Researching models of innovation and adoption in health professions education.

BACKGROUND: Despite the constant presence of change and innovation in health professions education (HPE), there has been relatively little theoretical modelling of such change, the experiences of change, the ideology associated with change or the unexpected consequences of change. In this paper, the authors explore theoretical approaches to the adoption of innovations in HPE as a way of mapping a broader theoretical landscape of change. METHOD: The authors, HPE researchers with an interest in technology adoption and systemic change, present a narrative review of the literature based on a series of thought experiments regarding how communities and individuals respond to the introduction of new ideas or methods. This research investigates the stages of innovation adoption, from the emergence and hype around new ideas to the concrete experiences of early adopters. RESULTS: When an innovation first emerges, there is often little concrete information available to inform potential adopters, leaving it susceptible to hype, both positive and negative. This can be described using the Gartner Hype Cycle model, albeit with important caveats. Once the adoption of an innovation gets underway, early adopter user experiences can inform those that follow. This can be described using Rogers' diffusion of innovation model, again with caveats. Notably, neither model goes beyond the point of single point-in-time, yes/no, individual adoption. Other approaches, such as learning curve theory, are needed to track uptake and maintenance by individuals over time. SIGNIFICANCE: This expanded theoretical base, while still somewhat instrumentalist, combined with complementary theoretical perspectives can afford opportunities to better explore reasons for variance, volunteerism and resistance to change. In summary, change is complicated and nuanced, and better models and theories are needed to understand and work meaningfully with change in HPE. To that end, the authors seek to encourage richer and more thoughtful research and scholarly thinking about change and a more nuanced approach to the pursuit of change in HPE as a whole.

Spatial genetic structure of European wild boar, with inferences on late-Pleistocene and Holocene demographic history.

European wildlife has been subjected to intensifying levels of anthropogenic impact throughout the Holocene, yet the main genetic partitioning of many species is thought to still reflect the late-Pleistocene glacial refugia. We analyzed 26,342 nuclear SNPs of 464 wild boar (Sus scrofa) across the European continent to infer demographic history and reassess the genetic consequences of natural and anthropogenic forces. We found that population fragmentation, inbreeding and recent hybridization with domestic pigs have caused the spatial genetic structure to be heterogeneous at the local scale. Underlying local anthropogenic signatures, we found a deep genetic structure in the form of an arch-shaped cline extending from the Dinaric Alps, via Southeastern Europe and the Baltic states, to Western Europe and, finally, to the genetically diverged Iberian peninsula. These findings indicate that, despite considerable anthropogenic influence, the deeper, natural continental structure is still intact. Regarding the glacial refugia, our findings show a weaker signal than generally assumed, but are nevertheless suggestive of two main recolonization routes, with important roles for Southern France and the Balkans. Our results highlight the importance of applying genomic resources and framing genetic results within a species' demographic history and geographic distribution for a better understanding of the complex mixture of underlying processes.

Repurposing sarecycline for osteoinductive therapies: an in vitro and ex vivo assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Tetracyclines (TCs) embrace a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics with unrelated effects at sub-antimicrobial levels, including an effective anti-inflammatory activity and stimulation of osteogenesis, allowing their repurposing for different clinical applications. Recently, sarecycline (SA)-a new-generation molecule with a narrower antimicrobial spectrum-was clinically approved due to its anti-inflammatory profile and reduced adverse effects verified with prolonged use. Notwithstanding, little is known about its osteogenic potential, previously verified for early generation TCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Accordingly, the present study is focused on the assessment of the response of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) to a concentration range of SA, addressing the metabolic activity, morphology and osteoblastic differentiation capability, further detailing the modulation of Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, an ex vivo organotypic bone development system was established in the presence of SA and characterized by microtomographic and histochemical analysis. RESULTS: hBMSCs cultured with SA presented a significantly increased metabolic activity compared to control, with an indistinguishable cell morphology. Moreover, RUNX2 expression was upregulated 2.5-fold, and ALP expression was increased around sevenfold in the presence of SA. Further, GLI2 expression was significantly upregulated, while HEY1 and HNF1A were downregulated, substantiating Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways' modulation. The ex vivo model developed in the presence of SA presented a significantly enhanced collagen deposition, extended migration areas of osteogenesis, and an increased bone mineral content, substantiating an increased osteogenic development. CONCLUSION: Summarizing, SA is a promising candidate for drug repurposing within therapies envisaging the enhancement of bone healing/regeneration.

