Kidney graft outcome using an anti-Xa therapeutic strategy in an experimental model of severe ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Deceased after cardiac death donors represent an important source of organs to reduce organ shortage in transplantation. However, these organs are subjected to more ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Reducing IRI by targeting coagulation is studied here in an experimental model. METHODS: The effect of an anti-Xa compound (fondaparinux) was evaluated using an autotransplanted kidney model in pigs. Kidneys were clamped for 60 min (warm ischaemia) and then preserved for 24 h at 4 °C in University of Wisconsin solution (UW). The anti-Xa compound was injected intravenously before warm ischaemia and used during cold storage, and its effects were compared with those of intravenous injection of unfractionated heparin (UFH) before warm ischaemia and use during cold storage, or use of UW alone during cold storage. RESULTS: At 3 months after transplantation, anti-Xa treatment improved recovery of renal function and chronic serum creatinine levels compared with UW and UFH (mean(s.e.m.) 89(4), 250(4) and 217(8) µmol/l respectively). The anti-Xa treatment also reduced fibrosis, and decreased tissue expression of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition compared with UW and UFH. Cleaved protease-activated receptor 2 was overexpressed in the UW group compared with the anti-Xa and UFH groups. Leucocyte infiltrates were decreased in the anti-Xa group compared with the UW and UFH groups. Macrophage invasion was also decreased by anticoagulation treatment. CONCLUSION: Peritransplant anticoagulation therapy was beneficial to graft outcome, in both the acute and chronic phases. Moreover, specific inhibition of coagulation Xa protease further protected kidney grafts, with better recovery and decreased expression of chronic lesion markers. Surgical relevance The increasing use of marginal donors highlights the importance of organ quality in transplantation. Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which includes a deleterious activation of coagulation, plays a central role in determining graft quality and outcome. Using an established porcine renal autotransplantation preclinical model with high clinical relevance, the benefits of anticoagulation therapy using an antifactor Xa molecule were evaluated. Peritransplantion anticoagulation treatment, specifically with an anti-Xa compound, protected marginal kidney grafts, improving functional recovery and reducing chronic lesions. This study demonstrates the benefits of anticoagulation therapy at the time of organ collection, particularly for marginal organs, encountered in cases of extended criteria and deceased after circulatory death donors. This anticoagulation strategy could be an important addition to current donor and organ management protocols in order to limit IRI and improve outcome.

[Reorganize hospitals to improve efficiency and quality]. / Riorganizzare gli ospedali per migliorare efficienza e qualità.

The current economic difficulties and the changed epidemiological picture, characterized by an increase in life expectancy, which shows in the elderly, chronically ill and disabled the main, both health and social, care needs,r equires a remark on the hospital network and organization. Today, most of the application assistance is usually at low intensity of care, whereas the acute event is shrinking. The prevalence of hospital admissions concern the elderly, who get into acute events but on a substrate of chronicity and co-morbidity conditions. There must be a new model of hospital network, with the possibility of converting some hospital centres for medium intensity care and selecting few centres for high intensity care, where concentrating the more expensive technology and the skill and expertise of the professional. The -suggestion is a renewed health planning that detects:- hospitals for widespread disease, equipped with emergency war for minor codes-hospital at high intensity of care for emergency-urgency- hospital for particular fields of medical speciality and research.

Dataset on the qualitative characteristics of roselle varieties (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.).

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a worldwide known species of great importance due to its medicinal properties and pleasant flavor. In Paraguay, it is used as an alternative crop by family-run farmers; however, the varieties used in the country are unknown, so no information is available on this crop. The qualitative characterization would collect knowledge serving as a basis for the registration of varieties produced in Paraguay. In addition, such data are useful for future genetic improvement programs considering this crop. The present work was carried out at the Multidisciplinary Center for Technological Research and the experimental farmland of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the National University of Asuncion, during the years 2022 and 2023. The main objective was to carry out a morphological characterization of four Roselle varieties: Ana Delia, Benito, Dogo, and Creole. The design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with four treatments (varieties) and four replications; each experimental unit (block) was composed of 24 plants, distributed in four rows; 12 plants, selected from the central rows, were harvested for the evaluations. Stem color, leaf shape, leaf margin, rib color, petiole color, flower color, calyx color, calyx sepal opening, capsule shape, capsule color, capsule anthocyanin coloration, and pubescence level were evaluated. The results demonstrate qualitative differences between the varieties, which help to compare and classify them for a better variety selection.

