Association Between Protocols of the Sit-to-Stand Test and Lower Limb Muscle Force Output in Patients on Hemodialysis and Subjects Without Chronic Kidney Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of three protocols of the sit-to-stand (STS) test with muscle force output of knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) in patients on hemodialysis and subjects without chronic kidney disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a hemodialysis group [n = 60, 59.5 (16.8) years, 55% female] and a control group [n = 60, 43.0 (11.8) years, 50% female]. The assessments were performed in 2 days, and the participants were submitted to three protocols of STS test (5-repetition STS, 10-repetition STS and 30-s STS) or muscle force output of the KE and KF evaluation by handheld dynamometer based on randomization. RESULTS: The hemodialysis group presented reduced muscle force output of the KE and KF, a longer time to perform the 5 STS and 10 STS tests, and a lower number of repetitions in the 30-s STS test. The three STS tests were associated with muscle force output of the KE in the hemodialysis group, in which the 10-repetition STS test showed the best association (R2 = 0.47; adjusted R2 = 0.42). However, the only association between the STS test and muscle force output of the KE in the control group was found in the 10-repetition STS test (R2 = 0.20; adjusted R2 = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The three protocols of STS tests were associated with muscle force output of the KE in patients on hemodialysis. However, the 10-repetition STS test was the best protocol to estimate the quadriceps muscle torque in these patients.

Exercise training during hemodialysis in Brazil: A national survey.

To evaluate the availability and characteristics of exercise training during hemodialysis in Brazil and to identify the reported barriers to exercise program implementation and maintenance. All dialysis units were assessed for eligibility using the database of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Each dialysis unit was contacted by telephone and the questions were administered. In dialysis units with exercise training, questions related to personnel involved, exercise components, and program delivery were included. Additionally, the barriers to exercise program implementation and maintenance were evaluated. This study included 261 dialysis units that responded to the survey. Forty-one dialysis units reported exercise training during hemodialysis in Brazil (prevalence of 15.7%). We identified 66 physiotherapists and 10 exercise physiologists in dialysis units with exercise training. Resistance training was the most common program component (92.7%). Hypotension (90.5%) and muscle cramps (85.7%) were the most common adverse events reported. In dialysis units with exercise training, poor patients' adherence to exercise was the most commonly reported barrier. The most prevalent barrier in dialysis units that tried or never tried to implement the exercise programs was a lack of resources. The number of dialysis units that have exercise training during hemodialysis in Brazil is low, and the most common program component is resistance training. A lack of resources was the most prevalent barrier in dialysis units that tried or never tried to implement the exercise programs.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the inflammatory response in an experimental model of ventilator-induced lung injury.

The effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on an experimental model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) was evaluated in this study. 24 adult Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: protective mechanical ventilation (PMV), PMV + laser, VILI and VILI + laser. The animals of the PMV and VILI groups were ventilated with tidal volumes of 6 and 35 ml kg-1, respectively, for 90 minutes. After the first 60 minutes of ventilation, the animals in the laser groups were irradiated (808 nm, 100 mW power density, 20 J cm-2 energy density, continuous emission mode, and exposure time of 5 s) and after 30 minutes of irradiation, the animals were euthanized. Lung samples were removed for morphological analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and real time quantitative polynucleotide chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The VILI group showed a greater acute lung injury (ALI) score with an increase in neutrophil infiltration, higher neutrophil count in the BAL fluid and greater cytokine mRNA expression compared to the PMV groups (p < 0.05). The VILI + laser group when compared to the VILI group showed a lower ALI score (0.35 ± 0.08 vs. 0.54 ± 0.13, p < 0.05), alveolar neutrophil infiltration (7.00 ± 5.73 vs. 21.50 ± 9.52, p < 0.05), total cell count (1.90 ± 0.71 vs. 4.09 ± 0.96 × 105, p < 0.05) and neutrophil count in the BAL fluid (0.60 ± 0.37 vs. 2.28 ± 0.48 × 105, p < 0.05). Moreover, LLLT induced a decrease in pro-inflammatory and an increase of anti-inflammatory mRNA levels compared to the VILI group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LLLT was found to reduce the inflammatory response in an experimental model of VILI.

