Detection of atmospheric aerosols and terrestrial nanoparticles collected in a populous city in southern Brazil.

The main objective of this study is to analyze hazardous elements in nanoparticles (NPs) (smaller than 100 nm) and ultrafine particles (smaller than 1 µm) in Porto Alegre City, southern Brazil using a self-made passive sampler and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images in 32 collection points. The Aerosol Optical Thickness proportion (T550) identification was conducted using images of the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite at 634 points sampled in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to identify chemical elements present in NPs and ultrafine particles, followed by single-stage cascade impactor to be processed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This process was coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and later analysis via secondary ion mass spectrometry. Data was acquired from Sentinel-3B SYN images, normalized to a standard mean of 0.83 µg/mg, at moderate spatial resolution (260 m), and modeled in the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) software v.8.0. Statistical matrix data was generated in the JASP software (Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program) v.0.14.1.0 followed by a K-means cluster analysis. The results demonstrate the presence of between 1 and 100 nm particles of the following chemical elements: Si, Al, K, Mg, P, and Ti. Many people go through these areas daily and may inhale or absorb these elements that can harm human health. In the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, the sum of squares in cluster 6 is 168,265 and in cluster 7 a total of 21,583. The use of images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite to obtain T550 levels is of great importance as it reveals that atmospheric pollution can move through air currents contaminating large areas on a global scale.

Geochemistry and the optics of geospatial analysis as a preposition of water quality on a macroscale.

The water treatment depends exclusively on the identification of residues containing toxic chemical elements accumulated in NPs (nanoparticles), and ultrafine particles sourced from waste piles located at old, abandoned sulfuric acid factories containing phosphogypsum requires global attention. The general objective of this study is to quantify and analyze the hazardous chemical elements present in the leachate of waste from deactivated sulfuric acid factories, coupled in NPs and ultrafine particles, in the port region of the city of Imbituba, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Samples were collected in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Corresponding images from the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite, taken in the same general vicinity, detected the levels of absorption coefficient of Detritus and Gelbstoff (ADG443_NN) in 443 m-1, chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN (m-3)), and total suspended matter (TSM_NN (g m-3) at 72 points on the marine coast of the port region. The results of inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) demonstrate that the leaching occurring in waste piles at the port area of Imbituba was the likely source of hazardous chemical elements (e.g., Mg, Sr, Nd, and Pr) in the environment. These leachates were formed due to the presence of coal pyrite and Fe-acid sulfates in said waste piles. The mobility of hazardous chemical elements potentiates changes in the marine ecosystem, in relation to ADG443_NN (m-1), CHL_NN (m-3), and TSM NN (g m-3), with values greater than 20 g m-3 found in 2021 and 2022. This indicated changes in the natural conditions of the marine ecosystem up to 30 km from the coast in the Atlantic Ocean, justifying public initiatives for water treatment on a global scale.

Nanoparticles containing hazardous elements and the spatial optics of the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite in Amazonian rivers: a potential tool to understand environmental impacts.

The Amazon River is the longest river in the world. The Tapajós River is a tributary to the Amazon. At their junction, a marked decrease in water quality is evident from negative impacts from the constant activity of clandestine gold mining in the Tapajós River watershed. The accumulation of hazardous elements (HEs), capable of compromising environmental quality across large regions is evident in the waters of the Tapajós. Sentinel-3B OLCI (Ocean Land Color Instrument) Level-2 satellite imagery with Water Full Resolution (WFR) of 300 m was utilized to detect the highest potential for the absorption coefficient of detritus and gelbstoff in 443 m-1 (ADG443_NN), chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN) and total suspended matter concentration (TSM_NN), at 25 points in the Amazon and Tapajós rivers (in 2019 and 2021). Physical samples of riverbed sediment collected in the field at the same locations were analyzed for NPs and ultra-fine particles to verify the geospatial findings. The riverbed sediment samples collected in the field were studied by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), following laboratory analytical procedures. The Sentinel-3B OLCI images, based on the Neural Network (NN) were calibrated by the European Space Agency (ESA), with a standard average normalization of 0.83 µg/mg, containing a maximum error of 6.62% applied to the sampled points. The analysis of the riverbed sediment samples revealed the presence of the following hazardous elements: As, Hg, La, Ce, Th, Pb, Pd, among several others. The Amazon River has significant potential to transport ADG443_NN (55.475 m-1) and TSM_NN (70.787 gm-3) in sediments, with the possibility of negatively impacting marine biodiversity, in addition to being harmful to human health over very large regions.

