Boarding in the emergency department: challenges and mitigation strategies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Herein, we conducted a review of the literature to better understand the issue of prolonged emergency department (ED) boarding by providing an overview of the current evidence on the available causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: Severely ill patients awaiting transfer to intensive care units (ICU) imposes additional burdens on the emergency care team from both a clinical and management perspective. The reasons for prolonged ED boarding are multifactorial. ED boarding compromises patients' safety and outcomes, and is associated with increased team burnout and dissatisfaction. Mitigation strategies include the optimization of patients' flow, the establishment of resuscitative care units, deployment of mobile critical care teams, and improvements in training. Staffing adjustments, changes in hospital operations, and quality improvement initiatives are required to improve this situation, while active bed management and implementation of capacity command centers may also help. SUMMARY: Considering the characteristics of healthcare systems, such as funding mechanisms, organizational structures, delivery models, access and quality of care, the challenge of ED boarding of critically ill patients requires a nuanced and adaptable approach. Solutions are complex but must involve the entirety of the hospital system, emergency department, staff adjustment, and education.

Do physical fitness and cognitive function mediate the relationship between basic activities of daily living and quality of life in older adults with dementia?

PURPOSE: Independence in activities of daily living (ADLs) is associated with quality of life (QoL) in individuals with dementia. However, the contribution of physical and cognitive functions to this relationship needs further examination. This study aims to examine the mediating effect of physical fitness and cognitive function in the relationship between independence in basic ADLs and QoL among older adults with dementia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 107 older adults with dementia (74.8% women; age 78.21 ± 7.70 years). Independence in basic ADL and QoL were evaluated using the Barthel Index (BI) and QoL- Alzheimer's Disease Scale, respectively. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale and the Mini-Mental State Examination were applied to assess cognitive function. Physical fitness was evaluated using the 30-s chair stand, 2-min step and the Timed-Up and Go tests. A structural equation modelling (SEM) with bootstrapping estimation was conducted to determine the relationship between all variables. RESULTS: Independence in basic ADL positively affected QoL and this association was mediated by physical fitness (ß = 0.242, p = 0.011). No statistically significant results were observed when testing cognitive function as a mediator between BI and QoL (ß = 0.009, p = 0.345). CONCLUSIONS: Physical fitness (i.e., lower body strength, aerobic capacity, and mobility) plays a role in the relationship between basic ADL independence and QoL of older adults with dementia, reinforcing the need to improve and monitor these parameters throughout the disease progression. Future longitudinal studies should explore the temporal relationship between physical and cognitive function and its contribution to basic ADL independence and QoL.

Predictors of bleeding and thrombotic events among patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer: insights from the ACTION randomized clinical trial.

Therapeutic anticoagulation showed inconsistent results in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and selection of the best patients to use this strategy still a challenge balancing the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic outcomes. The present post-hoc analysis of the ACTION trial evaluated the variables independently associated with both bleeding events (major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major bleeding) and the composite outcomes thrombotic events (venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic embolism, or major adverse limb events). Variables were assessed one by one with independent logistic regressions and final models were chosen based on Akaike information criteria. The model for bleeding events showed an area under the curve of 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53 to 0.73), while the model for thrombotic events had an area under the curve of 0.72 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.79). Non-invasive respiratory support was associated with thrombotic but not bleeding events, while invasive ventilation was associated with both outcomes (Odds Ratio of 7.03 [95 CI% 1.95 to 25.18] for thrombotic and 3.14 [95% CI 1.11 to 8.84] for bleeding events). Beyond respiratory support, creatinine level (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.01 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02 for every 1.0 mg/dL) and history of coronary disease (OR 3.67; 95% CI 1.32 to 10.29) were also independently associated to the risk of thrombotic events. Non-invasive respiratory support, history of coronary disease, and creatinine level may help to identify hospitalized COVID-19 patients at higher risk of thrombotic complications.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04394377.

Assessment of the components of fluid balance in patients with septic shock: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal amount for initial fluid resuscitation is still controversial in sepsis and the contribution of non-resuscitation fluids in fluid balance is unclear. We aimed to investigate the main components of fluid intake and fluid balance in both survivors and non-survivor patients with septic shock within the first 72 hours. METHODS: In this prospective observational study in two intensive care units, we recorded all fluids administered intravenously, orally, or enterally, and losses during specific time intervals from vasopressor initiation: T1 (up to 24 hours), T2 (24 to 48 hours) and T3 (48 to 72 hours). Logistic regression and a mathematical model assessed the association with mortality and the influence of severity of illness. RESULTS: We included 139 patients. The main components of fluid intake varied across different time intervals, with resuscitation and non-resuscitation fluids such as antimicrobials and maintenance fluids being significant contributors in T1 and nutritional therapy in T2/T3. A positive fluid balance both in T1 and T2 was associated with mortality (p = 0.049; p = 0.003), while nutritional support in T2 was associated with lower mortality (p = 0.040). The association with mortality was not explained by severity of illness scores. CONCLUSIONS: Non-resuscitation fluids are major contributors to a positive fluid balance within the first 48 hours of resuscitation. A positive fluid balance in the first 24 and 48 hours seems to independently increase the risk of death, while higher amount of nutrition seems protective. This data might inform fluid stewardship strategies aiming to improve outcomes and minimize complications in sepsis.

