Particle-hole symmetry protects spin-valley blockade in graphene quantum dots.

Particle-hole symmetry plays an important role in the characterization of topological phases in solid-state systems1. It is found, for example, in free-fermion systems at half filling and it is closely related to the notion of antiparticles in relativistic field theories2. In the low-energy limit, graphene is a prime example of a gapless particle-hole symmetric system described by an effective Dirac equation3,4 in which topological phases can be understood by studying ways to open a gap by preserving (or breaking) symmetries5,6. An important example is the intrinsic Kane-Mele spin-orbit gap of graphene, which leads to a lifting of the spin-valley degeneracy and renders graphene a topological insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase7 while preserving particle-hole symmetry. Here we show that bilayer graphene allows the realization of electron-hole double quantum dots that exhibit near-perfect particle-hole symmetry, in which transport occurs via the creation and annihilation of single electron-hole pairs with opposite quantum numbers. Moreover, we show that particle-hole symmetric spin and valley textures lead to a protected single-particle spin-valley blockade. The latter will allow robust spin-to-charge and valley-to-charge conversion, which are essential for the operation of spin and valley qubits.

Exercise training alters skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cell properties in recent postmenopausal females.

The present study examined and compared the impact of exercise training on redox and molecular properties of human microvascular endothelial cells derived from skeletal muscle biopsies from sedentary recent (RPF, ≤ 5 years as postmenopausal) and late (LPF, ≥ 10 years as postmenopausal) postmenopausal females. Resting skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise training for isolation of microvascular endothelial cells and determination of skeletal muscle angiogenic proteins and capillarisation. The microvascular endothelial cells were analysed for mitochondrial respiration and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glycolysis and proteins related to vascular function, redox balance and oestrogen receptors. Exercise training led to a reduced endothelial cell ROS formation (∼50%; P = 0.009 and P = 0.020 for intact and permeabilized cells (state 3), respectively) in RPF only, with no effect on endothelial mitochondrial capacity in either group. Basal endothelial cell lactate formation was higher (7%; P = 0.028), indicating increased glycolysis, after compared to before the exercise training period in RPF only. Baseline endothelial G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (P = 0.028) and muscle capillarisation (P = 0.028) was lower in LPF than in RPF. Muscle vascular endothelial growth factor protein was higher (32%; P = 0.002) following exercise training in LPF only. Exercise training did not influence endothelial cell proliferation or skeletal muscle capillarisation in either group, but the CD31 level in the muscle tissue, indicating endothelial cell content, was higher (>50%; P < 0.05) in both groups. In conclusion, 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise training reduces ROS formation and enhances glycolysis in microvascular endothelial cells from RPF but does not induce skeletal muscle angiogenesis. KEY POINTS: Late postmenopausal females have been reported to achieve limited vascular adaptations to exercise training. There is a paucity of data on the effect of exercise training on isolated skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs). In this study the formation of reactive oxygen species in MMECs was reduced and glycolysis increased after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training in recent but not late postmenopausal females. Late postmenopausal females had lower levels of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor in MMECs and lower skeletal muscle capillary density at baseline. Eight weeks of intense exercise training altered MMEC properties but did not induce skeletal muscle angiogenesis in postmenopausal females.

Socioeconomic patterns in indoor environment in Denmark: cross-sectional studies from 2000 and 2021.

OBJECTIVES: To examine changes and socioeconomic patterns in indicators of a poor indoor environment in 2000 and 2021. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in 2000 and 2021. METHODS: The study included 27,068 participants. Indicators of indoor environment (annoyances from mould, temperature, draught, traffic and neighbour noise, and presence of water damage) were obtained from questionnaires (2021) and partly by interview (2000). Socioeconomic status included home ownership, educational level, and household income. The degree of social inequality in the indoor environment was estimated using the concentration index of inequality. RESULTS: The prevalence of annoyances due to draught, temperature, and noise increased significantly from 2000 to 2021 (e.g., temperature 5.9%-25.1%, odds ratio (OR) 6.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.12-7.38), whereas the prevalence of water damage decreased (17.7%-13.8%, OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.96). No difference was seen in annoyances due to mould (3.1% in 2000 and 2.5% in 2021, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.69-1.17). Social inequality was present for thermal conditions, annoyances due to noise and presence of water damage when assessed by income but not by educational level. Conditions were more prevalent among individuals with low income in both 2000 and 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of individuals reporting a poor indoor environment due to thermal conditions and noise increased in the period 2000-2021. Social inequality was observed in all indicators of a poor indoor environment for household income, whereas the inequality was less pronounced when assessed by educational level.

