Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis prepares its host locally and systemically for abiotic cue signaling.

Tree growth and survival are dependent on their ability to perceive signals, integrate them, and trigger timely and fitted molecular and growth responses. While ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a predominant tree-microbe interaction in forest ecosystems, little is known about how and to what extent it helps trees cope with environmental changes. We hypothesized that the presence of Laccaria bicolor influences abiotic cue perception by Populus trichocarpa and the ensuing signaling cascade. We submitted ectomycorrhizal or non-ectomycorrhizal P. trichocarpa cuttings to short-term cessation of watering or ozone fumigation to focus on signaling networks before the onset of any physiological damage. Poplar gene expression, metabolite levels, and hormone levels were measured in several organs (roots, leaves, mycorrhizas) and integrated into networks. We discriminated the signal responses modified or maintained by ectomycorrhization. Ectomycorrhizas buffered hormonal changes in response to short-term environmental variations systemically prepared the root system for further fungal colonization and alleviated part of the root abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. The presence of ectomycorrhizas in the roots also modified the leaf multi-omics landscape and ozone responses, most likely through rewiring of the molecular drivers of photosynthesis and the calcium signaling pathway. In conclusion, P. trichocarpa-L. bicolor symbiosis results in a systemic remodeling of the host's signaling networks in response to abiotic changes. In addition, ectomycorrhizal, hormonal, metabolic, and transcriptomic blueprints are maintained in response to abiotic cues, suggesting that ectomycorrhizas are less responsive than non-mycorrhizal roots to abiotic challenges.

Genotypic differences in systemic root responses to mechanical obstacles.

As roots grow through the soil to forage for water and nutrients, they encounter mechanical obstacles such as patches of dense soil and stones that locally impede root growth. Here, we investigated hitherto poorly understood systemic responses of roots to localised root impedance. Seedlings of two wheat genotypes were grown in hydroponics and exposed to impenetrable obstacles constraining the vertical growth of the primary or a single seminal root. We deployed high-resolution in vivo imaging to quantify temporal dynamics of root elongation rate, helical root movement, and root growth direction. The two genotypes exhibited distinctly different patterns of systemic responses to localised root impedance, suggesting different strategies to cope with obstacles, namely stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Shallower growth of unconstrained seminal roots and more pronounced helical movement of unconstrained primary and seminal roots upon localised root impedance characterised the avoidance strategy shown by one genotype. Stress tolerance to localised root impedance, as exhibited by the other genotype, was indicated by relatively fast elongation of primary roots and steeper seminal root growth. These different strategies highlight that the effects of mechanical obstacles on spatiotemporal root growth patterns can differ within species, which may have major implications for resource acquisition and whole-plant growth.

Brain age as a surrogate marker for cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Data from neuro-imaging techniques allow us to estimate a brain's age. Brain age is easily interpretable as 'how old the brain looks' and could therefore be an attractive communication tool for brain health in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate its clinical utility by investigating the relationship between brain age and cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: A linear regression model was trained to predict age from brain magnetic resonance imaging volumetric features and sex in a healthy control dataset (HC_train, n = 1673). This model was used to predict brain age in two test sets: HC_test (n = 50) and MS_test (n = 201). Brain-predicted age difference (BPAD) was calculated as BPAD = brain age minus chronological age. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). RESULTS: Brain age was significantly related to SDMT scores in the MS_test dataset (r = -0.46, p < 0.001) and contributed uniquely to variance in SDMT beyond chronological age, reflected by a significant correlation between BPAD and SDMT (r = -0.24, p < 0.001) and a significant weight (-0.25, p = 0.002) in a multivariate regression equation with age. CONCLUSIONS: Brain age is a candidate biomarker for cognitive dysfunction in MS and an easy to grasp metric for brain health.

The role of hippocampal theta oscillations in working memory impairment in multiple sclerosis.

Working memory (WM) problems are frequently present in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Even though hippocampal damage has been repeatedly shown to play an important role, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological underpinnings of WM impairment in MS using magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from a visual-verbal 2-back task. We analysed MEG recordings of 79 MS patients and 38 healthy subjects through event-related fields and theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) oscillatory processes. Data was source reconstructed and parcellated based on previous findings in the healthy subject sample. MS patients showed a smaller maximum theta power increase in the right hippocampus between 0 and 400 ms than healthy subjects (p = .014). This theta power increase value correlated negatively with reaction time on the task in MS (r = -.32, p = .029). Evidence was provided that this relationship could not be explained by a 'common cause' confounding relationship with MS-related neuronal damage. This study provides the first neurophysiological evidence of the influence of hippocampal dysfunction on WM performance in MS.

