Encoding a qubit in a trapped-ion mechanical oscillator.

The stable operation of quantum computers will rely on error correction, in which single quantum bits of information are stored redundantly in the Hilbert space of a larger system. Such encoded qubits are commonly based on arrays of many physical qubits, but can also be realized using a single higher-dimensional quantum system, such as a harmonic oscillator1-3. In such a system, a powerful encoding has been devised based on periodically spaced superpositions of position eigenstates4-6. Various proposals have been made for realizing approximations to such states, but these have thus far remained out of reach7-11. Here we demonstrate such an encoded qubit using a superposition of displaced squeezed states of the harmonic motion of a single trapped 40Ca+ ion, controlling and measuring the mechanical oscillator through coupling to an ancillary internal-state qubit12. We prepare and reconstruct logical states with an average squared fidelity of 87.3 ± 0.7 per cent. Also, we demonstrate a universal logical single-qubit gate set, which we analyse using process tomography. For Pauli gates we reach process fidelities of about 97 per cent, whereas for continuous rotations we use gate teleportation and achieve fidelities of approximately 89 per cent. This control method opens a route for exploring continuous variable error correction as well as hybrid quantum information schemes using both discrete and continuous variables13. The code states also have direct applications in quantum sensing, allowing simultaneous measurement of small displacements in both position and momentum14,15.

Repeated multi-qubit readout and feedback with a mixed-species trapped-ion register.

Quantum error correction is essential for realizing the full potential of large-scale quantum information processing devices1,2. Fundamental to its experimental realization is the repetitive detection of errors via projective measurements of quantum correlations among qubits, as well as corrections using conditional feedback3. Repetitive application of such tasks requires that they neither induce unwanted crosstalk nor impede further control operations, which is challenging owing to the need to dissipatively couple qubits to the classical world for detection and reinitialization. For trapped ions, state readout involves scattering large numbers of resonant photons, which increases the probability of stray light causing errors on nearby qubits and leads to undesirable recoil heating of the ion motion. Here we demonstrate up to 50 sequential measurements of correlations between two beryllium ion microwave qubits using an ancillary optical qubit in a calcium ion, and implement feedback that allows us to stabilize two-qubit subspaces as well as Bell states, a class of maximally entangled states. Multi-qubit mixed-species gates are used to transfer information within the register from the qubit to the ancilla, enabling readout with negligible crosstalk to the data qubits. Heating of the ion motion during detection is mitigated by recooling all three ions using light that interacts with only the calcium ion, known as sympathetic cooling. A key element of our experimental setup is a powerful classical control system that features flexible in-sequence processing for feedback control. The methods employed here provide essential tools for scaling trapped-ion quantum computing, quantum-state control and entanglement-enhanced quantum metrology4.

Generation of a Maximally Entangled State Using Collective Optical Pumping.

We propose and implement a novel scheme for dissipatively pumping two qubits into a singlet Bell state. The method relies on a process of collective optical pumping to an excited level, to which all states apart from the singlet are coupled. We apply the method to deterministically entangle two trapped ^{40}Ca^{+} ions. Within 16 pumping cycles, an initially separable state is transformed into one with 83(1)% singlet fidelity, and states with initial fidelity of ⪆70% converge onto a fidelity of 93(1)%. We theoretically analyze the performance and error susceptibility of the scheme and find it to be insensitive to a large class of experimentally relevant noise sources.