Frequency of Alternaria Genotypes Resistant to SDHI Fungicides in California Pistachio Orchards Determined by Real-Time PCR.

Real-time PCR methods were developed to quantify the frequency of SDHC-H134R and SDHB-H277Y mutants associated with succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) resistance in Alternaria populations from pistachio. The linearity of the standard curves demonstrated the applicability in the quantification of the assays. The accuracy and reliability of the qPCR protocols to determine the frequency of mutants in real samples were corroborated. Orchards visibly affected by Alternaria late blight were sampled. The frequency of mutants was determined using the qPCR assays, while the frequency of resistant phenotypes was determined using a single discriminatory dose. The statistical analysis showed that the frequencies of the mutation SDHC-H134R determined with the qPCR assay were highly correlated with those estimated with the conventional method. The survey also evidenced that resistance to boscalid is still widespread in California. Results also indicated the possible contribution of other mutations to SDHI resistance. Our results confirmed the prevalence of SDHC-H134R mutants and the occurrence of mutation SDHB-H277Y at low frequencies. The real-time PCR methods developed in this study were able to detect differences in the frequencies of resistant mutants caused by the use of chemical fungicides. Finally, the effects of two fungicide programs on the frequency of mutants resistant to SDHI and quinone outside inhibitors fungicides were studied using qPCR assays. The experiments demonstrated that the use of anilinopyrimidine and demethylation inhibitors fungicides in the same program reduced the frequency of these mutations in Alternaria populations. The qPCR methods developed and used in this study can be used to track resistance levels in the pistachio orchards on a large scale.

Iron(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Alkyl Homoallyl Sulfonyl Amides: Antiproliferative Study and Reactivity Scope of Aza-Prins Cyclization.

A direct, catalytic, and complementary method to obtain 2-substituted homoallyl sulfonyl amides is described, starting from sulfonyl amides, aldehydes, and allyltrimethylsilane using iron(III) chloride as a sustainable catalyst. The scope of the process and the reactivity in aza-Prins cyclization is evaluated and supported by density functional theory (DFT) studies. Finally, an evaluation of the antiproliferative activity for this family of sulfonyl amides is also included.

Changes in cannabis use and associated correlates during France's first COVID-19 lockdown in daily cannabis users: results from a large community-based online survey.

BACKGROUND: Lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France led to serious public health concerns over people who use illicit drugs, especially in terms of mental health. We assessed changes in cannabis use during the first lockdown in France among daily cannabis users and associated correlates. METHODS: CANNAVID is a French, national, cross-sectional web-based survey, conducted from 17 April to 11 May 2020. Daily cannabis users aged ≥ 18 years and living in France were invited to participate through advertisements. Respondents completed an ad hoc questionnaire on a dedicated online platform. We analyzed changes in cannabis use during the first lockdown (i.e., stopped, decreased, unchanged, or increased) and performed a multinomial logistic regression analysis to evaluate correlates of these changes. RESULTS: Of the 4019 participants, 74.0% were men. Median age was 27 years (interquartile range: 22-37). With regard to cannabis use, 293 (7.3%) persons stopped, 1153 (28.7%) decreased, 1146 (28.5%) did not change, and 1427 (35.5%) increased their use during the lockdown. A multinomial logistic regression model revealed several sociodemographic, behavioral and health-related factors associated with changes in cannabis use. Compared with participants with an unchanged level of cannabis use during the lockdown, those who increased and those who stopped cannabis use were more likely to have increased tobacco and alcohol use and to have experienced depression and sleep disorders intensification. Those who stopped cannabis use were also more likely to have increased benzodiazepine use and to have experienced pain increase during lockdown. CONCLUSIONS: France's first COVID-19-related lockdown had a differential impact on daily cannabis users' consumption patterns. Most study respondents reported changes to their cannabis consumption pattern. Those who reported a stable cannabis use were more likely to report fewer negative changes. Specific interventions are needed for this population, as well as research to assess the long-term impacts of these changes.

Resistive-Based Micro-Kelvin Temperature Resolution for Ultra-Stable Space Experiments.