Expression of Exhaustion Markers on CD8+ T-Cell Patterns Predict Outcomes in Septic Patients Admitted to the ICU.

RATIONALE: There is an unmet need to improve the description of the state of T-cell exhaustion in patients with sepsis, its reproducibility and correlation with the outcomes before including immunotherapy (like recombinant interleukin-7 or immune checkpoint inhibitors) in the therapeutic armamentarium against sepsis. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SETTING: Two ICUs in a teaching hospital (France). PATIENTS: Eighty patients with sepsis admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: Quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell exhaustion at days 1 and 3. Quantification of the exhaustion markers (programmed death [PD]-1, 2B4, and cluster of differentiation [CD] 160) on T cells, the number of CD4+ regulatory T cells (CD3+ CD4+ CD25hi CD127Lo cells), and the phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin/ionomycin-induced cytokines production (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, and interferon-γ). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Using unsupervised clustering analysis, patients could be split in three clusters according to their dominant pattern expression of exhaustion markers on CD8+ T cells (i.e., 2B4lowPD-1lowCD160low, 2B4hiPD-1hiCD160low, and 2B4hiPD-1lowCD160hi) regardless of their underlying morbidities. Only 2B4hiPD-1hiCD160low CD8+ T cells had cytokine production defect, whereas 2B4hi PD-1lowCD160hi pattern correlated with cytokine overproduction. Patients with a predominant "highly activated" 2B4hiPD-1lowCD160hi pattern did not develop secondary bacterial infections. By multivariate analysis, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2 gravity score at day 1 (p = 0.003) and patterns of exhaustion markers on CD8+ T cells (p = 0.03) were associated with the risk of death. Neither the level of CD4+ regulatory T cells nor the CD4+ exhaustion patterns were associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Easy-to-use multicolor flow cytometry assessing 2B4, PD-1, and CD160 expression on CD8+ T cells at day 1 identifies septic patients with poor outcome and discriminates patient subsets in who immunomodulatory drugs should be tested.

High immunogenicity of a messenger RNA-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in chronic dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic kidney disease, dialysis patients and kidney transplant patients are at high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data regarding the immunogenicity of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger RNA (anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA) vaccines in dialysis patients were published recently. We assessed the immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in dialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and nine patients on haemodialysis (n = 85) or peritoneal dialysis (n = 24) have received two injections of 30-µg doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) that were administered intramuscularly 28 days apart. Those who were still seronegative after the second dose were given a third dose 1 month later. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were tested before and after vaccination. RESULTS: Ninety-one out of the 102 patients who had at least a 1-month follow-up after the second (n = 97) or the third (n = 5) vaccine doses had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The seroconversion rate was 88.7% (86 out of 97 patients) among SARS-CoV-2 seronegative patients at the initiation of vaccination. Receiving immunosuppressive therapy was an independent predictive factor for non-response to vaccination. CONCLUSION: Due to high immunogenicity and safety of mRNA vaccines, we strongly recommend prioritizing a two-dose vaccination of dialysis patients. A third dose can be required in non-responders to two doses. When possible, patients waiting for a kidney transplantation should be offered the vaccine before transplantation.

Comparison of two carbohydrate intake strategies to improve glucose control during exercise in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During aerobic physical activity (PA), hypoglycemia is common in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Few studies have compared the effectiveness of different carbohydrate (CHO) intake strategies to prevent PA-induced hypoglycemia. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of two CHO intake strategies, same total amount but different CHO intake timing, to maintain glucose levels in the target range (4.0-10.0 mmol/L) during PA in people with T1D. METHODS AND RESULTS: An open-label, randomized, crossover study in 33 participants (21 adults; 12 adolescents). Participants practiced 60 min PA sessions (ergocyle) at 60% VO2peak 3.5 h after lunch comparing an intake of 0.5 g of CHO per kg of body weight applied in a pre-PA single CHO intake (SCI) or in a distributed CHO intake (DCI) before and during PA. The percentage of time spent in glucose level target range during PA was not different between the two strategies (SCI: 75 ± 35%; DCI: 87 ± 26%; P = 0.12). Hypoglycemia (<4.0 mmol/L) occurred in 4 participants (12%) with SCI compared to 6 participants (18%) with DCI (P = 0.42). The SCI strategy led to a higher increase (P = 0.01) and variability of glucose levels (P = 0.04) compared with DCI. CONCLUSIONS: In people living with T1D, for a 60 min moderate aerobic PA in the post-absorptive condition, a 0.5 g/kg CHO intake helped most participants maintain acceptable glycemic control with both strategies. No clinically significant difference was observed between the SCI and DCI strategies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03214107 (July 11, 2017).

