Early diversification and permeable species boundaries in the Mediterranean firs.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inferring the evolutionary relationships of species and their boundaries is critical in order to understand patterns of diversification and their historical drivers. Despite Abies (Pinaceae) being the second most diverse group of conifers, the evolutionary history of Circum-Mediterranean firs (CMFs) remains under debate. METHODS: We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) on all proposed CMF taxa to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status. KEY RESULTS: Based on thousands of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we present here the first formal test of species delimitation, and the first fully resolved, complete species tree for CMFs. We discovered that all previously recognized taxa in the Mediterranean should be treated as independent species, with the exception of Abies tazaotana and Abies marocana. An unexpectedly early pulse of speciation in the Oligocene-Miocene boundary is here documented for the group, pre-dating previous hypotheses by millions of years, revealing a complex evolutionary history encompassing both ancient and recent gene flow between distant lineages. CONCLUSIONS: Our phylogenomic results contribute to shed light on conifers' diversification. Our efforts to resolve the CMF phylogenetic relationships help refine their taxonomy and our knowledge of their evolution.

Adaptive sequence evolution is driven by biotic stress in a pair of orchid species (Dactylorhiza) with distinct ecological optima.

The orchid family is the largest in the angiosperms, but little is known about the molecular basis of the significant variation they exhibit. We investigate here the transcriptomic divergence between two European terrestrial orchids, Dactylorhiza incarnata and Dactylorhiza fuchsii, and integrate these results in the context of their distinct ecologies that we also document. Clear signals of lineage-specific adaptive evolution of protein-coding sequences are identified, notably targeting elements of biotic defence, including both physical and chemical adaptations in the context of divergent pools of pathogens and herbivores. In turn, a substantial regulatory divergence between the two species appears linked to adaptation/acclimation to abiotic conditions. Several of the pathways affected by differential expression are also targeted by deviating post-transcriptional regulation via sRNAs. Finally, D. incarnata appears to suffer from insufficient sRNA control over the activity of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, resulting in increased activity of class I transposable elements and, over time, in larger genome size than that of D. fuchsii. The extensive molecular divergence between the two species suggests significant genomic and transcriptomic shock in their hybrids and offers insights into the difficulty of coexistence at the homoploid level. Altogether, biological response to selection, accumulated during the history of these orchids, appears governed by their microenvironmental context, in which biotic and abiotic pressures act synergistically to shape transcriptome structure, expression and regulation.

Intervención sobre tabaquismo en atención primaria de salud / Intervention on smoking habit in primary health care

Se realiza una intervención quirúrgica sobre el tabaquismo en atención primaria de salud en la comunidad del Médico de Familia. Se aplicaron un conjunto de técnicas: informativas, de apoyo psicológico y acupuntura. Fueron seleccionados de forma aleatoria los consultorios donde fueron aplicadas las diferentes técnicas (separadas y conjuntas). Todos los grupos fueron comparable en edad, sexo y tiempo fumando. No existieron diferencias en la distribución de los individuos en cada uno de los tratamientos empleados. Cuando se utilizó la técnica informativa se obtuvo una disminución en la proporción de fumadores del 28,7 por ciento, con la técnica de apoyo psicológico la disminución fue del 35,2 por ciento. Con la técnica de acupuntura se observó una disminución del 32,8 por ciento. En el grupo donde se aplicaron las tres técnicas conjuntas la disminición en la proporción de fumadores fue del 52,5 por ciento. Se concluye que la técnica donde se aplicaron los diferentes tratamientos conjuntamente, resultó la de mejores resultados

Proyecto producción y procesamiento de leche en el Campus de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción

El Congreso Nacional de la Industría láctea realizado el 25 de junio de 1993, se tomó la decisión de conformar una Comisión Nacional de la Leche y productos lácteos para presentar un proyecto que pretende aportar los estudios técnicos y de mercados asi como eleconómico/Financiero y sus evaluaciones para su consideración en el momentoque deba tomarse la desición de implementar lo recomendado