Evaluating the performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in fracture risk prediction and developing a new Charlson Fracture Index (CFI): a register-based cohort study.

The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) may be applicable for predicting fracture risk since several diagnoses from the index are predictors of fracture. Main results were that the CCI was updated to predict risk of hip fracture with fair precision and that the index could be useful in detecting high-risk individuals. PURPOSE: Several of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) diagnoses are validated predictors of fracture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CCI 1987 by Charlson et al. and of the CCI 2011 by Quan et al. in predicting major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fracture (HF). Furthermore, it was examined whether the index could be modified to improve fracture risk prediction. METHODS: The study population included the entire Danish population aged 45 + years as per January 1, 2018. The cohort was split randomly 50/50 into a development and a validation cohort. CCI diagnoses and fracture outcomes were identified from hospital diagnoses. The weighting of diagnoses was updated in a new Charlson Fracture Index (CFI) using multivariable logistic regression. Predictive capabilities of the CCI 1987, the updated CCI 2011 and the new Charlson Fracture index were evaluated in the validation cohort by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: In the validation cohort, the 1987 and 2011 CCIs resulted in AUCs below or around 0.7 in prediction of MOF and HF in both sexes. The CFI resulted in AUCs < 0.7 in prediction of MOF in both sexes. In prediction of HF, the CFI resulted in AUC of 0.755 (95% CI 0.749; 0.761) in women and 0.782 (95% CI 0.772; 0.793) in men. CONCLUSION: The 1987 and 2011 CCIs showed overall poor accuracy in fracture risk prediction. The CFI showed fair accuracy in prediction of HF in women and in men.

Baseline bone turnover marker levels can predict change in bone mineral density during antiresorptive treatment in osteoporotic patients: the Copenhagen bone turnover marker study.

Anti-resorptive osteoporosis treatment might be more effective in patients with high bone turnover. In this registry study including clinical data, high pre-treatment bone turnover measured with biochemical markers was correlated with higher bone mineral density increases. Bone turnover markers may be useful tools to identify patients benefitting most from anti-resorptive treatment. INTRODUCTION: In randomized, controlled trials of bisphosphonates, high pre-treatment levels of bone turnover markers (BTM) were associated with a larger increase in bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this study was to examine this correlation in a real-world setting. METHODS: In this registry-based cohort study of osteoporosis patients (n = 158) receiving antiresorptive therapy, the association between pre-treatment levels of plasma C-telopeptide of type I Collagen (CTX) and/or N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and change in bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck upon treatment was examined. Patients were grouped according to their pre-treatment BTM levels, defined as values above and below the geometric mean for premenopausal women. RESULTS: Pre-treatment CTX correlated with annual increase in total hip BMD, where patients with CTX above the geometric mean experienced a larger annual increase in BMD (p = 0.008) than patients with CTX below the geometric mean. The numerical pre-treatment level of CTX showed a similar correlation at all three skeletal sites (total hip (p = 0.03), femoral neck (p = 0.04), and lumbar spine (p = 0.0003)). A similar association was found for PINP where pre-treatment levels of PINP above the geometric mean correlated with a larger annual increase in BMD for total hip (p = 0.02) and lumbar spine (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Measurement of pre-treatment BTM levels predicts osteoporosis patients' response to antiresorptive treatment. Patients with high pre-treatment levels of CTX and/or PINP benefit more from antiresorptive treatment with larger increases in BMD than patients with lower pre-treatment levels.

Routine postoperative CT to detect anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection for rectal cancer has a low sensitivity and specificity and a poor interobserver agreement.