High precision temperature measurements are a transversal need in a wide area of physical experiments. Space-borne gravitational wave detectors are a particularly challenging case, requiring both high precision and high stability in temperature measurement. In this contribution, we present a design able to reach 1 µK/Hz in most of the measuring band down to 1 mHz, and reaching 20 µK/Hz at 0.1 mHz. The scheme is based on resistive sensors in a Wheatstone bridge configuration which is AC modulated to minimize the 1/f noise. As a part of our study, we include the design of a test bench able to guarantee the high stability environment required for measurements. We show experimental results characterising both the test bench and the read-out, and discuss potential noise sources that may limit our measurement.

Universal Fabrication of Highly Efficient Plasmonic Thin-Films for Label-Free SERS Detection.

The development of novel, highly efficient, reliable, and robust surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates containing a large number of hot spots with programmed size, geometry, and density is extremely interesting since it allows the sensing of numerous (bio-)chemical species. Herein, an extremely reliable, easy to fabricate, and label-free SERS sensing platform based on metal nanoparticles (NPs) thin-film is developed by the layer-by-layer growth mediated by polyelectrolytes. A systematic study of the effect of NP composition and size, as well as the number of deposition steps on the substrate's performance, is accomplished by monitoring the SERS enhancement of 1-naphtalenethiol (532 nm excitation). Distinct evidence of the key role played by the interlayer (poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) or PDDA-functionalized graphene oxide (GO@PDDA)) on the overall SERS efficiency of the plasmonic platforms is provided, revealing in the latter the formation of more uniform hot spots by regulating the interparticle distances to 5 ± 1 nm. The SERS platform efficiency is demonstrated via its high analytical enhancement factor (≈106 ) and the detection of a prototypical substance(tamoxifen), both in Milli-Q water and in a real matrix, viz. tap water, opening perspectives towards the use of plasmonic platforms for future high-performance sensing applications.

Organocatalytic Strategies for the Development of the Enantioselective Inverse-electron-demand Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction.

Cycloaddition reactions, in particular Diels-Alder reactions, have attracted a lot of attention from organic chemists since they represent one of the most powerful methodologies for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. In particular, inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reactions have been an important breakthrough for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Among all their variants, the organocatalytic enantioselective version has been widely explored since the asymmetric construction of diversely functionalized scaffolds under reaction conditions encompassed within the green chemistry field is of great interest. In this review, a profound revision on the latest advances on the organocatalytic asymmetric inverse-electron demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is shown.

Detection of amyloid fibrils in Parkinson's disease using plasmonic chirality.

Amyloid fibrils, which are closely associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, are the final products in many protein aggregation pathways. The identification of fibrils at low concentration is, therefore, pivotal in disease diagnosis and development of therapeutic strategies. We report a methodology for the specific identification of amyloid fibrils using chiroptical effects in plasmonic nanoparticles. The formation of amyloid fibrils based on α-synuclein was probed using gold nanorods, which showed no apparent interaction with monomeric proteins but effective adsorption onto fibril structures via noncovalent interactions. The amyloid structure drives a helical nanorod arrangement, resulting in intense optical activity at the surface plasmon resonance wavelengths. This sensing technique was successfully applied to human brain homogenates of patients affected by Parkinson's disease, wherein protein fibrils related to the disease were identified through chiral signals from Au nanorods in the visible and near IR, whereas healthy brain samples did not exhibit any meaningful optical activity. The technique was additionally extended to the specific detection of infectious amyloids formed by prion proteins, thereby confirming the wide potential of the technique. The intense chiral response driven by strong dipolar coupling in helical Au nanorod arrangements allowed us to detect amyloid fibrils down to nanomolar concentrations.

Intramolecular Nicholas Reaction Enables the Stereoselective Synthesis of Strained Cyclooctynes.

Cyclic products can be obtained through the intramolecular version of the Nicholas reaction, which requires having the nucleophile connected to the alkyne unit. Here, we report the synthesis of 1-oxa-3-cyclooctynes starting from commercially available (1R,3S)-camphoric acid. The strategy is based on the initial preparation of propargylic alcohols, complexation of the triple bond with Co2(CO)8, and treatment with BF3·Et2O to induce an intramolecular Nicholas reaction with the free hydroxyl group as nucleophile. Finally, oxidative deprotection of the alkyne afforded the cyclooctynes in good yields. Notably, large-sized R substituents at the chiral center connected to the O atom were oriented in such a way that steric interactions were minimized in the cyclization, allowing the formation of cyclooctynes exclusively with (R) configuration, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, preliminary studies demonstrated that these cyclooctynes were reactive in the presence of azides yielding substituted triazoles.