Clinical and equipment-related factors associated with the adequate peripheral blood stem cell collection in autologous transplant at a tertiary cancer center in Kerala - A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: PBSC collection using apheresis is the preferred source of hematopoietic stem cells transplantation. However, apheresis procedures fail to harvest adequate CD34 yield in 5 to 40% of patients during the first collection. Therefore, this study aimed to study both the clinical- and equipmentrelated factors influencing CD34 yield among the autologous patients and to compare the collection efficiency of two apheresis equipments(Haemonetics MCS+ and Terumo Spectra Optia). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 69 patients underwent PBSC collection from 2015 to 2018. Frequency, clinical- and equipment-related factors responsible for adequate CD34+ cells (≥2 x106 cells/kg) yield during the first collection was studied. Factors such as collection efficiency, percentage platelet loss and percentage hemoglobin loss were considered to compare the two apheresis system. RESULTS: Two-third (72%) patients of the study population had adequate CD34 stem cells yield during the first collection. Factors such as exposure to lenalidomide-based pretreatment regimen, peripheral blood WBC count and CD34 count are associated with the adequate CD34 yield. Optia had a slightly better collection efficiency than MCS+ (50 and 44; p=0.37). Optia had lower product volume (237 vs 298 ml) and lesser procedure duration (277 vs 360 min), whereas the median Hb loss (3.0% and 2.3%) and mean platelet loss (49% and 34%) were higher with MCS. CONCLUSION: This study infers that the collection efficiency of both the equipments in collecting CD34 stem cells was similar. However, during PBSC collection, procedures using Optia can be preferred to MCS+ on the patients with risk of anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Expression of Cyclin D1 protein in residual tumor after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BC) shows a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). New treatment targets like the Cyclin D1-CDK4/CDK6 complex are promising adjuvant/post-neoadjuvant therapeutic strategies. Evaluating Cyclin D1 overexpression in residual tumor could recognize those patients that benefit most from such post-neoadjuvant treatment. In this study, we determined Cyclin D1 expression in residual BC after NACT. Secondary aims were to correlate Cyclin D1 expression levels with clinicopathological parameters and to assess its prognostic value after NACT. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the nuclear expression of Cyclin D1 on tissue microarrays with residual tumor from 284 patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparTrio (n = 186) and GeparQuattro (n = 98) trials. Evaluation was performed with a standardized immunoreactive score (IRS) after selecting a cut-off value. RESULTS: A high expression level (IRS ≥ 6) of Cyclin D1 was found in 37.3% of the assessed specimens. An increased Cyclin D1 expression was observed in HR-positive tumors, compared to HR-negative tumors (p = 0.02). Low Cyclin D1 levels correlated with clinical tumor stage 1-3 (p = 0.03). Among patients with HR-positive/Her2-negative tumors and high Cyclin D1 expression, a better disease-free survival (DFS) was graphically suggested, but not significant (p = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a measurable nuclear expression of Cyclin D1 in post-neoadjuvant residual tumor tissue of HR-positive BC. Cyclin D1 expression was not prognostic for DFS after NACT. Our results and defined cut-off suggest that the marker can be used to stratify tumors according to protein expression levels. Based on this, a prospective evaluation is currently performed in the ongoing Penelope-B trial.

Bleeding and liver transplantation outcomes in haemophilia.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is the major cause of end-stage liver disease and the major indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) in individuals with haemophilia. AIM: To assess the epidemiology and outcomes of OLTx in U.S. haemophilia patients. METHODS: We investigated haemophilia liver transplant recipients between 1993 and 2012, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, identified by ICD9 code 50.59. RESULTS: Of the 11 267 (weighted n = 54 691) patients undergoing OLTx, 44 (0.4%; weighted n = 213) had haemophilia. Those with haemophilia were more likely than non-haemophilic OLTx recipients to have bleeding complications (45.3% vs. 31.5%, P = 0.009) and hypovolemic shock (7.0% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.0001). They also had a significantly higher incidence of HIV (24.8% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.005), hepatitis B (16.2% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.04) and vitamin K deficiency (2.1% vs. 0.02%, P < 0.001). In spite of these differences, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality between haemophilic and non-haemophilic recipients (6.8% vs. 6.2%, P = 0.9). In multivariate logistic regression, bleeding complications in haemophilia increased the risk of in-hospital mortality by more than 3-fold (P < 0.0001), and disseminated intravascular coagulation increased the risk of bleeding complications in haemophilic recipients by over 10-fold (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding complications are common in haemophilia OLTx recipients. Thus, aggressive correction of coagulation defects in this group may be a medically sound approach to reduce complications and mortality associated with OLTx.