AIM: To compare the accuracy and interobserver variation of routine computed tomography (CT) on postoperative day 6-8 to detect anastomotic leakage (AL) verified by re-operation and/or endoscopy. A secondary objective was to identify the predictive values of different CT findings as an indicator for AL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material for this study originates from two previous prospective multicentre studies including 277 patients who were scheduled for routine abdominal CT postoperative day 6-8. Inclusion criteria for the present study were routine CT without contrast medium followed by CT with rectal contrast medium. Two independent senior radiologists blinded to the clinical outcome reviewed the CT examinations for specific findings according to a predefined scheme. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. AL occurred in 14 patients of which nine were clinical and five subclinical. The two radiologists diagnosed AL at unenhanced CT with sensitivities of 71.4% and 50%, respectively, and of 57.1% and 35.7% with rectal contrast medium. The corresponding specificities were 55.3% and 81.6%, and 94.7% and 92.1%. Peri-anastomotic free air and contrast medium leakage had the highest odds ratios for AL. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of routine postoperative CT to detect AL after low anterior resection for rectal cancer is low and with considerable interobserver variation.

Sociodemographic characteristics associated with a higher wish to complain about health care.

OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown that patients who are older, less educated, or have lower income are less likely to lodge complaints about health care. This variation may reflect less wish to complain or inequitable access to complaint channels or remedies. We aimed to investigate associations between sociodemographic characteristics and health users' wish to complain. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized case vignette survey among 6756 Danish men aged 45-70 years (30% response rate). METHODS: Assuming they received the care in vignettes about prostate cancer (prostate-specific antigen) testing, participants rated their wish to complain on a 5-point Likert scale. Information on sociodemographic characteristics was obtained through self-reports and municipality-level information from national registries. RESULTS: Lower education was associated with an increased wish to complain (mean Likert difference 0.44 [95% CI 0.36-0.51]; P < .001). The wish to complain was higher among unemployed men (difference 0.16 [95% CI 0.04-0.28]; P < .011) and those with a chronic illness (difference 0.06 [95% CI 0.02-0.10]; P < .004). Given the same healthcare scenarios, there was no difference in wish to complain among health users who were retired, living rurally, or from lower income groups. CONCLUSIONS: Health users who are less educated, lower income, elderly, or from rural or minority communities appear to be as likely, or more likely, to wish to complain about health care as others. Yet, younger, well-educated, and higher income citizens are overrepresented in actual complaint statistics. The finding suggests persisting inequalities in the suitability or accessibility of complaint processes for some groups of patients.

Prediction of successful hearing aid treatment in first-time and experienced hearing aid users: Using the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids.

OBJECTIVE: Primarily to understand whether clinically relevant factors affect the International Outcome Inventory (IOI-HA) scores and to examine if IOI-HA scores improve when renewing the hearing aids (HA) for experienced users. Secondly, to estimate the overall HA effectiveness using the IOI-HA. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. STUDY SAMPLE: In total, 1961 patients with hearing loss were included. All patients underwent a hearing examination, were fitted with HAs, and answered the IOI-HA. Factor analysis of IOI-HA separated the items into a Factor 1 (use of HA, perceived benefits, satisfaction, and quality of life) and Factor 2 (residual activity limitation, residual participation restriction and impact on others) score. RESULTS: Degree of hearing loss, word recognition score, motivation, HA usage time, tinnitus, asymmetry, and sex were significantly associated with total IOI-HA, Factor 1, or Factor 2 scores. The seven IOI-HA items increased on average by 0.4 (p < 0.001) when renewing HAs. The total median IOI-HA score at follow-up was 29 (7) for experienced (n = 460) and first-time users (n = 1189), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Degree of hearing loss, word recognition score, motivation, tinnitus, asymmetry, and sex may be used to identify patients who require special attention to become successful HA users.

Impaired fecundity as a marker of health and survival: a Danish twin cohort study.