Spatiotemporal and spectral dynamics of multi-item working memory as revealed by the n-back task using MEG.

Multi-item working memory (WM) is a complex cognitive function thought to arise from specific frequency band oscillations and their interactions. While some theories and consistent findings have been established, there is still a lot of unclarity about the sources, temporal dynamics, and roles of event-related fields (ERFs) and theta, alpha, and beta oscillations during WM activity. In this study, we performed an extensive whole-brain ERF and time-frequency analysis on n-back magnetoencephalography data from 38 healthy controls. We identified the previously unknown sources of the n-back M300, the right inferior temporal and parahippocampal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, and frontal theta power increase, the orbitofrontal cortex. We shed new light on the role of the precuneus during n-back activity, based on an early ERF and theta power increase, and suggest it to be a crucial link between lower-level and higher-level information processing. In addition, we provide strong evidence for the central role of the hippocampus in multi-item WM behavior through the dynamics of theta and alpha oscillatory changes. Almost simultaneous alpha power decreases observed in the hippocampus and occipital fusiform gyri, regions known to be involved in letter processing, suggest that these regions together enable letter recognition, encoding and storage in WM. In summary, this study offers an extensive investigation into the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of n-back multi-item WM activity.

Recurrent novel THBS1-ADGRF5 gene fusion in a new tumor subtype "Acral FibroChondroMyxoid Tumors".

Acral soft tissue tumors are common neoplasms, a subset of which pose a diagnostic challenge. We report 10 cases of a previously unrecognized acral benign soft tissue tumor. These tumors arose on the fingers and toes and involved bone in half of cases. Histologically, the tumors were lobulated and displayed an abundant stroma made of variable fibrous, chondroid and myxoid material reminiscent of cartilaginous or myoepithelial differentiation. Tumor cells harbored small round to reniform nuclei with clear chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli along with scant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cells were mostly arranged haphazardly in the stroma but also in small clusters. No mitotic activity was detected. No specific feature was identified in recurrent cases. By immunohistochemistry, the cells consistently stained for CD34 (10/10), ERG (9/10), and SOX9 (7/10). Whole RNA sequencing identified a previously undescribed recurrent in frame THBS1-ADGRF5 gene fusion in all cases. The transcript was confirmed by RT-PCR and was not found in the control group of mimickers including soft tissue chondromas. We propose the name of Acral FibroChondroMyxoid Tumors for this new entity.

Outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis and other mold infections.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the clinical presentation and outcomes of invasive mold infections (IMI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. METHODS: Inclusion of all SOT recipients with IMI diagnosed between 2008 and 2016 at a referral center for SOT. Univariable analyses identified factors associated with death at one year, and logistic regression models retained independent predictors. RESULTS: Of the 1739 patients that received a SOT during this period, 68 developed IMI (invasive aspergillosis [IA] in 58). Cumulative incidence of IMI at 1 year ranged from 1.2% to 18.8% (kidney and heart transplantation, respectively). At baseline, compared with other IMI, the need for vasoactive drugs was more frequent in patients with IA. During follow-up, 35 patients (51%) were admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation (n = 27), vasoactive drugs (n = 31), or renal replacement therapy (n = 31). The need for vasoactive drugs (OR 7.34; P = .003) and a positive direct examination (OR 10.1; P = .004) were independently associated with the risk of death at 1 year in patients with IA (n = 33; 57%) CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of IMI at presentation varied according to the underlying transplanted organ and the mold species. Following IA, one-year mortality may be predicted by the need for hemodynamic support and initial fungal load.