Thrombin generation and procoagulant phospholipids in patients with essential thrombocythemia and reactive thrombocytosis.

Thrombocytosis is a commonly encountered clinical scenario and can be either a secondary process (reactive thrombocytosis), or due to clonal disorder (i.e., essential thrombocythemia). This distinction is important as it carries implications for evaluation, prognosis and treatment. In this study we compared procoagulant potential in essential thrombocythemia and reactive thrombocytosis by measuring the thrombin generation and the level of circulating procoagulant phospholipids with functional tests. Twenty nine patients with essential thrombocythemia and 24 with reactive thrombocytosis were studied. Thrombin generation was determined by calibrated automated thrombography. Procoagulant phospholipids were detected by a chronometric standardised method (STA-Procoag-PPL). Patients with reactive thrombocytosis had a longer lag time, higher endogenous thrombin potential, peak of thrombin generation and velocity index than patients with essential thrombocythemia. The level of circulating procoagulant phospholipids was increased in patients with essential thrombocythemia as observed with the procoagulant phospholipids assay. Each parameter was analysed using ROC curves. Highest areas under the curve (AUC) were found for lag time and procoagulant phospholipids ratio (0.817 and 0.853, respectively), associated with high negative predictive value for ET (92.3% and 80%, respectively). In conclusion, patients with essential thrombocythemia and reactive thrombocytosis displayed significant differences in terms of thrombin generation and levels of procoagulant phospholipids. Among these parameters, lag time and procoagulant phospholipids ratio could help to differentiate between reactive thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythemia patients.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics and behaviours of individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection: a multicentre study in north Italy.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate socio-demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics and behaviours of subjects with new HIV diagnosis. METHODS: We carried out a multi-centre cross-sectional study comprising 17 infectious diseases units in the Lombardy Region, North Italy. All subjects with a first positive test for HIV infection examined in 2008-09 were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 472 patients were enrolled (mean age 39.8 years, standard deviation [SD] 11.5), mostly males (78%), and born in Italy (77%). The most common routes of HIV transmission were heterosexual intercourse (49%) and sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) (40%). Never/sometimes use of a condom with occasional partners was associated with male gender, heterosexual transmission route, and with >10 sexual partners in their lifetime. 47% had previous HIV negative tests. Having had more than 2 previous HIV negative tests was associated with younger age, MSM transmission route, CD4+ lymphocyte count >350/microl and self-perception of risk. DISCUSSION: This study shows that there is a large portion of the adult population, especially heterosexual men aged 45 years and over, who are at high risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection and undergoing the HIV diagnostic test late, due to risk behaviours combined with a low perception of being at risk. Compared to people infected by heterosexual contacts, MSM show a greater awareness of being at risk of infection, but this knowledge has a low impact in reducing at-risk behaviours.

Healthcare-acquired infections in rehabilitation units of the Lombardy Region, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Little data are available on the frequency and risk factors for infection in patients in rehabilitation units. METHODS: This was a 2-year retrospective cohort study conducted in 131 rehabilitation units (RUs) of the Lombardy Region, including those for patients requiring musculoskeletal, cardiac, respiratory, neurological and general geriatric rehabilitation. RUs were stratified into three groups by infection rate calculated from administrative data, and a random sample of RUs in each group was selected for analysis. Discharges from these RUs were randomly selected for chart review, and healthcare-acquired infection was confirmed using CDC/NHSN definitions. A logistic regression analysis explored the association among demographic variables of age, sex, type of rehabilitation unit, Charlson comorbidity score, and location prior to RU admission for selected infections. RESULTS: For the 3,028 discharges from 28 RUs, hospital administrative data had a sensitivity of 0.45 and a positive predictive value of 0.89 to identify infections in the chart review. At least one infection occurred in 14.9% of patient discharges, with 71% of infections being urinary, 8.0% respiratory, and 5% skin and soft tissue. Urinary infection was associated with female sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.93], age 75-85 years (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.12-4.34), Charlson comorbidity score of ≥3 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.10-2.17), and the transfer from acute care (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.02). For respiratory infection, male sex (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.51-6.18), comorbidity score of 1 or 2 (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.08-4.36), and transfer from a healthcare setting other than an acute care hospital were independent risks (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.15-8.53). CONCLUSION: Infections are common in residents of these rehabilitation units, and risk factors may differ with type of infection. The proportion of infections which may be prevented and effective prevention strategies need to be determined.