STUDY QUESTION: Is fecundity, measured as self-reported time to first pregnancy (TTP), a marker for subsequent health and survival? SUMMARY ANSWER: Long TTP was a marker for increased mortality among women and higher hospitalization rates for both women and men. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Poor semen quality has been linked to increased mortality and morbidity from a wide range of diseases. Associations among fecundity, health and survival among women are still uncertain and studies on actual measures of fecundity and health outcomes are rare. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We performed a prospective cohort study of 7825 women and 6279 men, aged 18 and above with measures on first TTP, who participated in one of the Danish nation-wide twin surveys in 1994 (twins born 1953-1976) and 1998 (twins born 1931-1952). They were followed-up for mortality and hospital admissions from the interview until 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Twins were identified in the Danish Twin Registry and linked to Danish registers. TTP was restricted to the first pregnancy as a categorical outcome with cut-off points at 2, 10 and 18 months. We analysed the association between TTP and survival using a Cox proportional hazards model estimating hazards ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fine-Gray survival models were used to estimate sub-hazard ratios for specific causes of death allowing for competing risks. Using negative binomial regression, we estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs for all-cause and cause-specific hospitalizations. All analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for age at interview, birth cohorts, age at first attempt to become pregnant, smoking, years in school and BMI. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In the total study population, 49.9% of women and 52.7% of men reported a TTP of less than 2 months, 30.8% of women and 29.6% of men reported a TTP of 2-9 months, 6.6% of women and 5.7% of men reported a TTP of 10-17 months, and 13.3% of women and 12.0% of men reported a TTP of 18 months or more. Among 1305 deaths, we found a higher mortality for women (HR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.15, 1.87) with a TTP of ≥18 months relative to those with a TTP of <2 months, while the highest mortality was indicated for men with a TTP of 10-17 months (HR = 1.31; 95% CI 0.98, 1.74). Among 53 799 hospitalizations, we found an increased hospitalization rate among women (HR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.0-1.41) and men (HR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.00-1.35) with a TTP of ≥18 months, and for men with a TTP of 2-9 months (HR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.01-1.30). A dose-response relationship was found for women regarding both mortality (P = 0.022) and hospitalizations (P = 0.018). Impaired fecundity was associated with a wide range of diseases and some causes of death, indicating a multi-factorial causal influence on fecundity, especially among women. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A major limitation was that fecundity depends on both partners, which was not considered in this study. Moreover, we could not obtain information on a number of potential confounders. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Fecundity seems positively correlated with overall health and may be a universal marker of future health and survival. These results add knowledge to the limited findings showing that reduced fecundity in women and poor semen quality in men may reflect worse health and a shorter life, particularly among women. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was funded by NIH grant HD096468 (M.L.E., T.K.J. and R.L.J.). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Probing Two-Electron Multiplets in Bilayer Graphene Quantum Dots.

We report on finite bias spectroscopy measurements of the two-electron spectrum in a gate defined bilayer graphene (BLG) quantum dot for varying magnetic fields. The spin and valley degree of freedom in BLG give rise to multiplets of six orbital symmetric and ten orbital antisymmetric states. We find that orbital symmetric states are lower in energy and separated by ≈ 0.4-0.8 meV from orbital antisymmetric states. The symmetric multiplet exhibits an additional energy splitting of its six states of ≈ 0.15-0.5 meV due to lattice scale interactions. The experimental observations are supported by theoretical calculations, which allow to determine that intervalley scattering and "current-current" interaction constants are of the same magnitude in BLG.

Study protocol for OptimalTTF-2: enhancing Tumor Treating Fields with skull remodeling surgery for first recurrence glioblastoma: a phase 2, multi-center, randomized, prospective, interventional trial.

BACKGROUND: OptimalTTF-2 is a randomized, comparative, multi-center, investigator-initiated, interventional study aiming to test skull remodeling surgery in combination with Tumor Treating Fields therapy (TTFields) and best physicians choice medical oncological therapy for first recurrence in glioblastoma patients. OptimalTTF-2 is a phase 2 trial initiated in November 2020. Skull remodeling surgery consists of five burrholes, each 15 mm in diameter, directly over the tumor resection cavity. Preclinical research indicates that this procedure enhances the effect of Tumor Treating Fields considerably. We recently concluded a phase 1 safety/feasibility trial that indicated improved overall survival and no additional toxicity. This phase 2 trial aims to validate the efficacy of the proposed intervention. METHODS: The trial is designed as a comparative, 1:1 randomized, minimax two-stage phase 2 with an expected 70 patients to a maximum sample size of 84 patients. After 12-months follow-up of the first 52 patients, an interim futility analysis will be performed. The two trial arms will consist of either a) TTFields therapy combined with best physicians choice oncological treatment (control arm) or b) skull remodeling surgery, TTFields therapy and best practice oncology (interventional arm). Major eligibility criteria include age ≥ 18 years, 1st recurrence of supratentorial glioblastoma, Karnofsky performance score ≥ 70, focal tumor, and lack of significant co-morbidity. Study design aims to detect a 20% increase in overall survival after 12 months (OS12), assuming OS12 = 40% in the control group and OS12 = 60% in the intervention group. Secondary endpoints include hazard rate ratio of overall survival and progression-free survival, objective tumor response rate, quality of life, KPS, steroid dose, and toxicity. Toxicity, objective tumor response rate, and QoL will be assessed every 3rd month. Endpoint data will be collected at the end of the trial, including the occurrence of suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions (SUSARs), unacceptable serious adverse events (SAEs), withdrawal of consent, or loss-to-follow-up. DISCUSSION: New treatment modalities are highly needed for first recurrence glioblastoma. Our proposed treatment modality of skull remodeling surgery, Tumor Treating Fields, and best practice medical oncological therapy may increase overall survival significantly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0422399 , registered 13. January 2020.