Identification of hazardous nanoparticles present in the Caribbean Sea for the allocation of future preservation projects.

The deposition of remaining nanoparticles in the Caribbean Sea generates the formation of potentially dangerous elements, which influence at the imbalance of ecosystems. The detection of nanoparticles is not simple and the use of conventional methods is difficult application, which is why we highlight the immediacy and importance of this research for the areas of marine biology, urbanism, engineering and geosciences, applied in the Caribbean Sea. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the use of advanced methods for the determination of toxic nanoparticles, which can directly affect the development of marine organisms in the aquatic ecosystem in waters of the Caribbean Sea, favoring the construction of future international public policies with the elaboration of projects capable of mitigating these levels of contamination. The morphology and structure of nanoparticles were analyzed by emission scanning electron microscope with a high-resolution electron microscope. The nanoparticles smaller than 97 nm were identified in different proportions. The morphological analyses indicated nanoparticles' presence in the form of nanotubes, nanospheres, and nanofibers, which were shown in an agglomerated form. The presence of potentially hazardous elements, such as As, Cd, Pb, Mg, Ni and V were verified. In addition, the presence of asbestos in the form of minerals was confirmed, and that of titanium dioxide was found in large quantities. The results provide new data and emphasize the possible consequences to the in the Caribbean Sea, with the identification of dangerous elements (As, Cb, Pb, Hg, Ni and V), harmful to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need for strict control to reduce contamination of the Caribbean Sea and avoid risks to the ecosystem and public health, through suggestions of international public policies, through constant monitoring and the application of environmental recovery projects in this marine estuary.

Neuroinflammation induced by amyloid ß25-35 modifies mucin-type O-glycosylation in the rat's hippocampus.

Amyloid-ß (Aß) plays a relevant role in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 25-35 peptide of amyloid-ß (Aß25-35) induces the inflammatory response in brain experimental models. Mucin-type O-glycosylation has been associated with inflammation of brain tissues in AD, thus in this work, we aimed at identifying changes in the glycosylation profile generated by the injection of Aß25-35 into the CA1 of the hippocampus of rats, using histochemistry with lectins. Our results indicate that 100µM Aß25-35 induce increased recognition of the Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin (ALL) (specific for Galß1,3-GalNAcα1,0-Ser/Thr); whereas concanavalin A (Con A) (specific for α-Man) showed no differences among treated and control groups of rats. Jacalin and peanut agglutinin (Galß1,3GalNAcα1,0-Ser/Thr) showed no recognition of brain cells of control or treated rats. After 6-h treatment of the tissue with trypsin or with 200mM GalNAc, the interaction with ALL was inhibited. Immunohistochemistry showed positive anti-NeuN and ALL-recognition of neurons; however, anti-GFAP and anti-CD11b showed no co-localization with ALL. The ALL+ neurons revealed the presence of cytochrome C in the cytosol and active caspase 3 in the cytosol and nucleus. Administration of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) to Aß25-35-treated rats diminished neuroinflammation and ALL recognition. These results suggest a close relationship among over-expression of mucin-type O-glycosylation, the neuroinflammatory process, and neuronal death.

Suicidios de indígenas en Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño (Colombia) antes (2018-2019) y durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 (2020-2021) / Indigenous suicides in Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño (Colombia) before (2018-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021)