Factors Associated With Functional Capacity in Hemodialysis Patients.

Hemodialysis patients have a marked decrease in functional capacity when compared to healthy individuals. We evaluated the factors associated with functional capacity in hemodialysis patients. A total of 102 hemodialysis patients were evaluated. The patients were submitted to a 6-min walk test, peripheral muscle strength tests, and an evaluation of quality of life, anxiety, and depression. The laboratory data were measured. The 6-min walk test distance correlated significantly with age, educational level, hemoglobin, creatinine, number of comorbidities, peripheral muscle strength, and some domains of SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and depression (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that educational level, hemoglobin, peripheral muscle strength, and depression significantly affected the 6-min walk test distance (P < 0.05). The multiple correlation coefficient was 0.74, and the squared multiple correlation coefficient adjusted was 0.52. In conclusion, functional capacity was significantly associated with educational level, hemoglobin, peripheral muscle strength, and depression in hemodialysis patients.

Emphysema induced by elastase enhances acute inflammatory pulmonary response to intraperitoneal LPS in rats.

Abnormalities in lungs caused by emphysema might alter their response to sepsis and the occurrence of acute lung injury (ALI). This study compared the extension of ALI in response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in Wistar rats with and without emphysema induced by elastase. Adult male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: control, emphysema without sepsis, normal lung with sepsis and emphysema with sepsis. Sepsis was induced, and 24 h later the rats were euthanised. The following analysis was performed: blood gas measurements, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung permeability and histology. Animals that received LPS showed significant increase in a lung injury scoring system, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and IL-6, TNF-α and CXCL2 mRNA expression in lung tissue. Animals with emphysema and sepsis showed increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability, demonstrated by higher BAL/serum albumin ratio. In conclusion, the presence of emphysema induced by elastase increases the inflammatory response in the lungs to a systemic stimulus, represented in this model by the intraperitoneal injection of LPS.

The Effects of Prone Position Ventilation on Experimental Mild Acute Lung Injury Induced by Intraperitoneal Lipopolysaccharide Injection in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of prone position ventilation are well demonstrated in the severe forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not in the milder forms. We investigated the effects of prone position on arterial blood gases, lung inflammation, and histology in an experimental mild acute lung injury (ALI) model. METHODS: ALI was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg). After 24 h, the animals with PaO2/FIO2 between 200 and 300 mmHg were randomized into 2 groups: prone position (n = 6) and supine position (n = 6). Both groups were compared with a control group (n = 5) that was ventilated in the supine position. All of the groups were ventilated for 1 h with volume-controlled ventilation mode (tidal volume = 6 ml/kg, respiratory rate = 80 breaths/min, positive end-expiratory pressure = 5 cmH2O, inspired oxygen fraction = 1) RESULTS: Significantly higher lung injury scores were observed in the LPS-supine group compared to the LPS-prone and control groups (0.32 ± 0.03; 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.04, respectively) (p < 0.001), mainly due to a higher neutrophil infiltration level in the interstitial space and more proteinaceous debris that filled the airspaces. Similar differences were observed when the gravity-dependent lung regions and non-dependent lung regions were analyzed separately (p < 0.05). The BAL neutrophil content was also higher in the LPS-supine group compared to the LPS-prone and control groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the wet/dry ratio and gas exchange levels. CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental extrapulmonary mild ALI model, prone position ventilation for 1 h, when compared with supine position ventilation, was associated with lower lung inflammation and injury.