Protective loop-ileostomy in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis - advantages and disadvantages. A retrospective study.

AIM: The aim was to investigate the overall postoperative complication rate within 90 days following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), with or without a diverting stoma, together with complications 30 days after stoma closure and overall pouch failure rate. METHOD: This was a retrospective chart review including IPAA patients with or without a diverting loop-ileostomy for ulcerative colitis (1 January 1983 to 31 December 2015). Demographic data and postoperative complications were retrieved and recorded. RESULTS: A total of 434 patients were included. A diverting loop-ileostomy was performed in 348 patients (80%). Baseline data were similar in the two groups except for body mass index (BMI) and the ratio of women, which were significantly higher in the group without a protective ileostomy. Overall 90-day complication rate after IPAA [Clavien-Dindo (CD) > 2] was similar in the two groups. Clinical anastomotic leaks (CD > 2) were higher in patients without a diverting stoma (9.3% vs 1.7%) (P = 0.002). The odds ratio for leakage after adjustments (age, gender, immune-modulating medicine and BMI) was 5.0 for omitting a diverting stoma (P = 0.004). Complications (CD > 2) after loop-ileostomy closure were seen in 61 cases (14.1%). Omitting a diverting stoma at IPAA demonstrated a non-significant odds ratio of 1.04 (0.46, 2.38) (P = 0.924) for pouch failure after adjustments (age, gender, immune-modulating medicine, BMI, time from pouch formation and clinical leakage). CONCLUSION: The overall postoperative surgical and medical complication rate within 90 days after IPAA was similar in the group with and without diverting stoma. Postoperative complication rate after reversal was 14%. Omitting a diverting stoma at IPAA demonstrated an increased risk of leaks but no significant risk of long-term pouch failure.

Electron-Hole Crossover in Gate-Controlled Bilayer Graphene Quantum Dots.

Electron and hole Bloch states in bilayer graphene exhibit topological orbital magnetic moments with opposite signs, which allows for tunable valley-polarization in an out-of-plane magnetic field. This property makes electron and hole quantum dots (QDs) in bilayer graphene interesting for valley and spin-valley qubits. Here, we show measurements of the electron-hole crossover in a bilayer graphene QD, demonstrating opposite signs of the magnetic moments associated with the Berry curvature. Using three layers of top gates, we independently control the tunneling barriers while tuning the occupation from the few-hole regime to the few-electron regime, crossing the displacement-field-controlled band gap. The band gap is around 25 meV, while the charging energies of the electron and hole dots are between 3 and 5 meV. The extracted valley g-factor is around 17 and leads to opposite valley polarization for electrons and holes at moderate B-fields. Our measurements agree well with tight-binding calculations for our device.

Socioeconomic status and risk of osteoporotic fractures and the use of DXA scans: data from the Danish population-based ROSE study.

There is a need of studies exploring the link between socioeconomic status and DXA scans and osteoporotic fracture, which was the aim of the present study. No differences in socioeconomic status and risk of osteoporotic fractures were found. However, women with further/higher education and higher income are more often DXA-scanned. INTRODUCTION: Lower socioeconomic status is known to be associated with a range of chronic conditions and with access to health care services. The link between socioeconomic status and the use of DXA scans and osteoporotic fracture, however, needs to be explored more closely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and both DXA scan utilization and major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) using a population-based cohort of Danish women and national registers. METHODS: The study included 17,155 women (65-81 years) sampled from the Risk-stratified Osteoporosis Strategy Evaluation study (ROSE). Information on socioeconomic background, DXA scans, and MOFs was retrieved from national registers. Competing-risk regression analyses were performed. Mean follow-up was 4.8 years. RESULTS: A total of 4245 women had a DXA scan (24.7%) and 1719 (10.0%) had an incident MOF during follow-up. Analyses showed that women with basic education had a lower probability of undergoing DXA scans than women with further or higher education (greater than upper secondary education and vocational training education) (subhazard ratio (SHR) = 0.82; 95% CI 0.75-0.89, adjusted for age and comorbidity). Moreover, women with disposable income in the low and medium tertiles had a lower probability of undergoing DXA scans than women in the high-income tertile (SHR = 0.90; 95% CI 0.84-0.97 and SHR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.95, respectively, adjusted for age and comorbidity). No association between socioeconomic background and probability of DXA was found in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION: The study found no differences in risk of osteoporotic fractures depending on socioeconomic status. However, women with further or higher education as well as higher income are more often DXA-scanned.