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid and that of tranexamic acid local infiltration with microinjections in patients with melasma: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used orally, intravenously, topically and intradermally (microinjection, microneedling) for treating melasma. However, the comparative efficacy of these different routes of administration remains underevaluated. AIM: To ascertain the comparative efficacy of different routes of administration of TXA. METHODS: In total, 100 consecutive patients with melasma (8 men, 92 women, age range 18-55 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups comprising 50 patients each. Group A (3 men, 47 women) received oral TXA 250 mg twice daily, while group B (5 men, 45 women) received intradermal microinjections of TXA 4 mg/mL every 4 weeks. The treatment continued for 12 weeks in both groups. Percentage reduction in baseline Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) was assessed at 4-week intervals, and response was scored as very good (> 75% reduction), good (50% to < 75% reduction), moderate (25% to < 50% reduction), mild (< 25% reduction) or no response. RESULTS: The study was completed by 39 patients in group A and 41 patients in group B. Very good response was seen in 25 and 32 patients in groups A and B, respectively, while good response was seen in 14 and 9 patients, respectively. Both treatment methods were equally effective, with an average reduction of MASI at 12 weeks of 77.96 ± 9.39 in group A and 79.00 ± 9.64 in group B. The main adverse effects were mild epigastric discomfort, hypomenorrhea, headache and injection site pain, which did not warrant discontinuation of treatment. Two patients in group A had relapses at 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: TXA appears to be an effective and safe treatment for melasma, irrespective of its route of administration.

Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Children Living with HIV in South India.

Adherence to ART, fundamental to treatment success, has been poorly studied in India. Caregivers of children attending HIV clinics in southern India were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Adherence was assessed using a visual analogue scale representing past-month adherence and treatment interruptions >48 h during the past 3 months. Clinical features, correlates of adherence and HIV-1 viral-load were documented. Based on caregiver reports, 90.9 % of the children were optimally adherent. In multivariable analysis, experiencing ART-related adverse effects was significantly associated with suboptimal adherence (p = 0.01). The proportion of children who experienced virological failure was 16.5 %. Virological failure was not linked to suboptimal adherence. Factors influencing virological failure included running out of medications (p = 0.002) and the child refusing to take medications (p = 0.01). Inclusion of drugs with better safety profiles and improved access to care could further enhance outcomes.

Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS)-guided biopsy is safe and effective in diagnosing peritoneal carcinomatosis and recurrent pelvic malignancy.

AIM: To assess safety and accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS)-guided biopsy in achieving a diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study comprising a cohort of 54 consecutive women aged 18-85 years referred from the gynaecological oncology multidisciplinary team meeting (MDTM) who attended for TVUS-guided biopsy procedures in a tertiary oncology centre over a 4-year period (2010-2014). Clinicopathological validation was assessed using online patient records and radiological information systems. An independent oncologist assessed patient outcomes. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all 19 patients with suspected recurrent malignancy with diagnosis validated against previous histology. Successful histological confirmation was achieved in 31 of 35 patients with suspected PC, which was thereafter validated by histology from subsequent surgery and favourable response to site-specific therapies (n=22). In three patients with suspected PC, the procedure did not result in biopsy as a suitable target could not be identified. Another woman had two false-negative biopsies. Thus overall a site-specific and subtype cancer diagnosis was obtained for 50 women giving an overall patient success rate of 93% (50/54). There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: TVUS core biopsy is a safe, effective, well-tolerated, and valuable technique in modern oncological management of PC when other diagnostic options are unavailable.

Profile of Rheumatological Manifestations in Leprosy in a Tertiary Care Hospital from Himachal Pradesh.