RESUMEN Introducción : El Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) define el suicidio como el acto de autoagresión con la intención de causar la muerte propia de manera voluntaria. En pueblos indígenas de países como Canadá, Australia, Groenlandia, Estados Unidos, Nueva Zelanda, Brasil y Siberia, se evidencia que este evento sucede con mayor frecuencia que en la población general, principalmente como consecuencia del colonialismo y las dificultades que enfrentan las comunidades indígenas, factores que se citan hoy como comunes a nivel mundial. Método : Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y retrospectivo en el que se analizaron 48 casos de suicidios de indígenas del suroccidente colombiano, ocurridos durante el período de prepandemia (2018-2019) y pandemia de la COVID-19 (2020-2021), registrados en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses (INMLYCF) de los departamentos de Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño. Resultados : En la región estudiada se suicidaron más personas durante el período pandémico (2020-2021). Las víctimas fueron, predominantemente, individuos del sexo masculino, de edad joven (entre 19 y 26 años), con estudios de primaria y bachillerato, que tenían ocupación de agricultores o estudiantes, que usaron el ahorcamiento como modalidad principal para acabar con su vida, y cuya razón de suicidio más frecuente era el conflicto con la pareja o expareja. Conclusiones : La tasa de suicidio en indígenas en el Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño fue más alta que la registrada en la población general de los mismos departamentos durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 (2020-2021). Es necesario considerar factores socioculturales y trayectorias del evento suicida en el seno de cada comunidad distintivamente estudiada.

ABSTRACT Introduction : The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines suicide as an act of self-harm with the intent to cause a voluntary death. In indigenous peoples from countries such as Canada, Australia, Greenland, the United States, New Zealand, Brazil and Siberia, it is evident that this event occurs more frequently than in the general population, mainly as a consequence of colonialism and difficulties faced by indigenous communities, factors that are now considered as common throughout the world. Methods : A retrospective, descriptive, quantitative and retrospective study that analyzes 48 cases of suicide in indigenous people from Southwestern Colombia during the COVID-19 pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods and registered in the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of the departments of Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño. Results : In the studied region more people committed suicide during the pandemic period (2020-2021). The victims were, predominantly, males of young ages (between 19 and 26 years), with a primary and high school educational level, of primary and high school, with farmer or student occupations, use of hanging as the main modality, and conflict with partner or ex-partner as the most frequently cited reason. Conclusions : The suicide rate among indigenous people in the departments of Cauca Valley, Cauca and Nariño was higher than that recorded in the general population of the same departments during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). It is necessary to consider sociocultural factors and the trajectories of the suicide event within each distinctly studied community.

Effect of amyloid-Β (25-35) in hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic rats, effects on phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of tau protein.

Aggregation of the amyloid beta (Aß) peptide and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which are markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been reported also in diabetes mellitus (DM). One regulator of tau phosphorylation is O-GlcNAcylation, whereas for hyperphosphorylation it could be GSK3beta, which is activated in hyperglycemic conditions. With this in mind, both O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau protein were evaluated in the brain of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and treated with the Aß25-35 peptide in the hippocampal region CA1. Weight, glycated hemoglobin, glucose, and insulin were determined. Male Wistar rats were divided in groups (N=20): a) control, b) treated only with the Aß25-35 peptide, c) treated with Aß25-35 and STZ, and d) treated only with STZ. Results showed statistically significant differences in the mean weight, glucose levels, insulin concentration, and HbA1c percentage, between C- and D-treated groups and not STZ-treated A and B (P<0.05). Interestingly, our results showed diminution of O-GlcNAcylation and increase in P-tau-Ser-396 in the hippocampal area of the Aß25-35- and STZ-treated groups; moreover, enhanced expression of GSK3beta was observed in this last group. Our results suggest that hyperinsulinemia-Aß25-35-hyperglycemia is relevant for the down regulation of O-GlcNAcylation and up-regulation of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3beta), favoring Aß25-35-induced neurotoxicity in the brain of rats.

Consecuencias neurobiológicas del abuso sexual en la infancia: revisión de literatura / Neurobiological consequences of child sexual abuse: literature review / Consequências neurobiológicas do abuso sexual infantil: revisão da literatura