The effect of the Ginkgo biloba extract in the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and bone mineral content of Wistar rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) in the glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis through the Bax and Bcl-2 expressions by osteoblast cells, the x-ray and bone density of the tibia. METHOD: Rats were divided into five groups: osteoporosis; EGb1 (28 mg/kg); EGb2 (56 mg/kg); alendronate (0.2 mg/animal) and control. The treatments were conducted for 20 (n = 30) and 30 days (n = 30). The Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were evaluated in osteoblasts of the mandibular alveolar bone. The tibias were radiographed to evaluate the X-ray and bone density. The control group was compared with the osteoporosis' (Student's t-test/Mann-Whitney). The other groups were analyzed by analysis of variance test followed by Dunnett/Dunnett T3 (p < 0.05). RESULTS: When compared the osteoporosis to the control group (p <0.05): Bax and x-ray density increased; Bcl-2 and the bone density reduced. When compared with the osteoporosis group (p < 0.05), alendronate (30 days), EGb1 and EGb2 (20/30 days) increased the Bcl-2 expression; EGb2 and alendronate (20 days) EGb1 and EGb2 (30 days) reduced the Bax expression; and EGb1 and EGb2 (20/30 days) reduced the X-ray density. CONCLUSIONS: The EGb improved the Bcl-2 and reduced the Bax expression by osteoblasts in the mandibular alveolar bone and recovered the mineral content in the tibia of rats with glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis.

Association between fear of falling and a history of falls in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis patients have complications that increase fear of falling (FOF). This study evaluated the association between FOF and a retrospective history of falls in hemodialysis patients and investigated the ability of the Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) to discriminate fallers from nonfallers. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with 183 patients to investigate the history of falls in the last 12 months and to evaluate FOF by the FES-I. RESULTS: The univariate linear regression model showed that the FES-I score was significantly associated with a history of falls (p = 0.01). After adjustment for potential confounders, this association remained significant (R2  = 0.19, p < 0.001). The FES-I score showed an area under the curve of 0.660 with a cutoff point of 25 (sensitivity-61.8%; specificity-62.2%). CONCLUSION: FOF was associated with a history of falls in the 12-month period in hemodialysis patients, and FOF assessed by the FES-I was able to discriminate fallers from nonfallers.

Effects of atelectatic areas on the surrounding lung tissue during mechanical ventilation in an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of atelectasis during mechanical ventilation on the periatelectatic and normal lung regions in a model of atelectasis in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were randomized into the following four groups, each with 6 animals: the Saline-Control Group, Lipopolysaccharide Control Group, Saline-Atelectasis Group, and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group. Acute lung injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. After 24 hours, atelectasis was induced by bronchial blocking. The animals underwent mechanical ventilation for two hours with protective parameters, and respiratory mechanics were monitored during this period. Thereafter, histologic analyses of two regions of interest, periatelectatic areas and the normally-aerated lung contralateral to the atelectatic areas, were performed. RESULTS: The lung injury score was significantly higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Control Group (0.41 ± 0.13) than in the Saline Control Group (0.15 ± 0.51), p < 0.05. Periatelectatic regions showed higher lung injury scores than normally-aerated regions in both the Saline-Atelectasis (0.44 ± 0.06 x 0.27 ± 0.74 p < 0.05) and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis (0.56 ± 0.09 x 0.35 ± 0.04 p < 0.05) Groups. The lung injury score in the periatelectatic regions was higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group (0.56 ± 0.09) than in the periatelectatic region of the Saline-Atelectasis Group (0.44 ± 0.06), p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Atelectasis may cause injury to the surrounding tissue after a period of mechanical ventilation with protective parameters. Its effect was more significant in previously injured lungs.

Factors associated with postural balance in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis have postural balance impairments due to uremic syndrome and hemodialysis complications. This study evaluated the factors associated with postural balance in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients on hemodialysis [n = 93, 62.0 (16.0) years]. Postural balance was evaluated using a force plate in a static position with eyes opened and eyes closed on a firm surface and with eyes opened on a foam surface to register the center of pressure path length. Physical function was assessed by isometric handgrip force, the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test, and gait speed. The level of physical activity and quality of life were evaluated by accelerometry and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, respectively. FINDINGS: After adjustment for potential confounders, the multiple linear regression analysis showed that the presence of diabetes mellitus and neurological disease and gait speed were significantly associated with the center of pressure path length in the eyes opened test (R2 = 0.263; p < 0.001). The center of pressure path length in the eyes closed test was significantly associated with the presence of neurological disease (R2 = 0.177; p = 0.002). The center of pressure path length in the eyes opened on a foam surface test was significantly associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus (R2 = 0.223; p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: Poor postural balance was associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus and neurological disease and a slower gait speed in patients on hemodialysis.

