Eriogynapyretorum (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) parasitoid species investigated in Fujian, China.

Eriogynapyretorum Westwood is a notorious defoliator of Camphoraofficinarum Nees that causes large economic and ecological losses in planted forests. To understand the importance of suppressing the population of E.pyretorum on natural parasitoids, a four-years investigation was conducted in the field. Four egg parasitoid species Ooencyrtuskuvanae Howard, Trichogrammachionis Ishii, Telenomus sp. and Anastatusdexingensis Sheng & Wang were captured in the wild. One of these is the dominant endoparasitoid species T.chionis, which has a quicker developmental time (8.33 d), more offspring (8.39/egg) and a greater parasitism rate (89.54%). With different elevation distributions, the parasitism rates for Kriechbaumerellalongiscutellaris Qian & He, Gregopimplahimalayensis (Cameron), Theroniadepressa (Gupta) and Xanthopimplakonowi (Krieger) were 17.29%, 2.10%, 4.23% and 0.83%, respectively. Female longevity (47.75 d), offspring (13.36/pupa) and sex ratio (1.16:1) were compared in four pupal parasitoids and K.longiscutellaris was the most abundant species of E.pyretorum in Fujian Province.

Effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in moderate myopic and fellow high myopic eyes of children.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The effects of orthokeratology (Ortho-K) on myopic eyes was examined, providing confidence to optometrists applying Ortho-K to high myopic and anisometropic children. BACKGROUND: Ortho-K slows the progression of low to moderate myopia. The effectiveness of Ortho-K in Chinese children with fellow moderate and high myopic eyes was determined. METHODS: This retrospective study included female (n = 35) and male (n = 30) children with moderate myopia in one eye (spherical equivalent refractive (SER) error ≤ -3.00 D, but > -6.00 D) and high myopia in the contralateral eye (SER error ≤ -6.00 D). Three age groups were included: 7-10-years (n = 18), 11-12-years (n = 21), and 13-15-years (n = 26). Baseline refraction and axial lengths were measured before fitting Ortho-K lenses worn nightly for at least eight-hours, and after one-year. RESULTS: Axial length increased 0.14 ± 0.13-mm (mean ± standard deviation) and 0.13 ± 0.16-mm in the moderate and high myopic groups respectively (p = 0.78). For females, axial elongation in the moderate and high myopic groups was 0.10 and 0.08-mm respectively. For males, it was 0.19-mm in both groups. Axial elongation in 7-10-year-old children with moderate and high myopic eyes was 0.24 ± 0.14 and 0.21 ± 0.15-mm respectively. In 11-12-year-old children, it was 0.12-mm in both myopic groups. In 13-15-year-old children, it was 0.09-mm in both groups. In moderate myopic eyes, axial elongation in the youngest group was greater than the other two age groups (p < 0.01). In high myopic eyes, there were no differences among the age groups (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Ortho-K was equally effective in reducing myopic progression in moderate and in contralateral high myopic eyes. Axial elongation was greater for males than females. For both sexes, it decreased at the same rate with increasing age, regardless of difference in myopia.

[A study on the effect of the corneal biomechanical properties undergoing overnight orthokeratology].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes of corneal biomechanical properties and corneal topography undergoing overnight orthokeratology treatment. METHODS: Thirty teenagers with low and moderate myopia with age of 11.67 + or - 1.63, myopia (-2.56 + or - 0.86) D, were included and were fitted with Ortho-K CL. The corneal biomechanical properties, including corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) were measured with ocular response analyzer (ORA). Corneal topography, central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelium density were measured with computerized corneal topography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and non contact specular microscope respectively. The measurements were taken at pre-wear, 1 day and 7, 30, 90, 180 days after orthokeratology. Only data from the right eyes were analysed. RESULTS: All subjects were significantly reduced the myopia amount after 1 day of lens wear. The corneal curvature flattening (F = 38.837, P < 0.01) became slightly down to stable after the first week. There were significant decrease in CH and CRF after the orthokeratology treatment within the first week, and CH and CRF reversed and thereafter into the original level at 3-month and 6-month follow up. IOPg and IOPcc decreased and reached the lowest level at 1-week visit and after then became down to stable. There were significant reduction in CCT after 1 week (F = 4.739, P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in corneal endothelium density during orthokeratology treatment for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of myopia reduction with orthokeratology occurred mostly within 1 week while the corneal biomechanical properties such as CH and CRF were decreased. However the corneal biomechanical properties are reversal to the original level thereafter and remain unchanged within the 6 months follow up visits. It proves that orthokeratology does not damage corneal microstructure. The early sign of reduction may due to the temporal response to the reshaping of the cornea.