Extended Multicomponent Reactions with Indole Aldehydes: Access to Unprecedented Polyheterocyclic Scaffolds, Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor.

The participation of reactants undergoing a polarity inversion along a multicomponent reaction allows the continuation of the transformation with productive domino processes. Thus, indole aldehydes in Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reactions lead to an initial adduct which spontaneously triggers a series of events leading to the discovery of novel reaction pathways together with direct access to a variety of linked, fused, and bridged polyheterocyclic scaffolds. Indole 3- and 4-carbaldehydes with suitable isocyanides and aminoazines afford fused adducts through oxidative Pictet-Spengler processes, whereas indole 2-carbaldehyde yields linked indolocarbazoles under mild conditions, and a bridged macrocycle at high temperature. These novel structures are potent activators of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway.

Benefits of Polydopamine as Particle/Matrix Interface in Polylactide/PD-BaSO4 Scaffolds.

This work reports the versatility of polydopamine (PD) when applied as a particle coating in a composite of polylactide (PLA). Polydopamine was observed to increase the particle-matrix interface strength and facilitate the adsorption of drugs to the material surface. Here, barium sulfate radiopaque particles were functionalized with polydopamine and integrated into a polylactide matrix, leading to the formulation of a biodegradable and X-ray opaque material with enhanced mechanical properties. Polydopamine functionalized barium sulfate particles also facilitated the adsorption and release of the antibiotic levofloxacin. Analysis of the antibacterial capacity of these composites and the metabolic activity and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro demonstrated that these materials are non-cytotoxic and can be 3D printed to formulate complex biocompatible materials for bone fixation devices.

Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules.

Inverting the reactivity of the functional groups in ambiphilic molecules provides a new synthetic strategy to perform late-stage enantiodivergence. Both enantiomers of the final compound can be obtained from a common chiral precursor. As a proof of concept, the synthesis of substituted five- and six-membered oxacycles is described. The key step is the cyclization of an ambiphilic linear precursor bearing a propargylic alcohol and an epoxide linked through an alkyl chain. Through a slight modification of these linear precursors and employing different reaction conditions, these functional groups can inverse their chemical reactivity, producing one enantiomer or another of the final product. This enantiodivergent cyclization involves three stereogenic centers that can undergo fully controlled retention or inversion of their configuration depending on the cyclization pathway that is activated. The cyclization provides late-stage enantiodivergence, enabling the synthesis of either enantiomers of the oxacycles from a common chiral substrate with total transfer of the enantiomeric purity.

Isothiourea-Catalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary α-Hydroxy Esters.

A highly enantioselective isothiourea-catalyzed acylative kinetic resolution (KR) of acyclic tertiary alcohols has been developed. Selectivity factors of up to 200 were achieved for the KR of tertiary alcohols bearing an adjacent ester substituent, with both reaction conversion and enantioselectivity found to be sensitive to the steric and electronic environment at the stereogenic tertiary carbinol centre. For more sterically congested alcohols, the use of a recently-developed isoselenourea catalyst was optimal, with equivalent enantioselectivity but higher conversion achieved in comparison to the isothiourea HyperBTM. Diastereomeric acylation transition state models are proposed to rationalize the origins of enantiodiscrimination in this process. This KR procedure was also translated to a continuous-flow process using a polymer-supported variant of the catalyst.

Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis and Structural Revision of Ampelomins B, D, E, and epi-Ampelomin B.

Enantioselective synthesis of ampelomin B and epi-ampelomin B, D, and E was accomplished starting from toluene, through a chemoenzymatic sequence, in which stereoselective hydrogenation, Mitsunobu reaction, and regio- and stereoselective nucleophilic opening of an epoxide were used as the main transformations. Structural revision and absolute configuration of the natural compounds were carried out.

Preparation of Sesquiterpene Lactone Derivatives: Cytotoxic Activity and Selectivity of Action.