Awake laparotomy: is locoregional anesthesia a functional option for major abdominal surgeries in the COVID-19 era?

OBJECTIVE: Over the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the demand for critical care beds among medical services has rapidly exceeded its supply. Elective surgery has comprehensively been drastically limited and allocating intensive care beds to emergency cases or to high risk scheduled elective cases has become an even more difficult task. Here we present our experience which could help to handle undelayable surgical procedures during this emergency. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 2019, eight patients (4 men, 4 women) with a mean age of 88 years, needing emergency abdominal surgery underwent awake open surgery at our Department of Surgery. All of them were identified as fragile patients at preoperative evaluation by the anesthesiologist. In all cases, locoregional anesthesia (spinal, epidural or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia) was performed. Intraoperative and postoperative pain has been monitored and regularly assessed. RESULTS: None of the patients was intubated. Mean operative time was 80 minutes (minimum 30 minutes, maximum 130 minutes). Intraoperative and postoperative pain were both well controlled. None of them required postoperative intensive care support. No perioperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our preliminary case series, awake open surgery has resulted feasible and safe. This approach has allowed to perform undelayable major abdominal surgeries on fragile patients when intensive care beds were not available. Surely, it represents a helpful alternative in the COVID-19 era. A streamlining of workflows would fast-track both fragile patients management, as well as healthcare workers' tasks and activity.

Stroke and aspirin non-responder patients: relation with hypertension and platelet response to adenosine diphosphate.

Despite its widespread use, there are many concerns about the efficacy of aspirin in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events after stroke, leading to the concept of aspirin non-response (ANR). Although the mechanisms of ANR remain uncertain, it is expected to be due to a combination of clinical, biological and genetic characteristics affecting platelet function. In this study, we investigated whether clinical and/or biological factors such as hypertension and platelet response to ADP could contribute to the ANR. As a secondary objective, we determine whether ANR and collagen/ADP closure time (CADP-CT) could be related to platelet glycoprotein single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One hundred patients on aspirin (160 mg/day) were enrolled. ANR was measured with a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100); genotyping of four SNPs (GP IIIa, GP Ia, P2Y12 and GP VI) was performed using a tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system. Using a collagen/epinephrine-coated cartridge on the PFA-100, the prevalence of ANR was 15% (n = 15). In the ANR group, (i) CADP-CT was significantly shorter and (ii) hypertension was an independent clinical predictive factor of ANR (OR = 4.25; 95%CI: 1.06-17.11). No clear relation was found between CADT-CT and platelet gene polymorphism as well as ANR status and SNPs. In conclusion our study confirms the independent relationship between hypertension, platelet hypersensitivity to ADP and aspirin (160 mg/day) non-response. The differential sensitivity to aspirin may have potential clinical implications, where adaptation of antiplatelet therapy is necessary according to a patient's clinical and genetic characteristics.

An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis linked to municipal water supply, Lombardy, Italy, June 2009.

We report an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis linked to municipal drinking water in a town in northern Italy in June 2009. Over one month we identified 299 probable cases of whom 30 were confirmed for at least one of the following viruses: norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus or astrovirus. Water samples and filters from the water system also tested positive for norovirus and enterovirus. Control measures included treating the water system with chlorine dioxide and filters with peracetic acid, while providing temporary alternative sources of drinking water to the population.

West Nile virus transmission with human cases in Italy, August - September 2009.