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las consecuencias neurobiológicas en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de abuso sexual infantil (ASI). Metodologia: Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre los años 2015 al 2020 en tres bases de datos (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), utilizando las palabras clave: abuso sexual infantil, neurobiologia. Se recopiló información acerca de los tipos de alteraciones neurobiológicas (estructurales, funcionales, endocrinos, psicológicos, inmunológicos y genéticos) en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de ASI. Se excluyeron articulos cuyo titulo o resumen no incluyeran los temas de esta revisión. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 99 estudios asociados a las consecuencias neurobiológicas del ASI, con las consecuentes alteraciones estructurales, funcionales, endocrinas, inmunológicos y genéticos que afectan a un importante número de victimas. Conclusiones: Diversos autores han encontrado una relación entre la exposición al ASI y los cambios neurobiológicos, visibilizando asi, el impacto que esto ocasiona en la salud de las victimas, por tal, se hace importante promover intervenciones tempranas y tratamiento adecuado por las múltiples consecuencias que genera, algunas irreversibles.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the neurobiological consequences in children and adolescents with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA). Methodology: A literature review was carried out between the years 2015 and 2020 in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), using the keywords: child sexual abuse, neurobiology Information was collected about the types of neurobiological alterations (structural, functional, endocrine, psychological, immunological and genetic) in children and adolescents with a history of CSA. Articles whose title or abstract did not include the topics of this review were excluded. Results: 99 studies associated with the neurobiological consequences of CSA were selected, with the consequent structural, functional, endocrine, immunological and genetic alterations that affect a significant number of victims. Conclusions: Various authors have found a relationship between exposure to CSA and neurobiological changes, thus making visible the impact that this causes on the health of the victims, therefore, it is important to promote early interventions and adequate treatment due to the multiple consequences that generates, some irreversible.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as conseqüências neurobiológicas em crianças e adolescentes com histórico de abuso sexual infantil (CSA). Metodologia: Entre 2015 e 2020 foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica em três bancos de dados (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), utilizando as palavras-chave: abuso sexual infantil, neurobiologia. Foram coletadas informações sobre os tipos de alterações neurobiológicas (estruturais, funcionais, endócrinas, psicológicas, imunológicas e genéticas) em crianças e adolescentes com histórico de CSA. Foram excluidos os artigos cujo titulo ou resumo não incluia os tópicos desta revisão. Resultados: Foram selecionados 99 estudos associados às conseqüências neurobiológicas da CSA, com conseqüentes alterações estruturais, funcionais, endócrinas, imunológicas e genéticas que afetam um número significativo de vitimas. Conclusões: Vários autores encontraram uma relação entre a exposição à CSA e as mudanças neurobiológicas, tornando assim visivel o impacto que isso tem na saúde das vitimas, por isso é importante promover intervenções precoces e tratamento adequado para as múltiplas conseqüências que ela gera, algumas das quais são irreversiveis.

Las bacterias, su nutrición y crecimiento: una mirada desde la química / Bacteria, nutrition and growth: a look from chemistry

Resumen La nutrición es un conjunto procesos y reacciones mediante las cuales los seres vivos toman del medio, en el que habitan, las sustancias químicas que necesitan para crecer, multiplicarse y hacer uso de la energía. Las sustancias mencionadas anteriormente, se denominan nutrientes y son utilizadas con dos fines: energéticos cuando se requieren para el mantenimiento y biosintéticos cuando se demandan para la síntesis de componentes (anabolismo) En el primer caso (energéticos) las bacterias se dividen en litótrofas cuando hacen uso de sustancias inorgánicas simples como (SH2, S, NH3, NO2-, Fe, entre otras); y organótrofas cuando su requerimiento es de sustancias orgánicas (carbohidratos, hidrocarburos, lípidos, proteínas y alcoholes entre otras). En el segundo caso (biosintéticos), se pueden diferenciar en: autótrofas, cuando la síntesis la realizan a partir de sustancias inorgánicas simples (CO2) y heterótrofas cuando su fuente de carbono es orgánica, pero también pueden utilizar otros elementos distintos al C, que pueden ser captados en forma inorgánica. Sean autótrofas o heterótrofas, todas las bacterias requieren de una serie de sustancias químicas, que se pueden clasificar en macronutrientes o micronutrientes de acuerdo con la cantidad que de estas se requieran.