Cancer is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. Solid tumors represent the great majority of cancers (>90%) and the chemotherapeutic agents used for their treatment are still characterized by variable efficacy and toxicity. Sesquiterpene lactones are a group of naturally occurring compounds that have displayed a diverse range of biological activities including cytotoxic activity. A series of oxygenated and oxy-nitrogenated derivatives (4⁻15) from the sesquiterpene lactones cumanin (1), helenalin (2), and hymenin (3) were synthesized. The silylated derivatives of helenalin, compounds 13 and 14, were found to be the most active against tumor cell lines, with GI50 values ranging from 0.15 to 0.59 µM. The ditriazolyl cumanin derivative (11) proved to be more active and selective than cumanin in the tested breast, cervix, lung, and colon tumor cell lines. This compound was the least toxic against splenocytes (CC50 = 524.1 µM) and exhibited the greatest selectivity on tumor cell lines. This compound showed a GI50 of 2.3 µM and a SI of 227.9 on WiDr human colon tumor cell lines. Thus, compound 11 can be considered for further studies and is a candidate for the development of new antitumor agents.

Drug immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory arthritis and secondary failure to tumour necrosis factor inhibitor therapies: the REASON study.

Objectives: The aims were to evaluate the prevalence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) in patients with RA or SpA experiencing secondary failure to anti-TNF therapy and to correlate ADA presence with anti-TNF concentration and clinical response. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study of patients with active RA or SpA experiencing secondary failure to etanercept (ETN), infliximab (INF) or adalimumab (ADL). Concomitant non-biologic DMARDs were permitted. Serum anti-TNF and ADA levels were measured with two-site ELISA. Results: Among 570 evaluable patients, those with RA (n = 276) were mostly female (80 vs 39%), older (56 vs 48 years), received concomitant DMARDs (83 vs 47%) and had maintained good clinical disease control for longer (202 vs 170 weeks) compared with patients with SpA (n = 294). ADA were found in 114/570 (20.0%) patients; 51/188 (27.1%) against INF and 63/217 (29.0%) against ADL; none against ETN. Of these 114 patients, 92 (81%) had no detectable serum drug concentrations. Proportionately more patients with SpA (31.3%) had anti-INF antibodies than those with RA (21.1%; P = 0.014). A significantly lower proportion of patients receiving concomitant DMARDs (16.5%) developed ADA than those on monotherapy (26.4%; P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with RA or SpA and secondary failure, the development of ADA against ADL or INF, but not ETN, appears to be one of the main reasons for secondary treatment failure, but not the only one. Further investigations are needed to determine other causes of anti-TNF failure.

Isosteric Substitution of 4 H-1,2,4-Triazole by 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole in Isophthalic Derivative Enabled Hydrogel Formation for Controlled Drug Delivery.

In this work, we demonstrated that the simple substitution of the 1,2,4-triazole moiety in 5-( 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)isophthalic acid (5-TIA) by the 1 H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl unit enables the preparation of a hydrogelator (click-TIA). In sharp contrast to 5-TIA, its isostere click-TIA undergoes self-assembly in water upon sonication, leading to the formation of stable supramolecular viscoelastic hydrogels with a critical gelation concentration of 6 g/L. Hydrogels made of click-TIA as well as hybrid hydrogels made of the mixture click-TIA + 5-TIA (molar ratio 1:0.2) were used to compare different properties of the materials (i.e., rheological properties, thermal properties, mechanical stability, morphology). In terms of toxicity, neither click-TIA nor 5-TIA showed cytotoxic effects on cellular viability of HeLa cells up to 2.3 × 10-3 g/L when compared to untreated cells incubated with DMSO. Furthermore, the hydrogels were used for the encapsulation and in vitro controlled release of oxytetracycline that followed first-order kinetics. For the hydrogel made of click-TIA, a maximum drug release of ∼60% was reached after ∼8 h within a pH range between 6.5 and 10. However, the release rate was reduced to approximately half of its value at pH values between 1.2 and 5.0, whereas the use of hybrid hydrogels made of click-TIA + 5-TIA allowed to reduce the original rate at pH ≤ 6.5.

Iron-Catalyzed Prins-Peterson Reaction for the Direct Synthesis of Δ4-2,7-Disubstituted Oxepenes.

A direct iron(III)-catalyzed Prins-Peterson reaction involving α-substituted γ-triphenylsilyl bis-homoallylic alcohols and aldehydes is described. Thus, cis-Δ4-2,7-disubstituted oxepenes were synthesized in a diastereoselective reaction using sustainable catalytic conditions (3-5 mol %). This highly productive process is the result of a cascade of three chemical events with the concomitant formation of a C-O bond, a C-C bond, and a Δ4 endocyclic double bond, through a Prins cyclization followed by a Peterson-type elimination. This tandem reaction is chemoselective vs the classical Prins cyclization.