Adherence to low tidal volume in the transition to spontaneous ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure in intensive care units in Latin America (SPIRAL): a study protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with acute respiratory failure often require mechanical ventilation to reduce the work of breathing and improve gas exchange; however, this may exacerbate lung injury. Protective ventilation strategies, characterized by low tidal volumes (≤ 8mL/kg of predicted body weight) and limited plateau pressure below 30cmH2O, have shown improved outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, in the transition to spontaneous ventilation, it can be challenging to maintain tidal volume within protective levels, and it is unclear whether low tidal volumes during spontaneous ventilation impact patient outcomes. We developed a study protocol to estimate the prevalence of low tidal volume ventilation in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure and its association with ventilator-free days and survival. METHODS: We designed a multicenter, multinational, cohort study with a 28-day follow-up that will include patients with acute respiratory failure, defined as a partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 300mmHg, in transition to spontaneous ventilation in intensive care units in Latin America. RESULTS: We plan to include 422 patients in ten countries. The primary outcomes are the prevalence of low tidal volume in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation and ventilator-free days on day 28. The secondary outcomes are intensive care unit and hospital mortality, incidence of asynchrony and return to controlled ventilation and sedation. CONCLUSION: In this study, we will assess the prevalence of low tidal volume during spontaneous ventilation and its association with clinical outcomes, which can inform clinical practice and future clinical trials.

Cardiovascular Safety of Azithromycin in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Prespecified Pooled Analysis of the COALITION I and COALITION II Randomized Clinical Trials.

The cardiovascular safety from azithromycin in the treatment of several infectious diseases has been challenged. In this prespecified pooled analysis of 2 multicenter randomized clinical trials, we aimed to assess whether the use of azithromycin might lead to corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation or clinically relevant ventricular arrhythmias. In the COALITION COVID Brazil I trial, 667 patients admitted with moderate COVID-19 were randomly allocated to hydroxychloroquine, hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin, or standard of care. In the COALITION COVID Brazil II trial, 447 patients with severe COVID-19 were randomly allocated to hydroxychloroquine alone versus hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin. The principal end point for the present analysis was the composite of death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or ventricular arrhythmias. The addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine did not result in any prolongation of the QTc interval (425.8 ± 3.6 ms vs 427.9 ± 3.9 ms, respectively, mean difference -2.1 ms, 95% confidence interval -12.5 to 8.4 ms, p = 0.70). The combination of azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine compared with hydroxychloroquine alone did not result in increased risk of the primary end point (proportion of patients with events at 15 days 17.2% vs 16.0%, respectively, hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.49, p = 0.65). In conclusion, in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 already receiving standard-of-care management (including hydroxychloroquine), the addition of azithromycin did not result in the prolongation of the QTc interval or increase in cardiovascular adverse events. Because azithromycin is among the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents, our results may inform clinical practice. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04322123, NCT04321278.

Antisense therapy to block the Kallikrein-kinin pathway in COVID-19: The ASKCOV randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of antisense therapy to block kallikrein-kinin pathway in COVID-19 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, controlled trial enrolling hospitalized COVID-19 patients that required supplementary oxygen to sustain peripheral oxygen saturation. Key exclusion criteria included use of mechanical ventilation or vasopressors, and patients with more than 10 days since symptom onset or more than 48 h of oxygen use. Patients were randomized to either one subcutaneous dose of ISIS721744, an antisense that blocks prekallikrein, or placebo. The primary outcome was the number of days alive and free of oxygen support up to 15 days (DAFOR15). Secondary endpoints included organ failure score, need and duration of mechanical ventilation up to 15 days, and all-cause mortality at 30 days. Exploratory endpoints included physiological parameters, biomarkers, and quality of life. RESULTS: From October 10, 2020, to December 09, 2020, 111 patients were randomized at thirteen sites in Brazil (56 to treatment and 55 to control group). Average age was 57.5 years, and most patients were male (68.5%). There were no significant differences in DAFOR15 between groups (5.9 ± 5.2 days for the intervention arm and 7.7 ± 5.1 for the control group; mean difference - 0.65, 95% confidence intervals from -2.95 to 1.36, p = 0.520). CONCLUSION: Antisense therapy designed to block the kallikrein-kinin pathway did not demonstrate clinical benefits in increasing days-alive without respiratory support at 15 days in patients with COVID-19 during the first wave in 2020. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT04549922.

The II Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Joint Guidelines of the Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia.

OBJECTIVE: To update the recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. METHODS: Experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. RESULTS: Twenty-one recommendations were generated, including strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen and conditional recommendations for the use of tocilizumab and baricitinib for patients on supplemental oxygen or on noninvasive ventilation and anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolism. Due to suspension of use authorization, it was not possible to make recommendations regarding the use of casirivimab + imdevimab. Strong recommendations against the use of azithromycin in patients without suspected bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, and lopinavir + ritonavir and conditional recommendations against the use of ivermectin and remdesivir were made. CONCLUSION: New recommendations for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were generated, such as those for tocilizumab and baricitinib. Corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are still recommended, the latter with conditional recommendation. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and to promote resource economy.

Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults - A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The comparative efficacy and safety of balanced crystalloid solutions and saline for fluid therapy in critically ill adults remain uncertain. METHODS: We systematically reviewed randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the use of balanced crystalloids with saline in critically ill adults. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality after pooling data from low-risk-of-bias trials using a random-effects model. We also performed a Bayesian meta-analysis to describe the primary treatment effect in probability terms. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), new treatment with renal replacement therapy (RRT), and ventilator-free and vasopressor-free days to day 28. RESULTS: We identified 13 RCTs, comprising 35,884 participants. From six trials (34,450 participants) with a low risk of bias, the risk ratio (RR) for 90-day mortality with balanced crystalloids versus saline was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.01; I2 = 12.1%); using vague priors, the posterior probability that balanced crystalloids reduce mortality was 89.5%. The RRs of developing AKI and of being treated with RRT with balanced crystalloids versus saline were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.02) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.81 to 1.11), respectively. Ventilator-free days (mean difference, 0.18 days; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.81) and vasopressor-free days (mean difference, 0.19 days; 95% CI, −0.14 to 0.51) were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated effect of using balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults ranges from a 9% relative reduction to a 1% relative increase in the risk of death, with a high probability that the average effect of using balanced crystalloids is to reduce mortality. (PROSPERO number, CRD42021243399.)

Assessment of the components of fluid balance in patients with septic shock: a prospective observational study

Abstract Background: The optimal amount for initial fluid resuscitation is still controversial in sepsis and the contribution of non-resuscitation fluids in fluid balance is unclear. We aimed to investigate the main components of fluid intake and fluid balance in both survivors and non-survivor patients with septic shock within the first 72 hours. Methods: In this prospective observational study in two intensive care units, we recorded all fluids administered intravenously, orally, or enterally, and losses during specific time intervals from vasopressor initiation: T1 (up to 24 hours), T2 (24 to 48 hours) and T3 (48 to 72 hours). Logistic regression and a mathematical model assessed the association with mortality and the influence of severity of illness. Results: We included 139 patients. The main components of fluid intake varied across different time intervals, with resuscitation and non-resuscitation fluids such as antimicrobials and maintenance fluids being significant contributors in T1 and nutritional therapy in T2/T3. A positive fluid balance both in T1 and T2 was associated with mortality (p = 0.049; p = 0.003), while nutritional support in T2 was associated with lower mortality (p = 0.040). The association with mortality was not explained by severity of illness scores. Conclusions: Non-resuscitation fluids are major contributors to a positive fluid balance within the first 48 hours of resuscitation. A positive fluid balance in the first 24 and 48 hours seems to independently increase the risk of death, while higher amount of nutrition seems protective. This data might inform fluid stewardship strategies aiming to improve outcomes and minimize complications in sepsis.

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial assessing the effects of a driving pressure-limiting strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to community-acquired pneumonia (STAMINA trial): protocol and statistical analysis plan / Estudo randomizado prospectivo e controlado de avaliação dos efeitos de uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo devido à pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (estudo STAMINA): protocolo e plano de análise estatística

ABSTRACT Background: Driving pressure has been suggested to be the main driver of ventilator-induced lung injury and mortality in observational studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy can improve clinical outcomes is unclear. Objective: To describe the protocol and statistical analysis plan that will be used to test whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy including positive end-expiratory pressure titration according to the best respiratory compliance and reduction in tidal volume is superior to a standard strategy involving the use of the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table in terms of increasing the number of ventilator-free days in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: The ventilator STrAtegy for coMmunIty acquired pNeumoniA (STAMINA) study is a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial that compares a driving pressure-limiting strategy to the ARDSnet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to community-acquired pneumonia admitted to intensive care units. We expect to recruit 500 patients from 20 Brazilian and 2 Colombian intensive care units. They will be randomized to a driving pressure-limiting strategy group or to a standard strategy using the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table. In the driving pressure-limiting strategy group, positive end-expiratory pressure will be titrated according to the best respiratory system compliance. Outcomes: The primary outcome is the number of ventilator-free days within 28 days. The secondary outcomes are in-hospital and intensive care unit mortality and the need for rescue therapies such as extracorporeal life support, recruitment maneuvers and inhaled nitric oxide. Conclusion: STAMINA is designed to provide evidence on whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy is superior to the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table strategy for increasing the number of ventilator-free days within 28 days in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we describe the rationale, design and status of the trial.

RESUMO Contexto: Em estudos observacionais sobre a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, sugeriu-se que a driving pressure é o principal fator de lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador e de mortalidade. Não está claro se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure pode melhorar os desfechos clínicos. Objetivo: Descrever o protocolo e o plano de análise estatística que serão usados para testar se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure envolvendo a titulação da pressão positiva expiratória final de acordo com a melhor complacência respiratória e a redução do volume corrente é superior a uma estratégia padrão envolvendo o uso da tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSNet, em termos de aumento do número de dias sem ventilador em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo devido à pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. Métodos: O estudo STAMINA (ventilator STrAtegy for coMmunIty acquired pNeumoniA) é randomizado, multicêntrico e aberto e compara uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure com a tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave devido à pneumonia adquirida na comunidade internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Esperamos recrutar 500 pacientes de 20 unidades de terapia intensiva brasileiras e duas colombianas. Eles serão randomizados para um grupo da estratégia de limitação da driving pressure ou para um grupo de estratégia padrão usando a tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet. No grupo da estratégia de limitação da driving pressure, a pressão positiva expiratória final será titulada de acordo com a melhor complacência do sistema respiratório. Desfechos: O desfecho primário é o número de dias sem ventilador em 28 dias. Os desfechos secundários são a mortalidade hospitalar e na unidade de terapia intensiva e a necessidade de terapias de resgate, como suporte de vida extracorpóreo, manobras de recrutamento e óxido nítrico inalado. Conclusão: O STAMINA foi projetado para fornecer evidências sobre se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure é superior à estratégia da tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet para aumentar o número de dias sem ventilador em 28 dias em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave. Aqui, descrevemos a justificativa, o desenho e o status do estudo.