Neuraxial analgesia is not associated with an increased risk of post-partum relapses in MS.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrical analgesia remains a matter of controversy because of the fear of neurotoxicity of local anesthetics on demyelinated fibers or their potential relationship with subsequent relapses. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of neuraxial analgesia on the risk of relapse during the first 3 months post-partum, with a focus on women who experienced relapses during pregnancy. METHODS: We analyzed data of women followed-up prospectively during their pregnancies and at least 3 months post-partum, collected in the Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis (PRIMS) and Prevention of Post-Partum Relapses with Progestin and Estradiol in Multiple Sclerosis (POPARTMUS) studies between 1992-1995 and 2005-2012, respectively. The association of neuraxial analgesia with the occurrence of a post-partum relapse was estimated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 389 women were included, 215 from PRIMS and 174 from POPARTMUS. In total, 156 women (40%) had neuraxial analgesia. Overall, 24% experienced a relapse during pregnancy and 25% in the 3 months post-partum. Women with a pregnancy relapse were more likely to have a post-partum relapse (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, p = 0.02), independently of the use of neuraxial analgesia. There was no association between neuraxial analgesia and post-partum relapse (OR = 1.08, p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Neuraxial analgesia was not associated with an increased risk of post-partum relapses, whatever multiple sclerosis (MS) activity during pregnancy.

Outcomes of kidney transplant recipients admitted to the intensive care unit: a retrospective study of 200 patients.

BACKGROUND: Risk of over-immunosuppression or immunization may mitigate the overall and long-term renal outcomes of kidney transplant recipients (KTR) admitted to the ICU in the modern era but remain poorly described. Thus, there is an unmet need to better characterize the survival of KTR admitted to the ICU, but also the renal and immunological outcomes of survivors. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that included 200 KTR admitted between 2010 and 2016 to the ICU of a teaching hospital (median age 61 years [IQR 50.7-68]; time from transplantation 41 months [IQR 5-119]). Survival curves were compared using the Log-rank test. RESULTS: Mortality rates following admission to the ICU was low (26.5% at month-6), mainly related to early mortality (20% in-hospital), and predicted by the severity of the acute condition (SAPS2 score) but also by Epstein Barr Virus proliferation in the weeks preceding the admission to the ICU. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was highly prevalent (85.1%). Progression toward chronic kidney disease (CKD) was observed in 45.1% of survivors. 15.1% of survivors developed new anti-HLA antibodies (donor-specific antibodies 9.2% of cases) that may impact the long-term renal transplantation function. CONCLUSIONS: Notwithstanding the potential biases related to the retrospective and monocentric nature of this study, our findings obtained in a large cohort of KTR suggest that survival of KTR admitted in ICU is good but in-ICU management of these patients may alter both survival and AKI to CKD transition, as well as HLA immunization. Further interventional studies, including systematic characterization of the Epstein Barr virus proliferation at the admission (i.e., a potential surrogate marker of an underlying immune paralysis and frailty) will need to address the optimal management of immunosuppressive regimen in ICU to improve survival but also renal and immunological outcomes.

Quantitative dissection of variations in root growth rate: a matter of cell proliferation or of cell expansion?

Plant organ growth results from cell production and cell expansion. Deciphering the contribution of each of these processes to growth rate is an important issue in developmental biology. Here, we investigated the cellular processes governing root elongation rate, considering two sources of variation: genotype and disturbance by chemicals (NaCl, polyethylene glycol, H2O2, abscisic acid). Exploiting the adventitious rooting capacity of the Populus genus, and using time-lapse imaging under infrared-light, particle image velocimetry, histological analysis, and kinematics, we quantified the cellular processes involved in root growth variation, and analysed the covariation patterns between growth parameters. The rate of cell production by the root apical meristem and the number of dividing cells were estimated in vivo without destructive measurement. We found that the rate of cell division contributed more to the variation in cell production rate than the number of dividing cells. Regardless of the source of variation, the length of the elongation zone was the best proxy for growth rate, summarizing rates of cell production and cell elongation into a single parameter. Our results demonstrate that cell production rate is the main driver of growth rate, whereas elemental elongation rate is a key driver of short-term growth adjustments.

Changes in the epigenome and transcriptome of the poplar shoot apical meristem in response to water availability affect preferentially hormone pathways.