Profile of professionals working in intradialytic exercise programs in Brazil: a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: This survey was designed to assess the profile of professionals working in intradialytic exercise programs (IEPs) in Brazil and reveal the motivators and barriers they face. METHODS: The survey was sent to physiotherapists and exercise physiologists working in IEPs in Brazil. Phone interviews and electronic forms were used to collect the answers to the survey questionnaire. RESULTS: Forty-one of the 261 included dialysis centers had IEPs; 44 professionals answered the questionnaire over the phone and 26 used the electronic form to do it. A total of 70 professionals (mean age 33.4±7.4 years; 84.3% physiotherapists) answered the questionnaire. Resistance training was the preferred mode of therapy. Most of the IEPs were connected to research and were paid for by private health insurance. The desire to work in a different field (30.0%) and lack of resources (31.4%) were the most prevalent motivator and barrier cited by IEP professionals working in dialysis centers, respectively. CONCLUSION: The majority of the few professionals that work in IEPs in Brazil are physiotherapists. Lack of resources was the most commonly reported barrier faced by survey respondents.

Factors Associated with Functional Capacity in CKD Patients.

To evaluate the factors associated with functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). All patients were submitted to six-minute walk test (6MWT), 10-repetition sit-to-stand test (STS-10) and SF-36 health-related quality of life questionnaire (HRQoL). Patients with functional capacity ≥80% exhibited higher education level, family income, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and lower age and STS-10 time. Multiple linear regression showed that gender, age, family income, chronic kidney disease stage, STS-10 time, and physical component summary of HRQoL were significantly associated with the 6MWT distance. Functional capacity was significantly associated with gender, age, family income, CKD stage, STS-10 time, and physical component of HRQoL. The progression of CKD has an impact on the decrease in functional capacity in these patients.

Factors associated with fear of falling in hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE: Fear of falling (FOF) has important clinical and psychological consequences. This study evaluated the factors associated with FOF in hemodialysis patients and compared with the FOF reported by age-gender matched individuals without chronic kidney disease. METHODS: This cross sectional study included hemodialysis group (n = 60, 55.4 ± 7.6 years, 55.0% male) and control group (n = 40, 55.1 ± 7.5 years, 52.5% male). FOF was assessed by the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I). Physical function was evaluated using the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), Timed Up and Go test, 4-m gait speed, isometric handgrip force and 10-repetition sit-to-stand test. The physical and mental components of quality of life was evaluated by 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS: The FES-I score was higher in the hemodialysis group compared to the control group (28.2 ± 9.7 vs. 23.3 ± 5.1, p = 0.020). In addition, the prevalence of individuals with a higher concern about falling was greater in the hemodialysis group (41.7 vs. 17.5%, p = 0.033). Multiple linear regression showed that the FES-I score was associated with the Mini-BESTest score and the physical component summary of quality of life (coefficient of determination of 0.51 and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.46). CONCLUSION: FOF was associated with poor postural balance and reduced physical component of quality of life in patients on hemodialysis and these patients showed higher FOF compared to individuals without chronic kidney disease.