The rheumatological manifestations of leprosy occur singly or in varying combinations, particularly during lepra reactions. Despite being third most common, these remain under diagnosed and under reported. This study has been carried out to study the spectrum of rheumatological manifestations in leprosy patients. One hundred consecutive patients of leprosy presenting during January to December 2013 were studied for rheumatological manifestations. Complete hemogram, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, rheumatoid factor, ASO titer, C-reactive protein, ANA, and x-rays for hands, feet, chest and involved joints were performed. These 100 (M:F 66:34) patients aged between 16-80 years had indeterminate (2 patients), TT (4 patients), BT (26 patients), BB (2 patients), and LL leprosy (32 patients). 27 patients had rheumatological manifestations; arthritis involving large or small joints in 23 patients being the commonest. 7 of 24 patients in type-1 lepra reaction had enthesitis in 3 patients and oligoarthritis in 4 patients. Rheumatoid arthritis-like polyarthritis was noted in 19 patients with type-2 reaction. Tenosynovitis, dactylitis, bony changes were also noted. Except for one case, these features were present in patients having lepra reactions. Rheumatoid factor in 14, ANA in 15, C-reactive protein in 45 cases was positive. ASO was positive 34 cases. Symmetrical polyarthritis involving small joints of hands and feet, oligoarthritis, enthesitis and dactylitis are common in leprosy particularly with borderline leprosy, type-2 lepra reaction especially in the presence of positive RAfactor.

Bilateral femoral neck stress fractures in military recruits with unilateral hip pain.

Femoral neck stress fractures are rare and can be easily missed and failure to diagnose these injuries early can lead to avascular necrosis, malunion and osteoarthritis. It is important to have a high index of suspicion for femoral neck stress fractures in military recruits. We present three cases of bilateral femoral neck fractures in military recruits, all presenting with unilateral hip symptoms and signs. All the asymptomatic contralateral hips had femoral neck stress fractures diagnosed by screening MRI. Tension type and displaced femoral neck fractures were treated surgically. All the fractures managed healing without complications. Military recruits with unilateral groin pain should have an early referral for MRI hip to rule out femoral neck stress fractures and those military personnel with ipsilateral femoral neck fracture should have MRI of the contralateral hip. Two of the patients had vitamin D deficiency, of which one had elevated parathyroid hormones and low bone mineral density. Our case series highlights the significance of vitamin D deficiency among military recruits.

Survival after adding capecitabine and trastuzumab to neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy for primary breast cancer (GBG 40--GeparQuattro).

BACKGROUND: The GeparQuattro study showed that adding capecitabine or prolonging the duration of anthracycline-taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 24 to 36 weeks did not increase pathological complete response (pCR) rates. Trastuzumab-treated patients with HER2-positive disease showed a higher pCR rate than patients with HER2-negative disease treated with chemotherapy alone. We here present disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) analyses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 1495) with cT ≥ 3 tumors, or negative hormone-receptor status, or positive hormone-receptor and clinically node-positive disease received four times epirubicin/cyclophosphamide and were thereafter randomly assigned to four times docetaxel (Taxotere), or four times docetaxel/capecitabine over 24 weeks, or four times docetaxel followed by capecitabine over 36 weeks. Patients with HER2-positive tumors received 1 year of trastuzumab, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle. Follow-up was available for a median of 5.4 years. RESULTS: Outcome was not improved for patients receiving capecitabine (HR 0.92; P = 0.463 for DFS and HR 93; P = 0.618 for OS) as well as for patients receiving 36 weeks of chemotherapy (HR 0.97; P = 0.818 for DFS and HR 0.97; P = 0.825 for OS). Trastuzumab-treated patients with HER2-positive disease showed similar DFS (P = 0.305) but a significantly better adjusted OS (P = 0.040) when compared with patients with HER2-negative disease treated with chemotherapy alone. Recorded long-term cardiac toxicity was low. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results, similar to the results of pCR, do not support the use of capecitabine in the neoadjuvant setting in addition to an anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy. However, the results support previous data showing a benefit of trastuzumab as predicted by higher pCR rates.