A face vitimada: morbidade entre mulheres atendidas em serviços sentinelas no brasil / The face victimized: morbidity between women incoming in sentinel service in Brazil / El rostro victimizado: morbilidad entre mujeres atendidas en servicios de centinela en Brasil

Introdução:Mulheres têm sido subjugadas pela violência em prol da identidade machista e domínio viril do homem. Objetivo: analisar os atendimentos de emergência em mulheres vítimas de violência na região de cabeça e pescoço. Metodologia:Análise de dados do inquérito de Vigilância e Acidentes em 25 capitais e no Distrito Federal no ano de 2011 por meio de amostra de 351 atendimentos de mulheres entre 15 e 49 anos em relação à ocorrência de violência na região de cabeça e pescoço. Resultados:A ocorrência da violência foi predominante em mulheres pretas (70,8%),jovens (68,3% 20-29 anos)e com pouca escolaridade (< 8 anos de estudo), sendo mais frequentes no domicílio (45,5%), cometida de forma intencional (86,9%) por um agressor do sexo masculino (77,4%), identificado como parceiro ou ex-parceiro íntimo (44,5%), sendo aface (87,0%) a região de cabeça/pescoço mais atingida. Conclusões:A violência contra a mulher perpassa a discussão das desigualdades de gênero, interseccionalidade e capital social. O importante não é o gênero em si, mas a junção do gênero, raça e classe socioeconômica. Isto requer políticas públicas intersetoriais e mobilização social em prol do capital social. Para tanto, o modelo de Redes de Atenção, com a consequente multiprofissionalidade, intersetorialidade e transdisciplinaridadeé fundamental. Isto pressupõe, inclusive, a maior inserção do cirurgião-dentista na identificação e acolhimento das vítimas para posteriores encaminhamentos (AU).

Introduction:Women have been subjugated by violence in favor of the male identity and virile dominance of men. Objective:to analyze emergency care for women victims of violence in the head and neck region. Methodology:Analysis of data from the Surveillance and Accident Survey in 25 state capitals and the Federal District in 2011 througha sample of 351 visits to women between 15 and 49 years old regarding the occurrence of violence in the head and neck region. Results:The occurrence of violence was predominant in black women (70.8%), young (68.3% 20-29 years) and with little schooling (< 8 years of study), being more frequent at home (45.5 %), committed intentionally (86.9%) by a male aggressor (77.4%), identified as a partner or former intimate partner (44.5%), with the face (87.0%) the most affected head/neck region. Conclusions:Violence against women permeates the discussion of gender inequalities, intersectionality and social capital. What is important is not gender per se, but the combination of gender, race and socioeconomic class. This requires intersectoral public policies and social mobilization in favor of social capital. Therefore, the model of Care Networks, with the consequent multiprofessionality, intersectoriality and transdisciplinarity is fundamental. This presupposes, including, greater involvement of the dental surgeon in the identification and reception of victims for subsequent referrals (AU).

Introducción:Las mujeres han sido subyugadas por la violencia a favor de la identidad masculina y el dominio viril de los hombres. Objetivo:analizar la atención de emergencia a mujeres víctimas de violencia en la región de cabeza y cuello. Metodología:Análisis de datos de la Encuesta de Vigilancia y Accidentalidad en 25 capitales de estado y Distrito Federal en 2011 a través de una muestra de 351 visitas a mujeres entre 15 y 49 años sobre la ocurrencia de violencia en la región de cabeza y cuello. Resultados: Predominó la ocurrencia de violencia en mujeres negras (70,8 %), jóvenes (68,3 % 20-29 años) y con poca educación(< 8 años de estudio), siendo más frecuente en el hogar (45,5 %), cometida intencionalmente (86,9%) por un agresor masculino (77,4%), identificado como pareja o ex pareja íntima (44,5%), siendo el rostro (87,0%) la región de cabeza/cuello más afectada. Conclusiones:La violencia contra las mujeres permea la discusión sobre las desigualdades de género, la interseccionalidad y el capital social. Lo importante no es el género per se, sino la combinación de género, raza y clase socioeconómica. Esto requiere políticas públicas intersectoriales y movilización social a favor del capital social. Por ello, es fundamental el modelo de Redes de Atención, con la consiguiente multiprofesionalidad, intersectorialidad y transdisciplinariedad. Esto presupone incluso una mayor inserción del cirujano dentista en la identificación y recepción de las víctimas para su posterior derivación (AU).

