A model-based evaluation of farmers' income variability under climate change (case study: autumn crops in Iran).

The study strives to analyze the potential variations of farmers' income under climate change by using Ricardian approach. The case study was Mazandaran province of Iran and three autumn crops, i.e. wheat, barley and canola were considered as the investigated crops. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was selected to downscale the climate data. Three climate variables were downscaled for the years 2020-2080 under three climate scenarios: optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5). The Ricardian approach was also employed to predict the economics of climate change. Accordingly, the mean monthly temperature of the province is projected to have an upward trend under all climate scenarios, however, the rainfall pattern would be varied. The results of economic impacts of climate change also approved that the net income of investigated crops would be different trends under climate change scenarios. Accordingly, the variations of air temperature and rainfall would lead that the net income increases for wheat and barley, while it decreases for canola.

[Systemic candidiasis in the severely burned patient (author's transl)]. / Die systemische Candidose bei schweren Verbrennungen

As a result of progress in the modern treatment of burns, systemic candidosis (CA), in the sense of "surviving mycoses", has become increasingly frequent. The site of entry is not usually the wound, but the intestinal tract, which becomes overgrown by the yeasts as a consequence of the requisite therapy with antibacterial antibiotics in high dosage. Passage of the organism into the circulation occurs by persorption. In view of the bad prognosis of systemic CA, it is essential to recognize its incipient development and counteract by timely prophylactic measures, primarily sterilization of the intestine. In a developed case os systemic CA, the chances of cure improve with rapidity of recognition of the infection and initiation of treatment. Early diagnosis of the infection is achieved by the regular quantitative determination of the organism in the faeces, in urine and blood, as well as in swabs of mucous membranes and the wounds and, above all, by serological examination (movement of titre). The practical problems of the disease are demonstrated and discussed on the basis of 2 cases treated in this department.

[Rhinocerebral mycoses caused by Mucoraceae species (mucormycosis). Case report and literature review]. / Uber rhinozerebrale Mykosen durch Mucorazeen-Arten ("Mucormykosen"). Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht.

According to the literature and on the basis of the case reported in this paper of rhinocerebral mucoraceae mycosis we summarize the characteristic features as follows: mucoraceae--mycoses--common, but wrong term: "mucormycoses"--are a group of infections caused by members of the family mucoraceae (Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Absidia species)--most frequently by Rhizopus species. Primarily the fungi enter the pharynx or nose, local infections or trauma being a prerequisite. The most important predisposing factor is diabetes mellitus. Invading the tissue and causing vascular thrombosis the infection frequently takes an acute, often fulminating and fatal course. Acute sinusitis accompanied by swelling of the cheek and protrusion of the eye in a diabetic, particularly with acidosis, are pathognomonic. Diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic examination of infected tissue (unstained smear or histologically). Since systemically administered antifungals have not proved very effective in these myoses, mainly because an adequate tissue level can hardly be achieved, the most effective and curative treatment is surgical removal of infected tissue, simultaneous control of diabetes being mandatory.

[Animal experiments on the persorption of Candida albicans and a possible resultant immune response (author's transl)]. / Tierexperimentelle Studien über die Persorption von Candida albicans und die intestinale Auslösbarkeit einer Immunantwort.

The aim of this study was to find out whether the saprophytic presence of abnormally high quantities of C. albicans in the digestive tract leads to the development of a) positive serological reactions to this fungus and/or b) fungaemia via persorption. The following experiments were performed with rabbits: Administration of suspensions of living or inactivated yeast cells or of starch flour by gastric tube; intradermal immunization and administration of certain antibiotics in a separate comparative series; serological, histological and/or mycological investigations in blood, urine and tissue samples. The results gave a positive answer to both questions in that the ingestion of the yeast produced a titre of up to 1 : 320 to C. albicans and moreover showed persorption of fungal cells leading to fungaemia and, in some cases, to septicaemia. Persorption was observed histologically and found to be a completely passive procedure. The administration of doxycycline and gentamycin caused an additional increase in serological titres and in the percentage of cases of septicaemia.

[An evaluation of candida serology following renal transplantation and its connexion with other postoperative complications (author's transl)]. / Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Aussagewert der Candidaserologie nach Nierentransplantation.

53 renal transplant recipients aged 13 to 58 years were followed up regularly clinically, microbiologically and serologically over observation periods ranging from 6 to 82 months following transplantation with a view to diagnosing mycetic complications. The only (facultative) pathogenic species found was Candida albicans. This species was isolated in every single patient, but far-reaching differences were observed with regard to the degree of form of infection in the individual person. Mainly, cases showed only a transient growth of Candida to a greater or lesser extent on the mucous membranes of the orointestinal tract, but in few cases serious systemic forms like fungaemia and urinary tract infections were manifest. Comparing the mycological and clinical findings it was apparent that the degree of mycetic infection and attendant complications was closely correlated to the incidence and severity of several--at least primarily--non-mycetic complications postoperatively, such as disorders of transplant function, rejection reactions, diabetes and bacterial infections. A causal connexion, thus, probably exists between postoperative mycetic and non-mycetic complications and the presumable underlying pathological mechanism is discussed.

