RESUMEN
Many invertebrates enclose their embryos within egg capsules, from which the offspring hatch. In marine gastropods that brood their egg capsules, hatching could involve radular activity by the mother or by unhatched stages, increased osmotic concentration of the intracapsular fluid, or production of hatching enzymes. The present research sought to determine whether mechanical action by the brooding female or by the encapsulated embryos was involved in the hatching for two sympatric and closely related species of calyptraeid: Crepipatella dilatata, which exhibits direct development without free-living larvae, and Crepipatella peruviana, which releases free-living veliger larvae. We also considered the role that enzymatic action or osmotic changes in the intracapsular fluid might play in hatching. Using scanning electron micrograph analyses, we found no evidence that the well-developed, pre-hatching juvenile radula of C. dilatata played any role in the hatching process and that the radula of C. peruviana did not even develop until long after hatching; so there was no evidence of radular activity involved in the hatching of either species. For C. peruviana, the intracapsular fluid osmolality was always higher than that of the surrounding seawater, suggesting that there is a strong natural water inflow during development. Moreover, when egg capsules of C. peruviana were exposed to lower ambient salinities, the substantial entry of water correlated well with high percentages of hatching, particularly for egg capsules containing advanced veligers, suggesting that an osmotic mechanism may be involved in the hatching process of this species. In contrast, hatching in C. dilatata appeared to be enzymatically mediated.