPOSE: Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth in response to nutritional status. Central to the mTORC1 function is the Rag-GTPase heterodimer. One component of the Rag heterodimer is RagC (Ras-related GTP-binding protein C), which is encoded by the RRAGC gene. METHODS: Genetic testing via trio exome sequencing was applied to identify the underlying disease cause in 3 infants with dilated cardiomyopathy, hepatopathy, and brain abnormalities, including pachygyria, polymicrogyria, and septo-optic dysplasia. Studies in patient-derived skin fibroblasts and in a HEK293 cell model were performed to investigate the cellular consequences. RESULTS: We identified 3 de novo missense variants in RRAGC (NM_022157.4: c.269C>A, p.(Thr90Asn), c.353C>T, p.(Pro118Leu), and c.343T>C, p.(Trp115Arg)), which were previously reported as occurring somatically in follicular lymphoma. Studies of patient-derived fibroblasts carrying the p.(Thr90Asn) variant revealed increased cell size, as well as dysregulation of mTOR-related p70S6K (ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1) and transcription factor EB signaling. Moreover, subcellular localization of mTOR was decoupled from metabolic state. We confirmed the key findings for all RRAGC variants described in this study in a HEK293 cell model. CONCLUSION: The above results are in line with a constitutive overactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. Our study establishes de novo missense variants in RRAGC as cause of an early-onset mTORopathy with unfavorable prognosis.

NAXE Mutations Disrupt the Cellular NAD(P)HX Repair System and Cause a Lethal Neurometabolic Disorder of Early Childhood.

To safeguard the cell from the accumulation of potentially harmful metabolic intermediates, specific repair mechanisms have evolved. APOA1BP, now renamed NAXE, encodes an epimerase essential in the cellular metabolite repair for NADHX and NADPHX. The enzyme catalyzes the epimerization of NAD(P)HX, thereby avoiding the accumulation of toxic metabolites. The clinical importance of the NAD(P)HX repair system has been unknown. Exome sequencing revealed pathogenic biallelic mutations in NAXE in children from four families with (sub-) acute-onset ataxia, cerebellar edema, spinal myelopathy, and skin lesions. Lactate was elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of all affected individuals. Disease onset was during the second year of life and clinical signs as well as episodes of deterioration were triggered by febrile infections. Disease course was rapidly progressive, leading to coma, global brain atrophy, and finally to death in all affected individuals. NAXE levels were undetectable in fibroblasts from affected individuals of two families. In these fibroblasts we measured highly elevated concentrations of the toxic metabolite cyclic-NADHX, confirming a deficiency of the mitochondrial NAD(P)HX repair system. Finally, NAD or nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) supplementation might have therapeutic implications for this fatal disorder.

Thin-catheter Surfactant Application for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Spontaneously Breathing Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: Surfactant application by a thin catheter represented by the term less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) for respiratory distress syndrome in spontaneously breathing preterm infants was developed as an alternative to endotracheal intubation. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of LISA when compared to the socalled intubation-surfactant-extubation (INSURE) and the standard endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). The primary outcome was the composite incidence of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks. The secondary outcome was the composite incidence of seven other severe adverse events. On 06 October 2021, we searched randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the ICTRP Registry. RESULTS: We included 18 RCTs. The pooled data on the primary outcome favored LISA when compared to either INSURE (risk ratio 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.88) or MV (risk ratio 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99). The pooled data on the second outcome also favored LISA when compared to INSURE (risk ratio 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.94) and MV (risk ratio 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.96). CONCLUSION: The findings showed that surfactant application by non-intubation respiratory support and the use of a thin catheter may decrease the composite risk of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The included data support the view that LISA should be considered the preferred treatment option in eligible infants.

Neonatal pleural empyema in an extremely low birth weight infant.

Pleural empyema is rarely seen in the newborn period. Here we report the first case of exclusive and successful conservative management of pleural empyema in an extremely low birth weight infant. Chest drainage or percutaneous aspiration was not feasible. Noninvasive treatment might represent an acceptable option in premature infants.