Predictors of prolonged ventilator weaning and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 / Preditores de desmame ventilatório prolongado e mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors associated with prolonged weaning and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs and under invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: Between March of 2020 and July of 2021, we retrospectively recorded clinical and ventilatory characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients from the day of intubation to the outcome. We classified the patients regarding the weaning period in accordance with established criteria. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with prolonged weaning and mortality. Results: The study involved 303 patients, 100 of whom (33.0%) had a prolonged weaning period. Most of the patients were male (69.6%), 136 (44.8%) had more than 50% of pulmonary involvement on chest CT, and 93 (30.6%) had severe ARDS. Within the prolonged weaning group, 62% died within 60 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with prolonged weaning, whereas age and prolonged weaning were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Prolonged weaning can be used as a milestone in predicting mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were identified as significant predictors of prolonged weaning. These results might provide valuable information for healthcare professionals when making clinical decisions regarding the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients who are on mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19 admitidos em UTI e sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Entre março de 2020 e julho de 2021, registramos retrospectivamente as características clínicas e ventilatórias de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 desde o dia da intubação até o desfecho. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto ao período de desmame de acordo com critérios estabelecidos. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para identificar variáveis associadas ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 303 pacientes, 100 dos quais (33,0%) apresentaram período de desmame prolongado. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (69,6%), 136 (44,8%) apresentaram mais de 50% de acometimento pulmonar na TC de tórax, e 93 (30,6%) apresentaram SDRA grave. No grupo desmame prolongado, 62% foram a óbito em 60 dias. A análise multivariada revelou que o acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação apresentaram associação significativa com o desmame prolongado, enquanto a idade e o desmame prolongado apresentaram associação significativa com a mortalidade. Conclusões: O desmame prolongado pode ser utilizado como marco na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. O acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação foram identificados como preditores significativos de desmame prolongado. Esses resultados podem fornecer informações valiosas para os profissionais de saúde na tomada de decisões clínicas sobre o manejo de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 e em ventilação mecânica.

The II Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Joint Guidelines of the Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia / II Diretrizes Brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 Diretriz conjunta da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia

ABSTRACT Objective: To update the recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods: Experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. Results: Twenty-one recommendations were generated, including strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen and conditional recommendations for the use of tocilizumab and baricitinib for patients on supplemental oxygen or on noninvasive ventilation and anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolism. Due to suspension of use authorization, it was not possible to make recommendations regarding the use of casirivimab + imdevimab. Strong recommendations against the use of azithromycin in patients without suspected bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, and lopinavir + ritonavir and conditional recommendations against the use of ivermectin and remdesivir were made. Conclusion: New recommendations for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were generated, such as those for tocilizumab and baricitinib. Corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are still recommended, the latter with conditional recommendation. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and to promote resource economy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Atualizar as recomendações para embasar as decisões para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos: A elaboração desta diretriz foi feita por especialistas, incluindo representantes do Ministério da Saúde e metodologistas. O método utilizado para o desenvolvimento rápido de diretrizes baseou-se na adoção e/ou adaptação de diretrizes internacionais existentes (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) e contou com o apoio da plataforma e-COVID-19 RecMap. A qualidade das evidências e a elaboração das recomendações seguiram o método GRADE. Resultados: Chegaram-se a 21 recomendações, incluindo recomendações fortes quanto ao uso de corticosteroides em pacientes em uso de oxigênio suplementar e recomendações condicionais para o uso de tocilizumabe e baricitinibe, em pacientes com oxigênio suplementar ou ventilação não invasiva, e de anticoagulantes, para prevenção de tromboembolismo. Devido à suspensão da autorização de uso, não foi possível fazer recomendações para o tratamento com casirivimabe + imdevimabe. Foram feitas recomendações fortes contra o uso de azitromicina em pacientes sem suspeita de infecção bacteriana, hidroxicloroquina, plasma convalescente, colchicina e lopinavir + ritonavir, além de recomendações condicionais contra o uso de ivermectina e rendesivir. Conclusão: Foram criadas novas recomendações para o tratamento de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, como as recomendações de tocilizumabe e baricitinibe. Ainda são recomendados corticosteroides e profilaxia contra tromboembolismo, esta em caráter condicional. Vários medicamentos foram considerados ineficazes e não devem ser usados, no intuito de proporcionar o melhor tratamento segundo os princípios da medicina baseada em evidências e promover a economia de recursos.

"Blood": desmistificando a hematologia através de ciclos de estudos no contexto da integração ensino-pesquisa-extensão / "Blood": Demystifying hematology through study cycles in the context of teaching-research-extension integration / "Blood": desmitificar la hematología a través de ciclos de estudio en el contexto de la integración enseñanza-investigación-extensión

Introdução: Ações de extensão podem contribuir para processos formativos críticos e reflexivos, mobilizadores de competências essenciais ao exercício do cuidado em saúde. Além disto, devem viabilizar relações transformadoras entre a universidade e a sociedade. O projeto "Blood" subsidiou um ciclo de pesquisa-ação para viabilizar oficinas sobre interpretação de hemogramas ministradas por estudantes de graduação em medicina e enfermagem. Objetivo: Descrever os desfechos do projeto "Blood" no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do conteúdo da hematologia. Metodologia: foram realizados, ao longo de 2017, encontros semanais sobre temas relacionados à hematologia (diagnóstico e manejo de anemias, distúrbios de coagulação, e neoplasias de origem hematológica; bem como critérios de encaminhamento em hematologia propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde), orientados pela estratégia da sala de aula invertida e mobilizados pelos próprios estudantes integrantes do projeto de extensão, na perspectiva do autogerenciamento. Assim, buscou-se compartilhar conhecimento e trabalhar habilidades relacionais e de comunicação. Resultados: Desenvolvimento, pelos participantes inseridos na graduação de medicina e enfermagem, de duas oficinas em eventos científicos de importância nacional sobre interpretação de hemogramas sob referencial pedagógico da problematização, a partir reuniões semanais autogerenciadas. Desenvolvimento de competência cognitiva e relacional para planejamento de oficina de educação permanente em saúde para profissionais da Atenção Básica. Conclusões: O "Blood" viabilizou trabalhar competências técnicas, intelectuais, interpessoais e intrapessoais pelos extensionistas, que tiverem como desfecho imediato dois momentos de educação continuada voltados à comunidade, cumprindo assim a essência da extensão universitária