Abstract Nutrition is a set of processes and reactions by which living beings take from the environment, in which they inhabit, the chemical substances they need to grow, multiply and make use of energy. The aforementioned substances are called nutrients and are used for two purposes: energetic when required for maintenance and biosynthetics when required for the synthesis of components (anabolism). In the first case (energetic) the bacteria are divided into lithotrophs when they make use of simple inorganic substances such as (SH2, S, NH3, NO2-, Fe, among others); and organotrophs when their requirement is for organic substances (carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, lipids, proteins and alcohols, among others). In the second case (biosynthetics), they can be differentiated into: autotrophs, when the synthesis is carried out from simple inorganic substances (CO2) and heterotrophs when their carbon source is organic, but they can also use other elements than C, which they can be captured in inorganic form. Whether autotrophic or heterotrophic, all bacteria require a series of chemical substances, which can be classified into macronutrients or micronutrients according to the amount of these required of these substances that are required.

Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes utilizados en microbiología / Physicochemical Principles of dyes used In Microbiology

Resumen La utilización de los colorantes en los procesos de identificación en microbiología se fundamenta en las propiedades fisicoquímicas de estas sustancias. En el campo de la física, la óptica explica cómo todos los objetos son observables dependiendo de las longitudes de onda que se absorben y se transmiten dentro del denominado "espectro visible". Dichas transiciones se deben, a su vez, a los compuestos químicos y a los movimientos electrónicos dentro de los átomos. Así mismo, cuando interacciona un colorante con una célula o un tejido, ocurren reacciones que dependen de grupos químicos funcionales denominados cromóforos y auxocromos. Dependiendo de los compuestos químicos que los constituyen, los colorantes pueden ser ácidos, básicos o neutros y esta connotación se debe a la parte activa del colorante y a la reacción que ocasiona sobre las células microbianas. De otra parte, las tinciones en microbiología pueden ser simples o diferenciales, dependiendo si toda la muestra se tiñe de uno o más colorantes. En el primer caso se encuentra el ejemplo de la coloración con azul de lactofenol y en el segundo, la coloración de Gram. En el presente artículo se reseñan las principales coloraciones utilizadas en microbiología y se explican los fundamentos físicos y químicos de dichos procesos.

Abstract The use of dyes in the identification processes in microbiology is based on the physicochemical properties of these substances. In the field of physics, optics explains how all objects are observable depending on the wavelengths that are absorbed and transmitted within the so-called "visible spectrum". These transitions are, in turn, due to chemical compounds and the electronic movements within atoms. Likewise, when a dye interacts with a cell or tissue, reactions occur that depend on functional chemical groups called chromophores and auxochromes. Depending on the chemical compounds that constitute them, the dyes can be acidic, basic or neutral and this connotation is due to the active part of the dye and the reaction it causes on the microbial cells. On the other hand, stains in microbiology can be simple or differential, depending on whether the entire sample is stained with one or more dyes. In the first case is the example of the lactophenol blue staining and in the second, the Gram staining. This article describes the main colorations used in microbiology and explains the physical and chemical foundations of these processes.

Psychosocial factors associated with poor diabetes self-care management in a specialized center in Mexico City.

To examine the relationship between demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables and diabetes self-care management in Mexican type 2 diabetic patients. Cross-sectional study of 176 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30-75 years, attending a tertiary health-care center in Mexico City. A brief medical history and previously validated questionnaires were completed. The study group consisted of 64 males/112 females, aged 55 +/- 11 years, mean diabetes duration of 12 +/- 8 years and HbA1c of 9.0 +/- 2.0%, 78.4% reported following the correct dose of diabetes pills or insulin, 58% ate the recommended food portions, and 44.3% did exercise three or more times per week. A good adherence to these three recommendations was observed in only 26.1% of the patients. These patients considered as a group were characterized by a greater knowledge about the disease (P < 0.00001), regular home blood glucose monitoring (P < 0.01), an inner perception of better diabetes control (P = 0.007), good health (P = 0.004) and better communication with their physician (P < 0.02). A poor adherence to two or the three main diabetes care recommendations was associated with a depressive state (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.1-4.9, P < 0.01) and a history of excessive alcohol intake (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.1-21.0, P = 0.03). Poor adherence to standard diabetes care recommendations is frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes attending a specialized health care center in Mexico City. Depression must be identified and treated effectively.