[Mycogenic allergies (author's transl)]. / Pilzbedingte Allergien. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Art, Herkunft und Verbreitung asthmogener Myzeten.

The most common causes of mycogenic allergies of the respiratory tract are cladosporium-, aspergillus-, ustilago-, monilia- and alternaria-species. On the second place follow species of epicoccum and penicillium as well a some asco- and basidiomycetes. The majority of these germs represents banal molds whose natural habitat is predominantly the soil and the vegetable kingdom. Under the circumstances of civilisation, however, they may occur in the immediate human environment in enormous amounts (more than 10.000 spores/m3 of air). There are great differences in the quantity and distribution of the single germs with regard to the geographic, seasonal and economic situation. A survey of these aspects is given.

[Mycoses--a broad spectrum multi-faceted disease complex]. / Mykosen--der Breitbandmehrbereichskrankheitskomplex.

This article gives a survey of the most important general aspects of mycoses. This comprises their spectrum of organisms, their pathogenicity and their nosologic features. In a more detailed way, the following topical forms of infections will be discussed: Mycoses favoured by factors of civilization, survival mycoses, mycoses resulting from progress of medicine, opportunistic mycoses and mycoses associated with AIDS.

[How should mycoses by most effectively treated in dermatological practice?]. / Wie behandelt der Dermatologe die Mykosen in der Praxis am zweckmässigsten?

An appropriate antimycetic therapy in the office is based on the following prerequisites: 1. demonstration and identification or at least determination of species of the causative germ, 2. selection of an adequate antimycetic medicament with a) least possible rate of sensitisation, b) greatest possible effectiveness and c) a spectrum as restricted as possible, d) galenic preparation and e) duration of therapy depending on the clinical and histological type of the mycosis, 3. detection and, if possible, elimination of other predisposing factors. The success of therapy actually obtained is rather unsatisfactory mainly because the factors listed under 2 d), e) and 3) are not or cannot be observed sufficiently.

[Etiopathogenesis and epidemiology of candidiasis and related yeast mycoses]. / Zur Atiopathogenese und Epidemiologie der Candidose und verwandter Hefemykosen.

The clinically and histologically well differentiated clinical picture of candidosis (CA) is heterogenous with regard to etiology: Only about 95 per cents of the cases are caused by candida species, the rest by other cryptococcaceae species. Formal pathogenetically the CA may be primary as well as secondary. Which kind of pathogenicity is predominating depends first of all on the momentary ecological, civilisational and medical conditions. At present in unselected dermatological cases at least 90 per cents are secondary; the severe systemic cases without exception. Primarily the pathogenesis of CA is determined by certain disposing factors, being partly exogenous, partly endogenous and/or constitutional, conditional or accidental, the knowledge and consideration of them representing the basis for an effective therapy. Particular CA-forms are largely characteristic for the kind of "underlying disease". Beside the disposing factors in the pathogenesis of CA also the quantity of the germs is of great importance whereas their virulence has only a minor meaning.

[Secondary cutaneous mycoses caused by Alternaria species]. / Sekundäre Kutanmykosen durch Alternariaarten.

Analysis of 2 of our own cases of cutaneous alternariosis (CA) and 31 reported cases showed this mycosis to be nosologically heterogeneous. CA may present as an endogenous, multilocular form or as an exogenous, usually localized form. In the endogenous form of CA (11 cases), infection most probably occurs via the lung by inhalation. The highly dermatotropic organisms spread hematogenically to the skin where they cause the typical verruciform or granulomatous lesions. In the exogenous form (8 cases), the organisms are inoculated at the site of a trauma ("traumatogenic CA"). In both forms, the underlying pathogenic disorders are of a non-mycotic nature, and hypercorticism plays the most important role. In the third form ("dermatopathic CA", 14 cases), Alternaria alternata secondarily colonizes, in a non-parasitic fashion, in preexisting lesions, which are predominantly steroid-treated eczema of the face. This form represents nosoparasitism of A. alternata rather than genuine mycosis. With regard to the pathogenesis of alternariosis, the predisposing factors mentioned are more important than the relatively weak pathogenicity of the organisms. Elimination of the predisposing factors usually cures the disease. If this fails, surgical excision of the lesions is required since an effective systemic anti-mycotic drug for CA is not yet available.