Evaluation of Mucin-1 protein and mRNA expression as prognostic and predictive markers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Mucin-1 (MUC1) is a promising antigen for the development of tumor vaccines. We evaluated the frequency of MUC1 expression and its impact on therapy response and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pre-treatment core biopsies of patients from the GeparTrio neoadjuvant trial (NCT 00544765) were evaluated for MUC1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC; N = 691) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR; N = 286) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. RESULTS: MUC1 protein and mRNA was detectable in the majority of cases and was associated with hormone-receptor-positive status (P < 0.001). High MUC1 protein and mRNA expression were associated with lower probability of pathologic complete response (P = 0.017 and P < 0.001) and with longer patient survival (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, MUC1 protein and mRNA expression were independently predictive (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001). MUC1 protein and mRNA expression were independently prognostic for overall survival (P = 0.029 and P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: MUC1 is frequently expressed in breast cancer and detectable on mRNA and protein level from FFPE tissue. It provides independent predictive information for therapy response and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In clinical immunotherapy trials, MUC1 expression may serve as a predictive marker.

Ki67 levels as predictive and prognostic parameters in pretherapeutic breast cancer core biopsies: a translational investigation in the neoadjuvant GeparTrio trial.

BACKGROUND: The proliferation marker Ki67 has been suggested as a promising cancer biomarker. As Ki67 needs an exact quantification, this marker is a prototype of a new generation of tissue-based biomarkers. In this study, we have systematically evaluated different cut points for Ki67 using three different clinical end points in a large neoadjuvant study cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have evaluated pretherapeutic Ki67 levels by immunohistochemistry in 1166 breast cancer core biopsies from the neoadjuvant GeparTrio trial. We used the standardized cutoff-finder algorithm for three end points [response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (pCR), disease-free (DFS) and overall-survival (OS)]. The analyses were stratified for hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status by molecular subtype radar diagrams (MSRDs). RESULTS: A wide range of Ki67 cut points between 3%-94% (for pCR), 6%-46% (for DFS) and 4%-58% (for OS) were significant. The three groups of Ki67 ≤ 15% versus 15.1%-35% versus >35% had pCR-rates of 4.2%, 12.8%, and 29.0% (P < 0.0005), this effect was also present in six of eight molecular subtypes. In MSRD, Ki67 was significantly linked to prognosis in uni- and multivariate analysis in the complete cohort and in HR-positive, but not triple-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Ki67 is a significant predictive and prognostic marker over a wide range of cut points suggesting that data-derived cut point optimization might not be possible. Ki67 could be used as a continuous marker; in addition, the scientific community could define standardized cut points for Ki67. Our analysis explains the variability observed for Ki67 cut points in previous studies; however, this should not be seen as weakness, but as strength of this marker. MSRDs are an easy new approach for visualization of biomarker effects on outcome across molecular subtypes in breast cancer. The experience with Ki67 could provide important information regarding the development and implementation of other quantitative biomarkers.

Dietary pattern of schoolgoing adolescents in urban Baroda, India.

Diet plays a very important role in growth and development of adolescents, during which the development of healthy eating habits is of supreme importance. There is a dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in this age-group. The study assessed the food habits, food preferences, and dietary pattern of schoolgoing urban adolescents in Baroda, India. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. A quantitative survey was carried out using a pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire among 1,440 students from class 6 to 12 in 7 English medium and 23 Gujarati medium schools. Focus group discussions, 5 each with adolescent boys and girls, were held, along with 5 focus group discussions with teachers of Gujarati and English medium schools. Nearly 80% of adolescents had consumed regular food, like dal, rice, chapati, and vegetables, including green leafy vegetables. Nearly 50% of them had consumed chocolates, and about one-third consumed fast foods. Nearly 60% of adolescents had their breakfast daily while the remaining missed taking breakfast daily. Nearly one-third of adolescents were missing a meal once or twice a week. A large majority had consumed regular foods. However, more than half of them had consumed chocolates, soft drinks, and over one-third had taken fast foods.

Light-activated porphyrin-based formulations to inactivate bacterial spores.