[Bowel preparation for colonoscopy with sodium picosulphate and magnesium citrate in children and adolescents]. / Preparo intestinal para colonoscopia com picossulfato sódico e citrato de magnésio em crianças e adolescentes.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of colonoscopic examination depends directly on bowel cleansing preparation. There are few studies in the medical literature about bowel preparation in children. AIM: To determinate the efficacy of picosulphate sodium with magnesium citrate as a bowel preparation in children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an open prospective and consecutive trial, we included all children above 1 year of age submitted to colonoscopy for different indications. All patients received the drug the day before the procedure and was allowed no solid food but a liberal intake of clear fluids. The adequacy of the preparation was graded as follows: gI--excellent, gII--good, gIII--fair and gIV--poor. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were included. The age ranged from 12 months to 16.1 years (median = 6.6y), 54.3% were males. Bowel preparation was made according to instructions in 37/46 (80.4%) of patients, 9 patients did not adhere to diet of clear liquids and 22/46 (47.8%) had side effects. The adequacy of the bowel preparation was: gI in 41.3%, gII in 52.2%, gIII in 6.5% and none in gIV. CONCLUSION: Bowel preparation with picosulphate sodium and clear fluids provides an effective, practical method of preparing the bowel for colonoscopy in children and adolescents and could be recommended.

The mitochondrial O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (mOGT) in the diabetic patient could be the initial trigger to develop Alzheimer disease.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer disease (AD); however, how DM favors evolution of AD is still insufficiently understood. Hyperglycemia in DM is associated to an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as damage of hippocampal cells, reflected by changes in morphological and mitochondrial functionality. Similar mitochondrial damage has been observed when amyloid beta (Aß) accumulates in the brain of AD patients. In DM, the excess of glucose in the brain induces higher activity of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), it synthesizes UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is used by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) to catalyze O-GlcNAcylation of numerous proteins. Although O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in maintaining structure and cellular functionality, chronic activity of this pathway has been associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia-induced glucose toxicity. Three different forms of OGT are known: nucleocytoplasmic (ncOGT), short (sOGT), and mitochondrial (mOGT). Previous reports showed that overexpression of ncOGT is not toxic to the cell; in contrast, overexpression of mOGT is associated with cellular apoptosis. In this work, we suggest that hyperglycemia in the diabetic patient could induce greater expression and activity of mOGT, modifying the structure and functionality of mitochondria in hippocampal cells, accelerating neuronal damage, and favoring the start of AD. In consequence, mOGT activity could be a key point for AD development in patients with DM.

[Perinatal dengue]. / Dengue perinatal.

Dengue is currently the most important viral disease transmitted by arthropods and which is hyperendemic in the Americas. An increase in the number of cases is related to dengue during pregnancy and the neonatal period. According to the gestational age in which infection occurs, there could be different manifestations in the fetus including abortion, malformations or neonatal dengue in newborns. This article presents a review regarding some cases reported worldwide, especially in the Americas, and some pathophysiologic issues related to perinatal dengue.

Bacillus spp: una alternativa para la promoción vegetal por dos caminos enzimáticos / Bacillus spp: An alternative for plant promotion by two enzymatic pathways

Resumen Objetivo. Se realizó una revisión sobre las características de las fitasas y nitrogenasas de Bacillus spp. y sus opciones de uso como alternativa biofertilizante. El género Bacillus es secretor de proteínas y metabolitos eficientes para el control de plagas y enfermedades, promueve el crecimiento vegetal a través de la solubilización de fósforo y la producción de reguladores de crecimiento como el ácido indol acético; así mismo participa en la fijación de nitrógeno cuando hace parte de consorcios microbianos. Como biofertilizante es una opción amigable para el suelo y el ambiente que da respuesta a la necesidad de implementar la agricultura sostenible.

Abstract Objective. We conducted a review of the characteristics of the phytase and nitrogenase of Bacillus sp. and their potential use as an alternative biological fertilizer. The genus Bacillus is an efficient secretor of proteins and metabolites; to control pests and diseases, promote plant growth through the solubilization of phosphorus and production of growth regulators as acetic indole. Likewise it is involved in nitrogen fixation when it is part of microbial consortia. As biological fertilizer is a friendly option for the soil and the environment that responds to the need to implement sustainable agriculture.