[Levuroses appearing in cases of severe burns]. / Levuroses apparues en case de brûlures graves.

The preconditions for the development of systemic mycoses, mainly levuroses, caused by opportunistic organisms are particularly favorable in the severely burned patients: on the one hand as a consequence of suppression of immunity, on the other hand by the overgrowth of these fungi in the digestive tract as a side-effect of the antibacterial chemotherapy which is necessary for the treatment of the original disease. Since such mycoses are usually very severe, mostly life endangering, their prophylaxis and early diagnosis are highly important. The aspects and measurements, most important in this connection, are discussed on the basis of our experience.

[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in lichen ruber ulcerosus]. / Diagnostische und therapeutische Probleme beim Lichen ruber ulcerosus

Report on two patients with ulcerative lichen planus (l.r. u.) of the feet. The experience which results from these two cases and 22 others which have been reported in the literature were the following: 1. After long periods of standing such lesions show a pronounced tendency to become malignant. 2. The only treatment which offers a lasting succes is skin-grafting, the chances of which are the better the earlier it is performed. 3. Early diagnosis of L. r. u. may be impossible on clinical and histopathological grounds only; application of immunofluorescence methods may yield additional diagnostic criteria.

Once-weekly oral doses of fluconazole 150 mg in the treatment of tinea corporis/cruris and cutaneous candidiasis.

Ninety-five adult out-patients with tinea corporis and/or tinea cruris participated in a multicentre open non-comparative study investigating the safety and efficacy of 1-4 once-weekly doses of oral fluconazole 150 mg. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated most frequently (67 of 86 mycologically evaluable patients). A mean of 2.6 doses of fluconazole was administered; patients infected with Candida albicans or Epidermophyton floccosum required an average of 2 doses compared to 3-4 doses in patients infected with other organisms. Clinical cure was obtained in 85 of 92 (92%) patients at the last post-treatment evaluation, with the remaining seven patients being substantially improved. At long-term follow-up, 28-30 days after the last dose, 80 of 91 (88%) patients were assessed as clinically cured, three (3%) patients were improved and eight (9%) patients failed. Among the long-term clinical failures, there was one diagnosis of tinea corporis (3% failure rate) and seven diagnoses of tinea cruris (12% failure rate). Mycological evidence of infection occurred in only 1 of 86 patients assessed at the last post-treatment follow-up. Mycological relapse occurred in nine (11%) patients at long-term follow-up; one patient was infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and eight patients were infected with T. rubrum. Relapse occurred in 2 of 29 (7%) patients with tinea corporis and eight of 57 (14%) patients with tinea cruris (one patient who relapsed had both tinea corporis and cruris). There was no correlation between the number of doses received and the mycological response or relapse rates at long-term follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Once-weekly oral doses of fluconazole 150 mg in the treatment of tinea pedis.

Seventy adult out-patients with tinea pedis participated in a multicentre open non-comparative study of the safety and efficacy of once-weekly doses of oral fluconazole 150 mg. A mean of 3 doses of fluconazole was administered; patients infected with Candida required an average of 2 doses compared to 3-4 doses in patients infected with other organisms. Clinical cure was obtained in 45 of 61 (74%) evaluable patients at the last post-treatment evaluation, with 15 patients being substantially improved and one patient failing clinically. At long-term follow-up, 28-30 days after the last dose was administered, 46 of 60 (77%) patients were clinically cured, 13 (22%) patients were improved and one patient failed. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated most frequently (47 of 60 mycologically evaluable patients). Mycological evidence of infection was eradicated from 52 of 60 (87%) patients post-treatment. At the long-term follow-up, infection was eradicated from 46 of 59 (78%) patients, persisted in five (8%) patients and relapsed in eight (14%) patients, six of whom were infected with T. rubrum and two of whom were infected with both T. rubrum and Candida. The number of doses received did not correlate with either the mycological response or relapse rates at long-term follow-up. The subgroup of 16 patients with infection of the sole of the foot, which is often considered to be more difficult to eradicate, responded similarly. Only 5 of 70 (7%) fluconazole-treated patients reported adverse effects, which were mild to moderate in severity, transient and did not result in discontinuation of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[BCG-septicemia and mucocutaneous candidiasis due to familial combined immunodeficiency (authors transl)]. / Doppelinfektion mit BCG und Candida albicans bei familärem kombiniertem Immundefekt

The history of a patient with mucocutaneous candidiasis and BCG-septicemia is reported. Combined immunodeficiency has been diagnosed as the underlying cause. A sister of the patient died at seven months of age under similar circumstances. The importance of the immunological diagnosis in severe bacterial and mycotic infection during early infancy has been emphasized. In such cases vaccinations with life vaccine are strongly contraindicated.