Use of antiosteoporotic medication in the Danish ROSE population-based screening study.

Use of antiosteoporotic medication in the population-based, risk-stratified osteoporosis strategy evaluation (ROSE) screening study, comparing the use of FRAX followed by DXA with usual care, was examined. Screening increased the overall use of medication. Being recommended treatment by the hospital and higher age increased the likelihood of starting medication, but, nevertheless, a large percentage opted not to start treatment. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to examine the impact on medication prescription, adherence, and persistence of osteoporotic medicine in the randomized population-based ROSE screening study for osteoporosis. METHODS: The Danish ROSE study included a population-based random sample of women aged 65-81 years randomized to either a two-step screening program consisting of FRAX followed by DXA for high-risk participants or opportunistic screening for osteoporosis (usual care). This sub-study on the intention-to-treat population examined the impact of the screening program on antiosteoporotic medication redemption rates, adherence, and persistence using Danish registers. RESULTS: A total of 30,719 of 34,229 women were treatment-naïve. Significantly more participants in the screening group started on antiosteoporotic medication, but no differences in adherence and persistence rates were found. Higher age was associated with a higher likelihood of starting medication. A low Charlson comorbidity score (= 1) was associated with higher treatment initiation but lower adherence and persistence of antiosteoporotic treatment. A total of 31.7% of participants advised to initiate treatment did not follow the advice. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for osteoporosis using FRAX followed by DXA increased the overall use of antiosteoporotic medication in the screening group without differences in adherence and persistence rates. A large percentage of participants advised to initiate treatment did nevertheless fail to do so.

Cost-effectiveness of incisional negative pressure wound therapy compared with standard care after caesarean section in obese women: a trial-based economic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) in preventing surgical site infection in obese women after caesarean section. DESIGN: A cost-effectiveness analysis conducted alongside a clinical trial. SETTING: Five obstetric departments in Denmark. POPULATION: Women with a pregestational body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 . METHOD: We used data from a randomised controlled trial of 876 obese women who underwent elective or emergency caesarean section and were subsequently treated with iNPWT (n = 432) or a standard dressing (n = 444). Costs were estimated using data from four Danish National Databases and analysed from a healthcare perspective with a time horizon of 3 months after birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost-effectiveness based on incremental cost per surgical site infection avoided and per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. RESULTS: The total healthcare costs per woman were €5793.60 for iNPWT and €5840.89 for standard dressings. Incisional NPWT was the dominant strategy because it was both less expensive and more effective; however, no statistically significant difference was found for costs or QALYs. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of €30,000, the probability of the intervention being cost-effective was 92.8%. A subgroup analysis stratifying by BMI shows that the cost saving of the intervention was mainly driven by the benefit to women with a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥35 kg/m2 . CONCLUSION: Incisional NPWT appears to be cost saving compared with standard dressings but this finding is not statistically significant. The cost savings were primarily found in women with a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥35 kg/m2 . TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Prophylactic incisional NPWT reduces the risk of SSI after caesarean section and is probably dominant compared with standard dressings #healtheconomics.

Bulk and grain boundary Li-diffusion in dense LiMn2O4 pellets by means of isotope exchange and ToF-SIMS analysis.

Lithium diffusion in LiMn2O4 pellets is studied by means of isotope exchange and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). A 6Li-enriched film deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on a dense LiMn2O4 pellet with natural abundance of lithium isotopes is used to study the tracer diffusion of lithium. The measured profiles are analyzed by numerical models describing the 6Li tracer diffusion from the film into the pellet. Experiments in the Harrison type B regime of diffusion kinetics allow for the distinction and simultaneous determination of bulk and grain boundary diffusion coefficients. Changing the experimental conditions to reach Harrison type A behavior yields effective diffusion coefficients for lithium tracer diffusion in LiMn2O4. Activation energies for bulk and grain boundary diffusion were obtained from experiments at different temperatures. Our values are critically compared to previous studies.