AIM: The objective of this study was to develop porphyrin-based formulations to inactivate Bacillus spores. We probed the effect of porphyrins alone and in combination with germinants against both Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis spores in the presence of light. METHODS AND RESULTS: We tested the effect of two different porphyrins, amine-modified protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and meso-tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate (TMP). Treatment with the porphyrins alone did not significantly influence spore viability. However, when spores were pretreated with a solution containing the germinants, l-alanine and inosine, the spore viability dropped by as much as 4.5 logs in the presence of light. The extent of inactivation depended on the germination conditions and the type of porphyrin used, with TMP being more effective. CONCLUSION: Porphyrins can be used effectively in combination with germinants to inactivate Bacillus spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results of this study provide evidence that porphyrins can be used to inactivate Bacillus spores in the presence of germinants and light irradiation. This finding may be general and may be extended to spores of other pathogens.

Prevalence of dental fluorosis & dental caries in association with high levels of drinking water fluoride content in a district of Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Endemic fluorosis resulting from high fluoride concentration in groundwater is a major public health problem in India. This study was carried out to measure and compare the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in the population residing in high and normal level of fluoride in their drinking water in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Vadodara district, six of the 261 villages with high fluoride level and five of 1490 with normal fluoride level in drinking water were selected. The data collection was made by house-to-house visits twice during the study period. RESULTS: The dental fluorosis prevalence in high fluoride area was 59.31 per cent while in normal fluoride area it was 39.21 per cent. The prevalence of dental caries in high fluoride area was 39.53 per cent and in normal fluoride area was 48.21 per cent with CI 6.16 to 11.18. Dental fluorosis prevalence was more among males as compared to females. Highest prevalence of dental fluorosis was seen in 12-24 yr age group. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The risk of dental fluorosis was higher in the areas showing more fluoride content in drinking water and to a lesser degree of dental caries in the same area. High fluoride content is a risk factor for dental fluorosis and problem of dental fluorosis increased with passage of time suggesting that the fluoride content in the water has perhaps increased over time. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm the findings.

Hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension and socioeconomic position in eastern Nepal.

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to evaluate differences between urban and rural Nepali populations in terms of hyperglycemia, socioeconomic position (SEP) and hypertension, through a community based survey in Sunsari District, eastern Nepal. Blood glucose levels were measured in participants (N = 2,006) S30 years old from urban and rural communities and were classified according to WHO criteria (1998) into normoglycemia (NGY), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and hyperglycemia (HGY). SEP was assessed by structured health interview along with anthropometric measurements and behavioral variables. Hypertension was classified per Joint National Committee (JNC-VII) criteria. Ten point three percent and 11.9% of subjects in this survey (13.3% urban and 11.0% rural) gave a family history and personal history of diabetes mellitus, respectively. Of urban participants (n = 736) with no history of diabetes 70 (9.5%) had HGY and 143 (19.4%) had glucose intolerance (IFG and IGT). Of rural participants (n = 1,270) 114 (9.0%) had HGY and 176 (13.9%) had glucose intolerance. There was an increasing trend in numbers of cases of hyperglycemia and intolerance with increasing age (chi2 198.2, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (chi2 35.1, p < 0.001), SEP (chi2 48.5, p < 0.001) and hypertension (chi2 130.6, p < 0.001). Rural participants had a lower odds ratio [0.706; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.455-1.096] of having hyperglycemia than urban participants. Individuals with medium and higher SEP had a lower odds ratio (0.878; CI 0.543-1.868) and higher odds ratio (1.405; CI 0.798-2.474), respectively, compared to individuals with lower SEP of having HGY. Both urban and rural populations are at risk for hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Individuals having a medium SEP had lower risk of diabetes mellitus than individuals from lower and higher SEP.

Changing demography of homeless adult populations.

As the demographic characteristics of the US population have changed over the past decade, the characteristics of different homeless populations have changed as well. This study tracked changes in demographic characteristics of homeless adult, veteran, and healthcare service user populations against general adult and veteran populations from 2007-2017. The results showed that changing demographics of homeless populations largely reflected broader trends in the general population, and attention is needed on the clinical needs of aging homeless populations. There may be some unique changes in the demography of some homeless populations, such as younger homeless veterans seeking healthcare services.