In 2009, to date 16 human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) have been reported in Italy, in three regions: Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia. The number of cases is higher compared with last year when nine cases were identified (eight cases of WNND and one case of West Nile fever) and the geographical distribution indicates spread from east to west.

[DIC and peripheral gangrene in a severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria: the coagulation-inflammation cycle with Plasmodium falciparum as a model]. / CIVD et gangrène périphérique dans un cas de paludisme sévère : le cycle coagulation-inflammation appliqué au Plasmodium falciparum.

Peripheral gangrene with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) during severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria has already been described but is unfrequent. We report here the case of a 62-year-old man admitted in the intensive care unit of our hospital for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and peripheral gangrene of his toes that needed amputation. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to DIC in malaria can be used as a model to explain the relation between coagulation and inflammation. Therapeutic targeting of coagulation, by acting on inflammation, could be useful to limit the coagulation-inflammation cycle.

[Workplace health promotion: evaluation of evidence of efficacy and methodological recommendations]. / La promozione della salute nei luoghi di lavoro: valutazione di evidenze di efficacia e raccomandazioni metodologiche.

BACKGROUND: During the period 2004-2007 five Italian regions in cooperation with the Universities of Pavia and Perugia and the Italian Cochrane Centre carried out a research project on health promotion programmes. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of efficacy of health education programmes developed by the Local Health Units from 2000 to 2004. RESULTS: Analysis of 69 of health promotion programmes and 23 Cochrane reviews led to establishing recommendations for health operators; at the workplace the efficacious actions were: to encourage consumption of healthy food (also via automatic distributors of fruit and vegetable snacks) and physical activity, guarantee observance of the smoking ban and/or offer assistance to quit smoking. CONCLUSION: Health promotion projects involve the use of public resources so it is necessary that the potential impact and efficacy be evaluated in the planning process. In particular, it is advisable to examine the data in the literature and assign preference to projects that have proved efficacious.

Assessment of conversational pragmatics: A screening tool for pragmatic language impairment in a control population of children aged 6-12 years.

Pragmatics can be defined as the way in which language is used to communicate in a given social context. Although there is a lack of a standardized assessment, healthcare professionals find themselves confronted with pragmatic language skill impairments in children with neurodevelopmental disorders or brain injuries. The characterization of language use causes problems in social interactions, which has clinical implications in daily life. However, this is still underestimated because there is currently no quick, easy-to-use screening device to rank these deficits. We have developed a pragmatic deficits screening chart that has been tested on a control population of children aged 6-12 years. The chart comprises 26 items exploring seven areas of pragmatics (intentionality, governance of exchange, organization of information, adaptation strategies, conversational implicit language, nonverbal skills, and paralinguistic aspects). Parents select one of four possible answers to describe how frequently their child demonstrates each type of behavior ("never, rarely, sometimes, often"). We distributed 1666 charts; 760 were returned, of which 552 could be analyzed. Internal consistency as measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.88) was satisfactory. There was no influence of age on total score, nor of the department/type of schooling. The population distribution was non-Gaussian so the results are presented in percentiles. We propose a first-line screening tool that is quick and easy to complete by family, which facilitates referral to specialists for further investigations into the etiological implications of pragmatic language impairment.

Antithrombin level and circuit thrombosis during hemofiltration after cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: Hemofilter thrombosis occurs frequently during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in intensive care units. Among coagulation disorders, antithrombin deficiency has been shown to be linked to hemofilter thrombosis. We investigated whether there was an association between antithrombin level activity and hemofilter thrombosis occurrence during early continuous hemofiltration following cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Intensive care unit in University Teaching Hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight consecutive patients. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Antithrombin level activity was measured just before the start of hemofiltration, and repeated at 24 h intervals for a total of 3 days. Hemofilter thrombosis episodes were recorded at each 24-h interval following antithrombin level activity measurement. Subjects were classified as HT when one or more episodes of hemofilter thrombosis appeared in this period and NHT if none. Morbidity parameters and mortality were recorded. Mean initial antithrombin level activity was low and not different in HT and NHT groups at day 0 (60.6 +/- 20.9% vs. 63.4 +/- 19.9%, P = 0.68). Antithrombin level activity was lower at day 1 (47.2 +/- 12.0% vs. 58.2 +/- 15.2%, P = 0.03) and day 2 (41.2 +/- 15.3% vs. 53.5 +/- 14.1%, P = 0.04) in HT group. However, antithrombin level activity was not shown to be predictive of HT in multivariate analysis. Morbidity and mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Only a weak association was found between antithrombin level activity and HT during early veno-venous hemofiltration post-cardiopulmonary bypass. This result was not confirmed in multivariate analysis. DESCRIPTOR: Renal failure: dialysis and hemofiltration.