The adaptive capacity of long-lived organisms such as trees to the predicted climate changes, including severe and successive drought episodes, will depend on the presence of genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. Here, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in phenotypic plasticity toward soil water availability was examined in Populus×euramericana. This work aimed at characterizing (i) the transcriptome plasticity, (ii) the genome-wide plasticity of DNA methylation, and (iii) the function of genes affected by a drought-rewatering cycle in the shoot apical meristem. Using microarray chips, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified for each water regime. The rewatering condition was associated with the highest variations of both gene expression and DNA methylation. Changes in methylation were observed particularly in the body of expressed genes and to a lesser extent in transposable elements. Together, DEGs and DMRs were significantly enriched in genes related to phytohormone metabolism or signaling pathways. Altogether, shoot apical meristem responses to changes in water availability involved coordinated variations in DNA methylation, as well as in gene expression, with a specific targeting of genes involved in hormone pathways, a factor that may enable phenotypic plasticity.

Aboveground overyielding in a mixed temperate forest is not explained by belowground processes.

The relationship between forest productivity and tree species diversity has been described in detail, but the underlying processes have yet to be identified. One important issue is to understand which processes are at the origin of observed aboveground overyielding in some mixed forests. We used a beech-maple plantation exhibiting aboveground overyielding to test whether belowground processes could explain this pattern. Soil cores were collected to determine fine root (FR) biomass and vertical distribution. Correlograms were used to detect spatial arrangement. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to identify the tree species proportion in the FR samples and spatial root segregation. An isotopic approach was used to identify water acquisition patterns. The structure and the composition of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community were determined by high-throughput sequencing of DNA in the soil samples. We found no spatial pattern for FR biomass or for its vertical distribution along the gradients. No vertical root segregation was found, as FR density for both species decreased with depth in a similar way. The two species displayed similar vertical water acquisition profiles as well, mainly absorbing water from shallow soil layers; hence, niche differentiation for water acquisition was not highlighted here. Significant alterations in the fungal community compositions were detected in function of the percentage of maple in the vicinity of beech. Our findings do not support the commonly suggested drivers of aboveground overyielding in species-diverse forests and suggest that competition reduction or between-species facilitation of belowground resource acquisition may not explain the observed aboveground overyielding.

[Benign and malignant giant-cell rich lesions of bone: Pathological diagnosis with special emphasis on recent immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques]. / Diagnostic des lésions osseuses riches en cellules géantes : démarche diagnostique et intérêt des nouvelles techniques complémentaires immuno-histochimiques et moléculaires.

The infiltration by numerous osteoclastic giant cells is a frequent finding in bone tumors and pseudo-tumors. Pathologists must integrate clinical and radiological data to achieve a correct diagnosis in bone pathology. Benign giant-cell rich lesions of bone encompass giant cell tumor of bone, aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroblastoma, brown tumor and fibrous cortical defect/non-ossifying fibroma. Amongst malignant neoplasms, variants of conventional osteosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and bone metastasis must be discussed. Recently, new diagnostic markers, antibodies for immuno-histochemistry and genetic markers, have been developed and are helpful to diagnose such lesions.

Heparin-Free Prolonged Intermittent Hemodialysis Using Calcium-Free Citrate Dialysate in Critically Ill Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Critically ill patients who have a high risk of bleeding but require prolonged intermittent dialysis need a heparin-free easy-to-use alternative type of anticoagulation within the dialysis circuit. We assessed the safety and efficiency of heparin-free regional citrate anticoagulation of the dialysis circuit using a calcium-free citrate-containing dialysate, with calcium reinjected according to ionic dialysance. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Critical care units. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients who required renal replacement therapy. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 101 dialysis sessions were performed in 35 patients (mechanical ventilation n = 78; norepinephrine n = 13). Median duration of dialysis was 294 minutes (interquartile range, 240-300), and median ultrafiltration volume was 2.3 L (1-2.8). Urea and ß2-microglobulin reduction rates were 64.5% ± 0.4% and 48% ± 0.13%, respectively. Postfilter ionized calcium was 0.35 ± 0.17 and 0.38 ± 0.14 mmol/L at 1 and 3 hours, respectively, within the extracorporeal circuit. A major clotting event that led to premature termination of the session occurred in only three of 101 sessions. In these three cases, major catheter dysfunction occurred before clotting within the circuit. Prefilter ionized calcium remained within narrow ranges (before/after change +0.07 ± 0.006 mmol/L), and total-to-ionized calcium ratio, a surrogate marker for citratemia, was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Dialysis anticoagulation with calcium-free citrate-containing dialysate and calcium reinjection according to ionic dialysance is an easy-to-use, efficient, and inexpensive form of heparin-free regional anticoagulation. It allows prolonged hemodialysis sessions in critically ill patients without the need to systemically monitor ionized calcium. Furthermore, sessions can be safely extended according to the hemodynamic tolerance to ensure an adequate dose of dialysis and a negative water balance, a major point in patients with severe acute kidney disease.