Introduction:Community-aimed programs of universities can contribute to critical and reflexive training processes, mobilizing skills essential for healthcare. They must also enable transformative relationships between the university and society.The project "Blood" supportedan actionresearch cycle to facilitate the development of workshops on the interpretation of blood counttests.Objective:To describe the outcomes of the project "Blood" in the teaching-learning process of hematology content.Methodology:over the year 2017, topics related to hematology (diagnosis and management of anemia, clotting disorders, and hematological neoplasms; as well the criteria for referral to specialized care proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health) were addressed in weekly self-managed discussions, using a flipped classroom strategy implementedby the participating students. Thus, the goal was the sharingof knowledge and working on relational and communication skills.Results:two workshops on the interpretation of blood count tests were presented in national scientific events by students of medicine and nursing, usingapedagogical framework of problematization. Cognitive and relational competencesfor planning a continued education workshop for Primary Care professionals were also developed. Conclusions:The project "Blood" made it possible for the extensioniststudentsto work on technical, intellectual, interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, leading to an immediate outcome of two events of continuing education aimed at the community, thus fulfilling the essence of universitycommunity projects (AU).

Introducción: Lasacciones de extensión pueden contribuir a procesos de formación crítica y reflexiva, movilizando competencias esenciales para el ejercicio del cuidado de la salud. Además, deben posibilitar relaciones transformadoras entre la universidad y la sociedad. El proyecto "Blood" subvencionó un ciclo de investigación-acción para facilitar talleres de interpretación de hemogramas impartidos por estudiantes de pregrado de medicina y enfermería.Objetivo: Describir los resultados del proyecto "Blood"en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de contenidos de hematología.Metodología:A lo largo de 2017 se realizaron encuentros semanales sobre temas relacionados con hematología (diagnóstico y manejo de anemias, alteraciones de la coagulación y neoplasias de origen hematológico; así como criterios de derivación a hematología propuestos por el Ministerio de Saludde Brasil), guiados por la estrategia del aula invertida y movilizada por los estudiantes que forman parte del proyecto extensionista, desde la perspectiva de la autogestión. Así, se buscócompartir conocimientos y trabajar las habilidades relacionales y comunicativas.Resultados:Desarrollo, por parte de los participantes incluidos en la graduación de medicina y enfermería, de dos talleres en eventos científicos de importancia nacional sobre la interpretación de hemogramas bajo el marco pedagógico de problematización, a partir de encuentros autogestionados semanales. Desarrollo de la competencia cognitiva y relacional para la planificación de un taller de educación continua en salud para profesionales de Atención Primaria.Conclusiones: El proyecto "Blood" permitió trabajar las habilidades técnicas, intelectuales, interpersonales e intrapersonales de los estudiantes, lo que tuvo como resultado inmediato dos momentos de formación permanente dirigidos a la comunidad, cumpliendo así la esencia de la extensión universitaria (AU).

Desenvolvimento de um modelo lógico para o serviço de assistência especializada / Development of a logical model for the Specialized Assistance Service / Desarrollo de un modelo lógico para el servicio de asistencia especializada

Introdução:O Serviço de Assistência Especializada é um serviço responsável pela assistência ambulatorial às pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDSe Hepatites Virais. Em meio à importância desses serviços, é primordial instituir estratégias de avaliação do seu desempenho.Objetivo:Assim, objetivou-se construir e validar um modelo lógico para o Serviço de Atenção Especializada do município de Natal.Metodologia:Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um estudo metodológico para validação de um modelo lógicoconstruído com técnicas de abordagem qualitativa. Os profissionais participaram da fase de construção e validação do modelo. Para construção do modelo lógico foram realizadas duas técnicas; revisão de literatura para uma construção prévia ao grupo focal eo grupo focal para viabilizar a construção participativa do modelo e posterior validação de conteúdo. Os dados colhidos foram analisados de forma qualitativa, buscando identificar nos discursos, a pertinência dos elementos do modelo, bem como a possível inserção de outros elementos. Resultados:O modelo construído com base na Revisão de literatura foi aprovado por consenso dos participantes, não sendo sugeridas modificações. No caso, a missão, recursos, processos, resultados, contexto foram considerados adequados e o modelo ilustrativo do funcionamento esperado. Conclusões:O modelo lógico pretende viabilizar uma auto avaliação do serviço, auxiliando a administração e os profissionais a identificarem problemas, buscando estratégias de melhoria. Espera-se que a reflexão propiciada no grupo focal possa sensibilizar os profissionais para buscar estratégias de enfrentamento das dificuldades elencadas e aprimoramento dos pontos positivos (AU).