Melagatran prevents tissue factor expression in human platelet-monocyte heterotypic complexes.

Platelets form heterotypic complexes with circulating monocytes, inducing the expression of the procoagulant Tissue Factor (TF) that leads to thrombin generation. We investigated the potential preventive effect of melagatran, a direct anti-thrombin drug, on TF expression by platelet/monocyte heterotypic complexes (PMHC) from healthy human donors. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis were performed to characterize surface and total TF protein expression in PMHC in venous blood samples drawn in the presence of heparin or heparin and melagatran (4 microM). Addition of melagatran significantly lowered the percentage of TF positive PMHC (2.6+/-0.3 vs. 5.9+/-0.7 %, p<0.01). This was not due to a melagatran-induced decrease in activation of the platelets associated with monocytes in PMHC. Indeed, melagatran effect on TF expression was accompanied by an increase in cell surface P-selectin expression in PMHC (95.6+/-1.9 vs. 48+/-18 %, p<0.001), suggesting that platelet were actually more activated in PMHC from the melagatran-treated samples. Western blot analysis of PBMC extracts suggested that melagatran specifically targeted a (54kD) form of TF in monocytes. Although further investigation is warranted, these data suggest that melagatran decreases TF expression in PMHC.

FibroMeters: a family of blood tests for liver fibrosis.

FibroMeters are blood tests for liver fibrosis with several specificities: two main diagnostic targets (fibrosis stage and area of fibrosis); adaptation to specific causes; and results confirmed by an expert system. Thus, FibroMeters comprise six different tests: one for staging and one for quantitation of liver fibrosis in each of the three main causes of chronic liver disease-chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FibroMeters display a high overall diagnostic accuracy and are the only tests to correctly classify 100% of HCV patients without fibrosis or with cirrhosis. They have 90% predictive values in a higher proportion of patients than with other usual blood tests. A 90% correct classification is available in 100% of HCV patients with the following reliable diagnostic intervals: F0/1, F1/2, F2+/-1, F3+/-1. In real-life conditions, the reproducibility of FibroMeters is higher than that of liver biopsy or ultrasonographic elastometry. FibroMeters are robust tests with the most stable diagnostic performance across different centers. Optional tests are also available, such as a specific one for cirrhosis, which has a diagnostic accuracy of 93.0% (AUROC: 0.92) and a 100% positive predictive value for diagnosis of HCV cirrhosis. Determination by FibroMeters of the area of fibrosis - the only direct, non-invasive, quantitative measurement of liver fibrosis - are especially useful for following-up cirrhosis as it correlates well with clinical events. FibroMeters are also very accurate in HVB or HIV-HCV co-infected patients. The tests specific for ALD and NAFLD also have a high diagnostic accuracy (AUROCs: 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, for significant fibrosis).

[Law simplification: the Lombardy Region experience]. / Provvedimenti regionali in materia di semplificazione e di superamento delle attività inutili ed obsolete: la recente esperienza della regione Lombardia.

Lombardy Region, adopted its own rules to reorganize and to relaunch health prevention activities. Particularly, the started way foresees for the useless activity divestment, not backed by scientific evidences and of no effect to preserve public health. In this optics, the run is inserted that foresees the planning of the activity of official control, based on the acquisition of the epidemiological and the productive, economic and social territorial context data, so to be able to point out interventions priorities and to graduate health risks. Similarly the integration among different operators, belonging to different Services and Departments too, it's considered necessary, passing from the planning of independent Plans of sector to Plans bringing common and joined objectives, in a business logic. The change of perspective, needs a suitable monitoring of the obtained results aiming to start deepened evaluations to implement or to reassess the regional strategic lines.