Radiographic evidence of mandibular osteoporosis improvement in Wistar rats treated with Ginkgo biloba.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) on the rat mandibular glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis. METHOD: 36 female rats were divided into six groups (n=6): control, osteoporosis, positive control and EGb1 (14 mg/kg/day), EGb2 (28 mg/kg/day), and EGb3 (56 mg/kg/day) treatment. Treatments were conducted for 30 days after osteoporosis induction. The animals were euthanized and their left mandibles were removed and radiographed to evaluate the cortical and the periodontal bone support. The control group was compared with the osteoporosis group (Student's t-test). The other groups were analyzed by ANOVA test followed by Tukey post-hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in periodontal bone support in the osteoporosis group. The positive control group showed a significant increase in the mesial periodontal bone support, as well as the EGb group treated with 28 and 56 mg/Kg, which showed a significant increase in the mesial and distal periodontal bone support. The mandibular cortical was not affected by osteoporosis; however, the group treated with EGb using 56 mg/Kg showed a significant increase in the thickness of the mandibular cortical. CONCLUSIONS: The EGb recovered the periodontal bone support and increased the mandibular cortical thickness. The EGb may be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Uso da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana como tratamento adjuvante de lesões bucais associadas à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: relato de caso / Use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as adjuvant treatment of oral injuries associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case report

Introdução: Uma característica comum à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) é o desenvolvimento de lesões bucais e, dentre as mais frequentes, podemos citar as ulcerações inespecíficas, como a estomatite necrosante. Uma das opções terapêuticas para úlceras inespecíficas é o uso da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDA), eficaz no controle de microrganismos e no reparo tecidual. Objetivo: Relatar um caso acerca do uso da TFDA no tratamento de lesões bucais associadas à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS). Relato de Caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 32 anos, diagnosticado com AIDS, queixava-se de dor devido a lesões ulceradas múltiplas na cavidade bucal. A conduta odontológica, em conjunto com o tratamento médico instituído (antibióticos, corticoides, antifúngicos e terapia antirretroviral), incluiu escovação dentária, recomendação do uso de colutório à base de clorexidina e uma sessão de TFDA, com uso do fotossensibilizador azul de metileno 0,1% e tempo de pré-irradiação de 10 minutos, seguida de aplicação de laser vermelho 9 J por ponto. Devido à melhora na cicatrização das lesões e à diminuição da dor relatada pelo paciente, realizou-se uma segunda sessão de TFDA associada à irradiação com laser infravermelho 4 J por ponto nas lesões dolorosas. A completa cicatrização ocorreu após uma terceira sessão, não necessitando prosseguir com esse tratamento. Conclusão: A TFDA mostrou-se efetiva no tratamento das lesões bucais associadas à AIDS.

Introduction: A common feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the development of oral lesions and, among the most frequent, we can mention nonspecific ulcerations, such as necrotizing stomatitis. One of the therapeutic options for nonspecific ulcers is the use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which is effective in controlling microorganisms and in tissue repair. Objective: To report the use of aPDT in the treatment of oral lesions associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Case Report: A 32-year-old HIV-positive male patient complained of pain due to multiple ulcerated lesions in the oral cavity. Dental management, together with the established medical treatment (antibiotics, corticosteroids, antifungals and antiretroviral therapy), included tooth brushing, prescription of chlorhexidine mouthwash and a session of aPDT (methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy for 10 min), followed by application of red laser 9 J per point. It was shown to be effective in relieving pain and healing of lesions, however, a second aPDT irradiation with a 4 J infrared laser session was performed in the painful lesions. After a third session a complete healing was observed and there was no need to continue this treatment.Conclusion: The aPDT was effective in the treatment of oral lesions associated with AIDS.

Avaliação do conhecimento de dentistas de um município de Minas Gerais sobre o atendimento de pacientes com doença renal crônica / Evaluation of the knowledge of dentists in a municipality of Minas Gerais for the care of patients with chronic kidney disease