Dengue perinatal / Perinatal dengue

El dengue es en la actualidad la enfermedad viral más relevante de transmisión vectorial hiperendémica en las Américas. El incremento en el número de casos se ha relacionado con la aparición de dengue durante la gestación y en el periodo neonatal. De acuerdo con la edad de gestación en la que ocurra la infección, podrían presentarse manifestaciones en el feto, como aborto, y en los pacientes a término, dengue neonatal. En este artículo se presenta una reseña de los casos reportados a nivel mundial, y especialmente en las Américas, así como aspectos fisiopatogénicos de la enfermedad.

Dengue is currently the most important viral disease transmitted by arthropods and which is hyperendemic in the Americas. An increase in the number of cases is related to dengue during pregnancy and the neonatal period. According to the gestational age in which infection occurs, there could be different manifestations in the fetus including abortion, malformations or neonatal dengue in newborns. This article presents a review regarding some cases reported worldwide, especially in the Americas, and some pathophysiologic issues related to perinatal dengue.

Investigación formativa: algunas alternativas de acción con estudiantes de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico / Formative research: some action alternatives with Bacteriology and Clinical Laboratory students

En el presente artículo se exponen alternativas de acción que se han llevado a término desde los componentestemáticos química aplicada I y matemáticas aplicadas en el ambiente de investigación formativa, con la intención de enriquecer y compartir la experiencia de docentes del Programa de Ciencias Básicas en su proceso de orientación a los estudiantes de primer semestre de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. Con este fin, se expone brevemente el marco teórico que fundamentó las experiencias y se describe cada una de ellas, buscando explicitar algunos de los objetos planteados y logros alcanzados.

Preparo intestinal para colonoscopia com picossulfato sódico e citrato de magnésio em crianças e adolescentes / Bowel preparation for colonoscopy with sodium picosulphate and magnesium citrate in children and adolescents

RACIONAL: A eficácia do exame colonoscópico depende diretamente da limpeza colônica. Ao contrário do paciente adulto, há poucos relatos na literatura sobre preparo colônico em crianças. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do preparo colônico à base de picossulfato sódico e citrato de magnésio em crianças e adolescentes. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo aberto, prospectivo e consecutivo em crianças maiores de 1 ano, de ambos os sexos, que realizaram colonoscopia por diferentes indicações. Os pacientes receberam a medicação associada à dieta líquida e pastosa sem resíduos no dia anterior ao exame. A eficácia do preparo foi classificada em: Grau I: ótimo; Grau II: bom; Grau III: regular; Grau IV: ruim. RESULTADOS: A idade variou de 12 meses a 16 anos e 1 mês (mediana: 6 anos e 6 meses), sendo 54,3 por cento do sexo masculino. O preparo foi feito conforme a orientação em 37/46 (80,4 por cento) dos pacientes, sendo que 9 não fizeram a dieta adequadamente e 22/46 (47,8 por cento) referiram efeitos colaterais. A eficácia do preparo foi: GI em 41,3 por cento, GII em 52,2 por cento, GIII em 6,5 por cento e GIV em 0 por cento. CONCLUSAO: Preparo intestinal com picossulfato sódico e citrato de magnésio é eficiente e prático, podendo ser recomendado de rotina nos exames de colonoscopia em crianças e adolescentes.

Una propuesta con estudiantes de Bacteriología: ¿Como abordar el proceso de medir magnitudes experimentalmente? / A proposal with students of Bacteriology: How to approach the process of measuring magnitudes experimentally?

Existen conceptos que se emplean cotidianamente, como es el de ®medir¼; tal vez, por ello, el sistema educativo tangencialmente delega a dicha cotidianidad la responsabilidad de la práctica y experimentación. Sin embargo, se evidencia que en la educación universitaria difícilmente se puede trabajar en la formalización del concepto “medir” sin antes haber generado los espacios para experimentar y analizar los procesos de medición de algunas magnitudes. Es por ello que se plantea una propuesta de talleres previos que tengan en cuenta esa necesidad y posibiliten una aplicación directa a la química