[The expression of the correction of corneal astigmatism in the point spread function analysis system of human eyes].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ocular optical imaging quality among corneal astigmatism subjects under different corrections by using the Point Spread Function analysis system (PSF). METHODS: PSF 1000 analyzer was used to measure retinal image quality of eyes of 26 subjects with corneal astigmatism (sphere ranged from -3.00 to -6.00 DS, cylinder ranged from - 0.75 to - 3.00 DC), who were fully corrected with three different methods respectively: spectacles (SPE), rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCL) and toric soft contact lenses (TSCL). The modulation transfer function (MTF) curve was recorded and evaluated. 12 points of the MTF curve (equivalent to the 12 points of Log Mar VA chart) were chosen for analysis. Equivalent moderate myopia 26 subjects without astigmatism were set up as control group. RESULTS: The MTF curve of each eye is enantiomorphous symmetrical. Compared with the control group ( < -0.75D), with 3.0 mm pupil, there's no statistical difference under low spatial frequency, the difference between middle and high frequency is significant (P < 0.05). With 6.0 mm pupil, there is statistical difference in all frequencies (P <0.01). With simulated 3.0 mm pupil and 6.0 mm pupil, MTF values of all these three methods are statistical different. With 3.0 mm pupil, the MTF value of eyes fitted with RGPCLs is higher than that fitted with TSCLs except in the following frequency 3.00, 3.78, 4.78, 30.00 and 37.80 c/deg (P <0.05). With 6.0 mm pupil, the three correction methods are statistical different in all frequencies (P <0.05). In all these three methods, MTF values with simulated 3.0 mm pupil are significantly higher than that with simulated 6.0 mm pupil (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PSF analytical method is available for offering objective data of retina imaging quality. RGPCL and its induced tear film is improved not only correcting the corneal astigmatism, but also enhances the ocular optical quality by reducing diffraction, dispersion and other high order of aberration.

Short term effect of choroid thickness in the horizontal meridian detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in myopic children after orthokeratology.

AIM: To investigate choroidal thickness changes in the horizontal meridian after orthokeratology. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional observed study. Subjects (n=30; 11.3±1.7y) with low-to-moderate myopia (-1.0 to -6.0 diopters), wore orthokeratology (Ortho-K) lenses for 3mo. Before and after Ortho-K, OCT scans were made through the fovea in the horizontal meridian. Choroid thickness around the fovea was acquired by custom software. The analyzed regions along the horizontal meridian were divided into 7 equal zones. Ocular parameters were measured by Lenstar LS 900 non-contact biometry. RESULTS: Only the right eye ocular parameters were analyzed in this study. Before Ortho-K, choroidal thickness along the horizontal meridian was 273.7±31.8 µm in the temporal zone, 253.1±38.6 µm in the macula zone, and 194.8±52.2 µm in the nasal zone. After Ortho-K, the choroid was thicker in each horizontal zone (P<0.05). The increased thickness was greatest in the temporal zone (13.5±22.5 µm) and least in the nasal zone (8.4±14.2 µm). The axial length (AL) increased 0.02 mm (P>0.05). The choroid thickness change in each horizontal zone was negatively correlated with AL (r, -0.3 to -0.4; P<0.05) except one of the nasal zones. CONCLUSION: In myopic children, the thickness of the choroid is greatest in the temporal zone and thinnest in the nasal zone. After nightly Ortho-K for 3mo, the thickness increase along the horizontal meridian. The choroid thickness changes are negatively correlated with the change of AL.

Relevant factors of estrogen changes of myopia in adolescent females.