Introdução: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam uma maior suscetibilidade a infecções e sangramentos e podem manifestar variadas alterações bucais. Por isso, é essencial que o cirurgião-dentista possua os conhecimentos necessários para adequar suas condutas às particularidades apresentadas por esses pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar, por meio da aplicação de um questionário, os conhecimentos e as condutas dos cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, ao prestarem atendimento a pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise. Material e Métodos: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa, de caráter observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado com 100 cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes no município de Juiz de Fora no período de abril a setembro de 2022. Resultados: 100 dentistas compuseram a amostra. Destes, 37% não se sentiriam confortáveis para realizarem procedimentos odontológicos invasivos em pacientes renais crônicos (PRC) em hemodiálise e 87% solicitariam algum exame laboratorial complementar previamente à realização desses procedimentos; 83% consideram importante o contato com o nefrologista do paciente para a obtenção de informações detalhadas acerca de sua condição sistêmica e aplicam isso em sua rotina clínica; 56% identificaram de forma correta as alterações bucais mais comumente encontradas em indivíduos com DRC em hemodiálise; 77% prescreveriam profilaxia antibiótica para PRC em hemodiálise diante de procedimentos invasivos, enquanto 22% prescreveriam para procedimentos não invasivos. Conclusão: A maioria dos cirurgiões-dentistas prescreve erroneamente a profilaxia antibiótica para PRC, o que demonstra desconhecimento do protocolo atual de emprego dessa terapia. Além disso, uma parcela dos profissionais se sente insegura ao atender esses pacientes. Portanto, evidencia-se a defasagem existente no conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas quanto ao atendimento de pacientes com DRC, destacando-se a necessidade de dar maior enfoque a esse tema nas universidades e programas de pós-graduação, a fim de formar profissionais melhor capacitados para o atendimento dessa parcela da população.

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more susceptible to infections and bleeding and may manifest various oral alterations. Therefore, it is essential that the dental surgeon has the necessary knowledge to adapt his conduct to the particularities presented by these patients. Objective: To evaluate, through the application of a questionnaire, the knowledge and behavior of dentists working in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, when providing care to patients with CKD on hemodialysis.Material and methods: Study with a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and analytical approach, carried out with 100 dentists working in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, from April to September 2022. Results: 100 dentists composed the sample. Of these, 37% would not feel comfortable performing invasive dental procedures in chronic kidney patients (CKP) on hemodialysis and 87% would request some complementary laboratory test prior to performing these procedures; 83% consider it important to contact the patient's nephrologist to obtain detailed information about their systemic condition and apply this in their clinical routine; 56% correctly identified the oral alterations most commonly found in individuals with CKD undergoing hemodialysis; 77% would prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis for CKP in hemodialysis in the face of invasive procedures, while 22% would prescribe it for non-invasive procedures. Conclusion: Most dentists incorrectly prescribes antibiotic prophylaxis for chronic kidney patients, which demonstrates unfamiliarity of the actual protocol for using this therapy. In addition, a number of dentists feel insecure when assisting them and are unaware of the oral alterations most commonly found in CKP. Therefore, the existing gap in the knowledge of dentists regarding the care of patients with CKD is evident, highlighting the need to give greater focus to this theme in universities and postgraduate programs, in order to train better qualified professionals to serve this portion of the population.

Acute Lung Injury in Response to Intratracheal Instillation of Lipopolysaccharide in an Animal Model of Emphysema Induced by Elastase.

The response of lungs with emphysema to an acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. This study compared the lung response to intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats with and without emphysema. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized to four groups: control group (C-G), ALI group (ALI-G), emphysema group (E-G), emphysema and ALI group (E-ALI-G). Euthanasia and the following analysis were performed 24 h after ALI induction: lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, and blood gas measures. The histological analysis showed that animals of ALI-G (0.55 ± 0.15) and E-ALI-G (0.69 ± 0.08) had a higher ALI score compared to C-G (0.12 ± 0.04) and E-G (0.16 ± 0.04) (p < 0.05). The analysis of each component of the score demonstrated that ALI-G and E-ALI-G had greater alveolar and interstitial neutrophil infiltration, as well as greater amount of alveolar proteinaceous debris. Comparing the two groups that received LPS, there was a trend of higher ALI in the E-ALI-G, specially due to a higher neutrophil infiltration in the alveolar spaces and a higher septal thickening. Total cell count (E-G = 3.09 ± 0.83; ALI-G = 4.45 ± 1.9; E-ALI-G = 5.9 ± 2.1; C-G = 0.73 ± 0.37 × 105) and neutrophil count (E-G = 0.69 ± 0.35; ALI-G = 2.53 ± 1.09; E-ALI-G = 3.86 ± 1.4; C-G = 0.09 ± 0.07 × 105) in the BAL were higher in the groups E-G, ALI-G, and E-ALI-G when compared to C-G (p < 0.05). The IL-6, TNF-α, and CXCL2 mRNA expressions were higher in the animals that received LPS (ALI-G and E-ALI-G) compared to the C-G and E-G (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in the BAL cellularity and in the expression of inflammatory mediators between the ALI-G and the E-ALI-G. The severity of ALI in response to intratracheal instillation of LPS did not show difference in rats with and without intratracheal-induced emphysema.