[Evaluation and management of pesticide risk in agriculture: the experience of the Region of Lombardy (Italy)]. / Valutazione e gestione del rischio da antiparassitari in agricoltura: l'esperienza della Regione Lombardia.

The evaluation of chemical risk in agriculture is complicated because of difficulties in obtaining measures representative of working conditions. This is the reason why experiences finalized at producing risk estimates are running. In this frame, a Regional working group has developed the project "Pesticide exposure and risk profiles in agriculture". Priority scenarios have been selected and the main variables correlated with pesticide exposure have been pointed out. A value for each variable has been defined. The sum of these values allows the definition of "Exposure Indices" (EI), which can be reduced by multiplication for a coefficient calculated based on use of personal protective devices, training and education and equipment conditions. A Risk Index is calculated as the product of EI per a toxicity index, calculated based on the risk phrases of the substances used ("Risk Profile"). Risk Profiles allow the production of risk estimates and the definition of the appropriate preventive interventions. Next phase will be addressed at the validation of the model, to be carried out through the determination of the levels of concordance between the risk class allocation obtained from the model and the one obtained from environmental and biological measures, in the same groups of workers.

Aspirin resistance: definitions, mechanisms, prevalence, and clinical significance.

Aspirin is the most commonly used therapeutic agent in prevention of vascular ischemic events. Aspirin exerts its antithrombotic effect primarily by interfering with the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and inhibition of TXA2 -dependent platelet aggregation. A meta-analysis of secondary prevention trials indicated that aspirin reduced major cardiovascular or cerebral events by 25%. This led to the widespread use of aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events. However, it appears that aspirin antiplatelet effect is not uniform in all patients and previous studies estimated that 8-45% of the population were aspirin resistant. Furthermore, (i) the optimal dosage of aspirin for complete inhibition of platelet aggregation by physiological agonists (i.e arachidonic acid) is subject to great interindividual variability, (ii) the tests to detect aspirin resistance in vitro are subject to debate and (iii) the mechanisms by which some patients are resistant to aspirin in vitro remain to be determined. Despite these unresolved questions, recent clinical studies provide the reliable evidence that aspirin resistance correlates with confirmed clinical unresponsiveness, highlighting the clinical interest of determining the aspirin inhibitory effects on patients' platelets. In conclusion, discovery of aspirin resistance in individuals might be important in order to devise better anti-platelet strategies and improve our ability to prevent acute thrombotic complication.

Fondaparinux upregulates thrombomodulin and the endothelial protein C receptor during early-stage reperfusion in a rat model of myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Fondaparinux (FDX) was demonstrated to be cardioprotective in a rat model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion. In this model, FDX reduced infarct size after 2h of reperfusion, involving the activation of the survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathway as early as 30min post-reperfusion. Our aim was to study if this cardioprotection could be explained by anti-inflammatory mechanisms and a protective effect on vessels. METHODS: Wistar male rats were subjected to 40minutes (min) of myocardial ischemia, followed by 30min or 2h of reperfusion. Rats were randomized into four groups: control 30min (n=7), FDX 30min (n=7), control 2h (n=7), and FDX 2h (n=7). The FDX groups received 10mg/kg injection of FDX 10min prior to initiating reperfusion. We studied: 1) mRNA expression of endothelial markers, such as thrombomodulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), and tissue factor (TF) and 2) proteic expression of ICAM-1, NF-κB, IκB, and JNK. Leukocyte infiltration was assessed by histochemistry. We also evaluated TM and EPCR mRNA expression in a model of isolated rat mesenteric arteries incubated with FDX. RESULTS: FDX upregulated the expression of TM and EPCR mRNA in the models of myocardial infarction and isolated mesenteric arteries. No difference was observed between the treated and control groups regarding the expression of pro-inflammatory signaling proteins, adhesion molecules, and leukocyte infiltration after 2h of reperfusion. CONCLUSION: The cardioprotective effect of FDX at early-stage reperfusion could be related to vascular protection, yet not to an anti-inflammatory effect.