A Qualitative Study of Factors Facilitating Clinical Nurse Engagement in Emergency Department Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the actions of nurse leaders that facilitated clinical nurses' active involvement in emergency department (ED) catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention programs. BACKGROUND: Hospitals face increasing financial pressures to reduce CAUTI. Urinary catheters, often inserted in the ED, expose patients to CAUTI risk. Nurses are the principal champions of ED CAUTI prevention programs. METHODS: This was a qualitative analysis from a multisite, comparative case study project. A total of 52 interviews and 9 focus groups were analyzed across 6 enrolled EDs. Using a conventional content analysis, members of the research team coded data and developed site summaries to describe themes that had emerged across transcripts. Subsequently, all codes and site summaries were reviewed to identify the actions of nurse leaders that facilitated clinical nurses' engagement in CAUTI prevention efforts. RESULTS: Nurse leaders were the principal champions of CAUTI prevention programs and successfully engaged clinical nurses in CAUTI prevention efforts by (1) reframing urinary catheters as a source of potential patient harm; (2) empowering clinical nurses to identify and address CAUTI improvement opportunities; (3) fostering a culture of teamwork, which facilitated interdisciplinary communication around urinary catheter appropriateness and alternatives; and (4) holding clinical nurses accountable for CAUTI process and outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of CAUTI is an important opportunity for nurse leaders to engage clinical nurses in meaningful improvement efforts. Clinical nurses are best positioned to examine urinary catheter insertion workflow and to suggest improvements in avoiding use and improving placement and maintenance. To engage clinical nurses in CAUTI prevention, nurse leaders should focus on how urinary catheters expose patients to potential harm, involve nurses in designing and implementing practice changes, and provide local data to show the impact of nursing practices on patient outcomes.

"Is it going to hurt?": the impact of the diagnostic odyssey on children and their families.

The pediatric diagnostic odyssey is a period of uncertainty and emotional turmoil for families, often characterized by multiple minor medical procedures (such as venipuncture) that children may find distressing. Interventions to reduce distress are rarely offered, despite evidence that this is crucial both for avoiding anticipatory anxiety before future procedures and for improving healthcare compliance in adulthood. We interviewed ten mothers of children with neuromuscular disorders, asking about their perceptions of their child's experiences with different medical procedures, the emotional impact of the diagnostic odyssey, implications of obtaining a diagnosis, and interactions with healthcare providers. We coded interviews in ATLAS.ti (version 7.0) based on a priori and emergent themes, and analyzed them based on the principles of interpretive description. We found that predicting and assessing children's reactions to procedures is challenging; parents reported non-invasive procedures such as x-rays were distressing for some children, and that providers did not detect subtle indicators of distress. Parents valued obtaining a diagnosis because it validated their concerns, enabled planning for the child's future healthcare needs, and allowed access to established support networks. This study suggests that healthcare providers can improve the experience of the diagnostic odyssey by validating family concerns and connecting them to support services that are available without a diagnosis.

Developing Nursing Leadership Potential Through Education in a Low-Resource Setting.

BACKGROUND: Global partnerships amplify nursing leadership capacity in low-resource countries through targeted education efforts. PURPOSE: We examined a nursing faculty partnership between US and Haitian universities, where Haitian faculty completed graduate-level degrees highlighting leadership and education. This marked the first time a Haitian university awarded a master's of nursing degree. METHODS: Longitudinal qualitative research data collection included interviews and observations among 28 participants. Recurrent cross-sectional analysis explored themes and perceived changes in leadership behaviors. RESULTS: Advanced professional stature, leadership as a nurse educator and in the clinical setting, transformational leadership, and challenges to leadership practice were key themes. Graduate nursing education resulted in an improved vision of nursing, increased perceptions of leadership capacities, and advanced management strategies. CONCLUSIONS: This partnership led to an Office of Nursing Education at the State University of Haiti, a milestone in the advancement of nursing in this low-resource country.

Family Perspectives on Clinical Research for Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Enhancing Equity.

Pediatric new drug trials are federally mandated, but family perspectives in multiple sclerosis (MS) research are limited. Due to MS chronicity and long-term medical system involvement, we obtained family views on research priorities and optimized methods for future studies. Focus groups were convened with families impacted by pediatric-onset MS. Recruitment included those followed by the Network of Pediatric MS Centers, geographically disparate locations, and centers' voluntary election. Study questions included: healthcare experiences, clinical trials perspectives, cognitive/psychosocial/educational outcomes, disease course and disability accrual. All subjects supported future clinical studies. Patients highlighted contribution to knowledge base but were wary of experimental medication and disease-course impeding activities. Parents underscored medication delivery modalities, side-effects, and limiting children's discomfort. All wanted study relevance made explicit. Suggested future study design elements included: providing compensation, limiting assumptions regarding outcome linkages, understanding study-related psychological impacts, and reducing participation burdens. Rare disease research can assist general medicine diagnosis and referral. Variable study designs and explicit rationale may augment participation. Closing the pediatric research gap requires family engagement in the research process.

Human Resources for Health: Advancing Nursing in Haiti-A Qualitative Evaluation of a Master's Level Nursing Faculty Development Project.