BACKGROUND: Gender is one of the risk factors accounting for the high prevalence of adolescent myopia. Considerable research results have shown that myopia incidence of female is higher than that of male. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between ocular parameters and serum estrogen level and to investigate the vision changes along with estrogen change in menstrual cycle of adolescent females. METHODS: A total of 120 young females aged between 15 and 16 years, diagnosed with myopia were recruited. Spherical lens, cylindrical lens, axis, interpupillary distance (IPD), and vision in each tested eye of the same subject were measured by automatic optometry and comprehensive optometry, with repetition of all measurements in the menstrual cycle of the 2 nd or 3 rd days, 14 th days, and 28 th days, respectively. Serum estradiol (E 2 ) levels were assayed by chemiluminescence immunoassay at the same three times points of the menstrual cycle mentioned above. RESULTS: In young females with myopia, the spherical lens showed a statistically significant difference among all different time in menstrual cycle (all P < 0.0001). The cylindrical lens, axis, and IPD were changed significantly during the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). The vision of the three different time points in menstrual cycle had a significant difference (χ2 = 6.35, P = 0.042). The vision during the 14 th and 28 th day was higher compared to that on the 2 nd or 3 rd days (P = 0.021). Serum E 2 levels were significantly different at different time points in menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). E 2 levels reached its maximum value on the 14 th day and the minimum value on the 2 nd or 3 rd day. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescent females, the spherical lens and other related ocular parameters vary sensitively with different levels of E 2 in menstrual cycle. Vision in late menstrual stage is significantly higher than that in premenstrual stage.

[Effects after orthokeratology on corneal topography and monochromic wavefront aberration].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the corneal topography and monochromatic wavefront aberration among subjects using orthokeratology. Changes of ocular optical quality and related visual functions induced by corneal topography were studied. METHODS: Twenty-five young myopic subjects (50 eyes) were recruited with myopia from -1.75 approximately -4.75 D. Orthokeratology lens were fitted at the initial visit with overnight wear program. Subjective refraction, corrective visual acuity, corneal topography and slit lamp examination were performed before and 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after the fitting of orthokeratology lens. The monochromic wavefront aberration was measured in initial visit and after 12 weeks. RESULT: The best corrected visual acuity was reduced significantly from (-0.0628 +/- 0.0286) LogMAR (before orthokeratology) to -0.0120 +/- 0.0318 (12 weeks after orthokeratology) (F = 17.821, P < 0.001). Root-mean-square (RMS) of wavefront aberration increased significantly from (0.5766 +/- 0.4771) micro m (before orthokeratology) to (1.3731 +/- 0.8039) micro m (12 weeks after orthokeratology) (F = 36.513, P < 0.001). RMS of Zernike function of each order was increased as well. The rate of eccentric in posterior surface of corneal increased significantly after the using of orthokeratology lens. CONCLUSIONS: Orthokeratology is one of the effective methods for reducing myopia temporarily. However, the best corrected visual acuity is decreased after using of orthokeratology. The increase of aberration induced by orthokeratology can be the cause of reduction of ocular optical quality.

[Study of corrected visual performance and vision quality].

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to examine the visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) under three refractive correction methods, the visual performance and vision quality under different correction methods were compared and analyzed. METHODS: Twenty three college students with myopia (41 eyes, myopia range: -1.25 D approximately 9.25 D; astigmatism < 0.50 D) were enrolled and fully corrected by three different methods: 1) spectacles with resin lens material (SP); 2) soft contact lens (SCL); 3) rigid gas-permeable lens (RGP). The distant and near LogMar VA and CSF were examined. To avoid the subjective bias, the correction procedure was randomly selected and the VA chart and CSF chart used had the same pattern but different letters' organization or directions. RESULTS: The best corrected distant VA was significantly higher in RGP wearing eyes than those in the Soft-CL and SP wearing eyes (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). No statistically significant difference was detected between the SP and SCL wearing eyes. There was no significant difference in the near VA among these three conditions, although the near VA in RGP group was slightly better than that in the SCL condition. There was no significant difference in CSF value at low spatial frequencies (1.5 cpd and 3 cpd) among these three conditions. However, at middle and high spatial frequencies (6 cpd, 12 cpd and 18 cpd), the RGP curve was the highest and followed by the SCL and SP curves. CONCLUSION: RGP correction offers the best visual acuity quality for myopia subjects. The CSF assessment can be used as an indirect method to evaluate the quality of corrected retinal image.