Introduction:The Specialized Care Service is a service responsible for outpatient care for people living with HIV/AIDSand Viral Hepatitis. In the midst of the importance of these services, it is essential to institute performance evaluation strategies.Objective:Thus, the objective was to build and validate a logical model for the Specialized Care Service of the municipality of Natal.Methodology:Therefore, a methodological study was developed to validate a logical model built with qualitative approach techniques. Theprofessionals participated in the model construction and validation phase. To build the logical model, two techniques were performed; literature review for prior construction of the focus group and focus group to enable participatory model construction and subsequent content validation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively, seeking to identify in the speeches, the pertinence of the model elements, as well as the possible insertion of other elements.Results:The model constructed based on the literature review was approved by consensus of the participants, and no modifications were suggested. In this case, the mission, resources, processes, results, context were considered adequate and the illustrative model of the expected functioning. Conclusions:The logical model aims to enable a self-assessment of the service, helping management and professionals to identify problems, seeking improvement strategies. It is hoped that the reflection provided in the focus group can sensitize professionals to seek strategies to cope with the difficulties listed and improvement of positive points (AU).

Introducción: El Servicio de Asistencia Especializada es un servicio responsable de la atención ambulatoria para personas que viven con VIH / SIDA y Hepatitis Virales. En medio de la importancia de estos servicios, es fundamental establecer estrategias para evaluar su desempeño. Objetivo: Así, el objetivo fue construir y validar un modelo lógico para el Servicio de AtenciónEspecializada del municipio de Natal. Metodología: Para ello se desarrolló un estudio metodológico para validar un modelo lógico construido con técnicas de enfoque cualitativo. Profesionales participaron en la fase de construcción y validación del modelo. Se utilizaron dos técnicas para construir el modelo lógico; revisión de la literatura para una construcción previa al focus group y al focus group que posibilite la construcción participativa del modelo y posterior validación de contenido. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados de manera cualitativa, buscando identificar en los discursos, la pertinencia de los elementos del modelo, así como la posible inserción de otros elementos.Resultados: El modelo construido a partir de la revisión de la literatura fue aprobado por consenso de los participantes, sin que se sugirieran modificaciones. En este caso se consideró adecuado la misión, recursos, procesos, resultados, contexto y el modelo ilustrando el funcionamiento esperado. Conclusiones: El modelo lógico pretende posibilitar una autoevaluación del servicio, ayudando a la dirección y profesionales a identificar problemas, buscando estrategias de mejora. Se espera que la reflexión brindada en el grupo focal pueda sensibilizar a los profesionales para buscar estrategias para enfrentar las dificultades enumeradas y mejorar los puntos positivos (AU).

Indicators for evaluation of specialized dental centers by experts consensus method / Indicadores para la evaluación de centros dentales especializados por método de consenso de expertos / ndicadores para a avaliação de centros odontológicos especializados pelo método do consenso de especialistas

Introdução:Os Centros Dentários Especializados devem apoiar a Atenção Primária à Saúde dentro de uma complexidade média. Objetivo:Construirindicadores de desempenho com base em um modelo lógico que ilustra os recursos, atividades, produtos e resultados exigidos por um Centro Odontológico Especializado para cumprir sua missão. Metodologia:Para validá-los, professores, gerentes médios e gerentes (n = 6) atribuíram uma pontuação (0-9) a cada atributo (validade, sensibilidade, especificidade, relevância, simplicidade,custo-benefício, oportunidade) dos indicadores, antes e depois da discussão em grupo. Resultados:Dos 82 indicadores iniciais, 63 foram considerados importantes por consenso (mediana ≥7; distância interquartil ≤2) relacionados à motivação para o trabalho;absenteísmo às consultas; atmosfera organizacional; segurança do paciente; gestão participativa; recursos financeiros; produtividade; educação em saúde e interação Centro Dentário Especializado/Cuidados Primários formaram a matriz final que prevê subsidiar avaliações de desempenho, principalmente baseadas em processos de trabalho. Conclusões:A matriz final de indicadores é coerente com as discussões, onde foi essencial propor indicadores, focalizando os processos de trabalho desenvolvidos e a integração aatenção primária à saúde e os centros dentários especializados em favor da rede de saúde. Assim, procura constituir uma ferramenta de auto-avaliação que verifica como os processos de trabalho nos centros dentários especializados se alinham com os valores organizacionais da atenção primária a saúde (AU).

Introducción:Los Centros dentales especializadosdeben respaldar la Atención primaria de salud dentro de una complejidad mediana. Objetivo: Construir indicadores de rendimiento basados en un modelo lógico que ilustre los recursos, las actividades, los productos y los resultados que necesita un Centro Dental Especializado para cumplir su misión. Metodología:Para validarlos, profesores, mandos intermedios y gerentes (n = 6) asignaron un puntaje (0-9) a cada atributo (validez, sensibilidad, especificidad, relevancia, simplicidad, costo-efectividad, oportunidad) de los indicadores, antes y después discusión de grupo. Resultados: De82 indicadores iniciales, 63 se consideraron importantes por consenso (mediana ≥7, distancia intercuartílica ≤2) relacionados con la motivación para el trabajo; ausentismo a las consultas; ambiente organizacional; seguridad del paciente; administracion Participativa; recursos financieros; productividad; educación e interacción con la salud. El Centro Dental Especializado / Atención Primaria formó la matriz final que contempla subsidiar las evaluaciones de desempeño, principalmente basadas en procesos de trabajo. Conclusiones: La matriz de indicadores final es coherente con los debates, en los que era esencial proponer indicadores, centrándose en los procesos de trabajo desarrollados y en la integración de la atención primaria y los centros dentales especializados en favor de la red sanitaria. Así, pretende constituir una herramienta de autoevaluación que verifique cómo los procesos de trabajo en los centros odontológicos especializados se alinean con los valores organizativos de la atención primaria (AU).