Using an educate-the-educator model, this partnership responds to an international imperative to build human resource capacity among Haitian nurses. We created a graduate program of study for nursing faculty in leadership and education at the State University of Haiti. This paper describes a process and impact evaluation of the Regis College Haiti Project (RCHP). Semi-structured interviews explored key-informant perceptions. A purposeful sample of faculty, deans, and community leaders was used. A researcher interviewed stakeholders in French (the preferred language of the Ministry of Health) on professional responsibilities, leadership skills and teaching practices. Salient findings include: 1) increasing use of leadership skills; 2) enhanced respect from allied professionals, community members, peers, and managers; 3) improved competence developing teaching materials; and 4) increasing classroom engagement. Understanding perceived impact informs next steps in promoting professional development. Further, it advances ownership and self-efficacy among faculty and stakeholders within health care and higher education.

Taking the "guest" work out of school-health interagency partnerships.

OBJECTIVE: School-based health centers (SBHCs) have proliferated rapidly, demonstrated success in health outcomes and access, and gained national recognition. Despite these accomplishments, organizational dissimilarities exist among health and school systems that are potentially leading to SBHC partnership barriers. This study sought to determine how partnering agencies promote cooperation and manage conflict across institutional boundaries. METHODS: Utilizing case study methods, we conducted semistructured interviews of 55 stakeholders involved in program operations from four Massachusetts SBHCs. All had similar characteristics, yet based on a state-level rating system, two had successful interagency partnerships and two were experiencing difficulties. RESULTS: Success designation played a role in how sites managed conflict and promoted understanding and cooperation. Data also revealed similarities such as frequent use of the term "guest" by all study subjects when describing SBHCs. School representatives stated that as guests, SBHCs should adhere to school rules. Health representatives assumed that as guests, they were not full partners and could be asked to leave. Successful sites were less likely to perceive themselves as guests. At successful sites, guest terminology also dissipated over time and evolved into interdependence and cooperation among school-health interagency partners. CONCLUSION: Viewing SBHCs as guests creates a tenuous partnership that may be counterproductive to SBHC growth and sustainability. Given current levels of public interest in education, SBHCs may afford enhanced attention to youth health. Additional financial and training resources are needed to build the common purpose that will encourage the formation and sustainability of strong, interdependent school-health partnerships.

Emergency Department Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention: Multisite Qualitative Study of Perceived Risks and Implemented Strategies.

BACKGROUND: Existing knowledge of emergency department (ED) catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention is limited. We aimed to describe the motivations, perceived risks for CAUTI acquisition, and strategies used to address CAUTI risk among EDs that had existing CAUTI prevention programs. METHODS: In this qualitative comparative case study, we enrolled early-adopting EDs, that is, those using criteria for urinary catheter placement and tracking the frequency of catheters placed in the ED. At 6 diverse facilities, we conducted 52 semistructured interviews and 9 focus groups with hospital and ED participants. RESULTS: All ED CAUTI programs originated from a hospitalwide focus on CAUTI prevention. Staff were motivated to address CAUTI because they believed program compliance improved patient care. ED CAUTI prevention was perceived to differ from CAUTI prevention in the inpatient setting. To identify areas of ED CAUTI prevention focus, programs examined ED workflow and identified 4 CAUTI risks: (1) inappropriate reasons for urinary catheter placement; (2) physicians' limited involvement in placement decisions; (3) patterns of urinary catheter overuse; and (4) poor insertion technique. Programs redesigned workflow to address risks by (1) requiring staff to specify the medical reason for catheter at the point of order entry and placement; (2) making physicians responsible for determining catheter use; (3) using catheter alternatives to address patterns of overuse; and (4) modifying urinary catheter insertion practices to ensure proper placement. CONCLUSIONS: Early-adopting EDs redesigned workflow to minimize catheter use and ensure proper insertion technique. Assessment of ED workflow is necessary to identify and modify local practices that may increase CAUTI risk.

Youth voices as change agents: moving beyond the medical model in school-based health center practice.

This article describes a 34-week pilot project aimed at improving health care service delivery for adolescents by offering youth a distinct role as advisory board members who help shape policy, provide feedback, guidance, and direction to a school-based health center (SBHC) program in Boston. Freshmen were recruited to participate in a Youth Advisory Board Project that included weekly afterschool meetings. Adult supervision was provided by SBHC staff that included 2 clinical social workers and 1 youth empowerment specialist. Through this effort, students were (1) trained in nonprofit board development and governance structures; (2) urged to identify gaps in services; (3) taught to select, prioritize, and implement action projects; and (4) offered clinical support around personal issues. Students brought a wealth of life experiences, knowledge of teen attitudes, information regarding trends in risk-taking behaviors, and feedback about experiences in the SBHC. In addition, their increased awareness of the SBHC service elements led to identification of obstacles to youth participation in care, feedback regarding positive and negative health care experiences within the SBHC, as well as with external health care providers, and ideas about unrecognized needs leading to gaps in services. This experience demonstrated that young health care consumers, with support, can focus their attention and begin to utilize analytical thinking skills to shape health outcomes and inform service delivery.