H3F3 mutation status of giant cell tumors of the bone, chondroblastomas and their mimics: a combined high resolution melting and pyrosequencing approach.

Behjati et al recently described recurrent mutations of H3F3 genes in giant cell tumors of the bone and chondroblastomas. Both these entities belong to the spectrum of giant cell-rich bone lesions, often presenting a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist. Our aim was to investigate the value of searching for H3F3 mutations in the diagnosis of giant cell tumors of the bone and giant cell-rich chondroblastomas. Two hundred eighty-one bone lesion samples, including 170 giant cell tumors of the bone, 26 chondroblastomas and 85 other giant cell-rich and/or epiphyseal tumors, were analyzed. Mutation status was determined using first high resolution melting screening and then mutation profiling pyrosequencing. Mutational status was compared with clinical data and, for giant cell tumors of the bone, with p63 immunostaining status. As histone methylation changes have been reported in association with H3F3 mutations, the methylation status of lysine 37 was investigated. H3F3A and H3F3B were found in 85% of giant cell tumors of the bone and 88% of chondroblastomas. In addition to the major G35W mutation, we found two rare H3F3A mutations: one G35R and one G35V. Among the other tumors studied, we only found H3F3A gene mutations in two cases of 'dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma mimicking giant cell tumor of the bone'. A H3F3B mutation was also observed in one case of dedifferentiated chondroblastoma. P63 expression in giant cell tumors of the bone seems to be associated with H3F3 gene mutations (P=0.004). H3F3 mutations did not correlate with clinical data, outcome or methylation changes in Lysin 37. In conclusion, H3F3 mutations are sensitive and specific markers of giant cell tumors of the bone and chondroblastomas. High resolution melting and pyrosequencing procedures are high-performance tools in this context. Determination of H3F3 mutation will allow reclassification of some entities belonging to the spectrum of giant cell-rich lesions.

Physical root-soil interactions.

Plant root system development is highly modulated by the physical properties of the soil and especially by its mechanical resistance to penetration. The interplay between the mechanical stresses exerted by the soil and root growth is of particular interest for many communities, in agronomy and soil science as well as in biomechanics and plant morphogenesis. In contrast to aerial organs, roots apices must exert a growth pressure to penetrate strong soils and reorient their growth trajectory to cope with obstacles like stones or hardpans or to follow the tortuous paths of the soil porosity. In this review, we present the main macroscopic investigations of soil-root physical interactions in the field and combine them with simple mechanistic modeling derived from model experiments at the scale of the individual root apex.

Transfusion-acquired hepatitis E infection misdiagnosed as severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy in a heart transplant patient.

This is the case of a 56-year-old man who underwent heart transplantation. Within the first postoperative days, his respiratory and limb muscles weakened, which was attributed to critical illness polyneuromyopathy (CIPM). At day 70 post transplantation, he had increased liver enzyme levels and acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was diagnosed. HEV RNA was found in the serum, stools, and cerebrospinal fluid. Results of further investigations suggested a possible HEV-related polyradiculoneuropathy. At transplantation, the patient was negative for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and HEV RNA. A trace-back procedure identified the source of infection and concluded that HEV infection was contracted from blood transfusion 12 days prior to transplantation from an HEV RNA-positive donor. Tests of the organ donor for HEV were negative. Phylogenetic analysis revealed sequence homology between the HEV-3 strain of the patient and the HEV-3 strain of the blood donor. Despite ribavirin treatment, the patient died on day 153 post transplantation from multiorgan failure. In conclusion, patients with hepatitis or neuropathic illness who have received blood products should be screened for HEV.