Introduction:Specialized Dental Centers should support Primary Health Care within medium complexity. Objective:Build performance indicators based on a logic model that illustrates the resources, activities, products, and results required by a Specialized Dental Center to fulfill its mission. Methodology:To validate them, teachers, middle managers and managers (n = 6) assigned a score (0-9) to each attribute (validity, sensitivity, specificity, relevance, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, opportunity) of the indicators, before and after group discussion. Results:From 82 initial indicators, 63 were considered important by consensus (median ≥7; interquartile distance ≤2) related to motivation for work; absenteeism to the consultations; organizational atmosphere; patient safety; participative management; financial resources; productivity; health education and interaction Specialized Dental Center/Primary Care formed the final matrix that envisages to subsidize performance evaluations, mainly based on work processes. Conclusions:The final indicator matrix is consistent with the discussions, where it was essential to propose indicators, focusing on the work processes developed and the integration of primary health care and specialized dental centers in favor of the health network. Thus, it seeks to constitute a self-assessment tool that verifies how the work processes in the specialized dental centers align with the organizational values of primary health care (AU).

A análise do clima escolar como paradigma para um novo cuidado / The analysis of the school climate as a paradigm for new care / El análisis del clima escolar como paradigma de la nueva atención

Introdução:A percepção do significado da escola pela população é fundamental, por ser a educação um importante determinante social. O clima escolar é a percepção do estudante sobre a instituição no tocante às relações interpessoais, infraestrutura, engajamento comunitário, cogestão, entre outros.Objetivo:caracterizar o clima escolar a partir da percepção dos estudantes, evidenciando as dimensões mais frágeis e as mais estabelecidas.Metodologia:Desenvolveu-se estudo transversal com 129 estudantes matriculados no ano de 2018 no segundo ano do ensino médio em escolas estaduais de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Esses responderam a umquestionário para identificação do perfil socioeconômico e clima escolar. Foram calculadas as frequências e medidas de tendência central das variáveis.Resultados:Cerca de 80% dos estudantes concordaram gostar estar na escola ou sentir ter bons amigos nela; 70% afirmam ser boa a relação entre todos os atores da escola; 67,20% sentem que quem trabalha na escola gosta do que faz. Todavia, 40% dos alunos não sentem orgulho da escola, 32% concordaram que todos participam das tomadas de decisões importantes naescola e 53% disseram sentir-se seguros na escola.Conclusões:Conclui-se que Gestão & Transparência e a Infraestrutura são as dimensões mais frágeis do clima escolar, enquanto as melhor estabelecidas são Amizade, Relações Interpessoais, Acolhimento e Igualdade e Colaboração Mútua (AU).

Introduction:The population's perception of the meaning of school is fundamental, as education is an important social determinant. The School's climate is the students'perception of the institution with regard to interpersonal relationships, infrastructure, community engagement, co-management, among other factors.Objective:to characterize the school climate based on the students' perception, emphasizingboth the weakestand the most established dimensions.Methodology:across-sectional study was carried outwith 129 students which enrolled in the second year of high school in 2018 in state-runschools in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte,Brazil. Thesubjectsanswered a questionnaire to identify their socioeconomic profile and school climate. Frequencies and measures of central tendency were calculated.Results:About 80% of the students agreed that they like being at school or feel they have good friends at school; 70% say that the relationship among all school actorsis good; 67.20% feel that those who work at the school enjoy what they do. However, 40% of the students do not feel proud of their school, a mere 32% agreed that everyone participates in making important decisions at school, and only 53% statedthey feel safe at school.Conclusions:The results show that Management &Transparency and Infrastructure are the most fragile dimensions of the school climate, while the most established ones are Friendship, Interpersonal Relations, Welcoming and Equality and Mutual Collaboration (AU).

Introducción: La percepción de la población sobre el significado de la escuela es fundamental, ya que la educación es un importante determinante social.El clima escolar es la percepción del estudiante de la institución con respecto a las relaciones interpersonales, la infraestructura, el compromiso de la comunidad, la gestión conjunta, entre otros. Objetivo: caracterizar el clima escolar en función de la percepción de los estudiantes, mostrando las dimensiones más frágiles y las más estabelecidas.Metodología:across-sectional study was developed with 129 students enrolled in the year 2018 in the second year of high school in state schools in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. They answered a questionnaire to identify their socioeconomic profile and school climate. Frequencies and measures of central tendency of the variables were calculated. Resultados: Alrededor del 80% de los estudiantes coinciden en que les gusta estar en la escuela o sienten que tienen buenos amigos allí; el 70% dice que la relación entre todos los actores de la escuela es buena; el 67,20% siente que los que trabajan en la escuela disfrutan con lo que hacen. Sin embargo, el 40% de los alumnos no se sienten orgullosos de su escuela, el 32% está de acuerdo en que todos participan en la toma de decisiones importantes en la escuela y el 53% dice sentirse seguro en la escuela.Conclusiones: Se concluye que Gestión y Transparencia e Infraestructura son las dimensiones más débiles del clima escolar, mientras que las mejor establecidas son Amistad, Relaciones Interpersonales, Acogida e Igualdad y Colaboración Mutua (AU).