Prevalence of pituitary cysts in children using modern magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

BACKGROUND: Pituitary pars intermedia/Rathke cleft cysts or cyst-like structures are commonly encountered in children undergoing brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially when examinations include thin-section, high-resolution sequences. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of pituitary cystic lesions in children at our institution using modern MRI technique, to assess for associated endocrinopathy and to address the need for follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 232 consecutive 1.5- and 3-T brain MRIs in children ages 0-18 years (mean: 8.3±5.3 years). We evaluated 3-D volumetric T1 spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) and axial T2-weighted sequences. Pituitary glands were evaluated for the presence, size and signal characteristics of cysts. Cyst volumes were measured in three orthogonal planes. Endocrine abnormalities were documented from the medical record. RESULTS: Pituitary cysts were present in 57.7% of children (n=134), with a mean linear measurement of 3.6±1.17 mm (range: 0.4 to 12.3 mm). The overwhelming majority of cysts were hyopointense on T1-W images (n=121, 90%) and isointense on T2-W images relative to the adenohypophysis (n=106, 79%). T1 hyperintense and T2 hypointense signals were present in a minority, 6.7% and 8%, respectively. Most cysts were occult on post-contrast T1-W images (n=24, 77%). Endocrine abnormalities were present in 2/134 (1.5%) of children with cysts (these were unrelated to the pituitary gland) versus 1/98 (1%) children without cysts (P=0.7). CONCLUSION: More often than not, pituitary cysts/cyst-like structures can be found incidentally in children using modern MRI techniques. Follow-up is not typically required if there are no associated symptoms or excessive size.

Chordoma with lung metastases at initial presentation of a pediatric patient.

Chordomas are rare, slow growing malignant tumors derived from notochord remnants that can arise anywhere along the neuronal axis. Chordomas are particularly rare in patients under 20 years of age and tend to be intracranial in location, as opposed to sacrococcygeal in adults. Metastasis at initial presentation is uncommon in all age groups and is exceedingly rare in the absence of local recurrence of the primary tumor. We report a case of advanced clival chordoma with marked nasopharyngeal disease extension and lung metastases at the time of presentation in a pediatric patient.