Effects of atelectatic areas on the surrounding lung tissue during mechanical ventilation in an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide / Efeitos das áreas atelectásicas no tecido pulmonar circundante durante a ventilação mecânica em um modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por lipopolissacarídeo

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effect of atelectasis during mechanical ventilation on the periatelectatic and normal lung regions in a model of atelectasis in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomized into the following four groups, each with 6 animals: the Saline-Control Group, Lipopolysaccharide Control Group, Saline-Atelectasis Group, and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group. Acute lung injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. After 24 hours, atelectasis was induced by bronchial blocking. The animals underwent mechanical ventilation for two hours with protective parameters, and respiratory mechanics were monitored during this period. Thereafter, histologic analyses of two regions of interest, periatelectatic areas and the normally-aerated lung contralateral to the atelectatic areas, were performed. Results: The lung injury score was significantly higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Control Group (0.41 ± 0.13) than in the Saline Control Group (0.15 ± 0.51), p < 0.05. Periatelectatic regions showed higher lung injury scores than normally-aerated regions in both the Saline-Atelectasis (0.44 ± 0.06 x 0.27 ± 0.74 p < 0.05) and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis (0.56 ± 0.09 x 0.35 ± 0.04 p < 0.05) Groups. The lung injury score in the periatelectatic regions was higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group (0.56 ± 0.09) than in the periatelectatic region of the Saline-Atelectasis Group (0.44 ± 0.06), p < 0.05. Conclusion: Atelectasis may cause injury to the surrounding tissue after a period of mechanical ventilation with protective parameters. Its effect was more significant in previously injured lungs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da atelectasia durante a ventilação mecânica nas regiões periatelectáticas e pulmonares normais em um modelo de atelectasia em ratos com lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por lipopolissacarídeo. Métodos: Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 24 ratos em quatro grupos, cada um com 6 animais: Grupo Salina-Controle, Grupo Lipopolissacarídeo-Controle, Grupo Salina-Atelectasia e Grupo Lipopolissacarídeo-Atelectasia. A lesão pulmonar aguda foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de lipopolissacarídeo. Após 24 horas, a atelectasia foi induzida por bloqueio brônquico. Os animais foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica por 2 horas com parâmetros ventilatórios protetores, e a mecânica respiratória foi monitorada durante esse período. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises histológicas de duas regiões de interesse: as áreas periatelectásicas e o pulmão normalmente aerado contralateral às áreas atelectásicas. Resultados: O escore de lesão pulmonar foi significativamente maior no Grupo Controle-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,41 ± 0,13) do que no Grupo Controle-Solução Salina (0,15 ± 0,51), com p < 0,05. As regiões periatelectásicas apresentaram escores maiores de lesão pulmonar do que as regiões normalmente aeradas nos Grupos Atelectasia-Solução Salina (0,44 ± 0,06 versus 0,27 ± 0,74, p < 0,05) e Atelectasia-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,56 ± 0,09 versus 0,35 ± 0,04, p < 0,05). O escore de lesão pulmonar nas regiões periatelectásicas foi maior no Grupo Atelectasia-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,56 ± 0,09) do que na região periatelectásica do Grupo Atelectasia-Solução Salina (0,44 ± 0,06), p < 0,05. Conclusão: A atelectasia pode causar lesão no tecido circundante após um período de ventilação mecânica com parâmetros ventilatórios protetores. Seu efeito foi mais significativo em pulmões previamente lesionados.