Religiousness and depressive symptoms in Europeans: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: Religiousness has been found to protect against depression based on studies conducted in the United States, though there are limited data in the European population. We sought to evaluate the associations between religiousness and six depressive symptoms in Europeans aged 50+ years. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal study. METHODS: Our sample consisted of participants (n = 23,864) in wave 1 (2004-05) of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe who were followed up in waves 2-6 (2006-07 to 2015). Analyses were conducted using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Higher frequency of prayer was associated with lower odds of having no hopes for the future (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-0.99) and of suicidal thoughts (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.97). Attending religious service was associated with lower odds of having no hopes for the future (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67-0.83), of suicidal thoughts (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59-0.81), difficulty in concentration (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72-0.88), irritability (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71-0.85), fatigue (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78-0.91), and having no enjoyable activity (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76-0.94). Religious education was associated with lower odds of not having engaged in any enjoyable activities lately (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95). Restful religiousness was associated with lower odds of experiencing suicidal thoughts, of having been irritable recently, and of having experienced fatigue in the last month, compared with crisis religiousness. Crisis religiousness was associated with higher odds of having been irritable recently and of having experienced fatigue in the last month compared with non-religiousness. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that religiousness is associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms, particularly for those who attend religious service.

Religiousness and Diseases in Europe: Findings from SHARE.

Recent research in religiousness and health suggests that epidemiological forces can have opposed effects. Here we examine two forms of religiousness and their association with disease. We performed a cross-sectional study of 23,864 people aged 50+ included in wave 1 (2004-2005) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and a longitudinal study including people from wave 1, who were followed up during 11 years. Results suggested that taking part in a religious organization was associated with lower odds of heart attack (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60, 0.90), stroke (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50, 0.95), and diabetes (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58, 0.90) and longitudinally associated with lower odds of cancer (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.60, 1.00). Conversely, praying was longitudinally associated with higher odds of heart attack (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10, 1.48) and high cholesterol (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.00, 1.26). The most religious people had lower odds of stroke, diabetes, and cancer than other respondents, and in the longitudinal model, people who only prayed had higher odds of heart attack than non-religious people. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that restful religiousness (praying, taking part in a religious organization, and being religiously educated) was associated with lower odds of some diseases, whereas little evidence was present that crisis religiousness (praying only) was associated with higher odds of disease.

Effectiveness of a two-step population-based osteoporosis screening program using FRAX: the randomized Risk-stratified Osteoporosis Strategy Evaluation (ROSE) study.

The Risk-stratified Osteoporosis Strategy Evaluation (ROSE) study investigated the effectiveness of a two-step screening program for osteoporosis in women. We found no overall reduction in fractures from systematic screening compared to the current case-finding strategy. The group of moderate- to high-risk women, who accepted the invitation to DXA, seemed to benefit from the program. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the ROSE study was to investigate the effectiveness of a two-step population-based osteoporosis screening program using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) derived from a self-administered questionnaire to select women for DXA scan. After the scanning, standard osteoporosis management according to Danish national guidelines was followed. METHODS: Participants were randomized to either screening or control group, and randomization was stratified according to age and area of residence. Inclusion took place from February 2010 to November 2011. Participants received a self-administered questionnaire, and women in the screening group with a FRAX score ≥ 15% (major osteoporotic fractures) were invited to a DXA scan. Primary outcome was incident clinical fractures. Intention-to-treat analysis and two per-protocol analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 3416 fractures were observed during a median follow-up of 5 years. No significant differences were found in the intention-to-treat analyses with 34,229 women included aged 65-80 years. The per-protocol analyses showed a risk reduction in the group that underwent DXA scanning compared to women in the control group with a FRAX ≥ 15%, in regard to major osteoporotic fractures, hip fractures, and all fractures. The risk reduction was most pronounced for hip fractures (adjusted SHR 0.741, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to an office-based case-finding strategy, the two-step systematic screening strategy had no overall effect on fracture incidence. The two-step strategy seemed, however, to be beneficial in the group of women who were identified by FRAX as moderate- or high-risk patients and complied with DXA.