ALK Inhibitors or Chemotherapy for Third Line in ALK-positive NSCLC? Real-world Data.

OBJECTIVES: ALK inhibitors (ALKi) are the standard-of-care treatment for metastatic ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the first- and second-line setting. We conducted a real-world multi-institutional analysis, aiming to compare the efficacy of third-line ALKi versus chemotherapy in these patients. METHODS: Consecutive ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC patients treated with at least one ALKi were identified in the working databases of 7 Israeli oncology centers (the full cohort). Demographic and clinical data were collected. Patients receiving any systemic treatment beyond 2 ALKi comprised the third-line cohort, whether a third ALKi (group A) or chemotherapy (group B). Groups A and B were compared in terms of overall survival (OS) and time-to-next-treatment line (TNT). RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 41 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32-55), 80 (47.1%) have died. Median OS (mOS) in the full cohort (n = 170) was 52 months (95% CI: 32-65). Number of ALKi (hazard ratio [HR] 0.765; 95% CI: 0.61-0.95; P = .024) and age (HR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04, P = .009) significantly associated with OS in the full cohort. The third-line cohort included 40 patients, of which 27 were treated with third ALKi (group A) and 13 treated with chemotherapy (group B). mOS from third-line initiation was 27 months in group A (95% CI: 13-NR) and 13 months for group B (95% CI: 3-NR); the difference was not significant (NS; P = .12). Chemotherapy as first line (HR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.05-0.52, P = .002) and a higher number of ALKi (HR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20-0.86, P = .011) associated significantly with longer OS of the third-line cohort. TNT was 10 months for group A (95% CI: 5-19) and 3 months for group B (95% CI: 0-NR); the difference was NS (P = .079). CONCLUSION: We report mature real-world data of more than 4-year mOS in ALK-positive patients. The number of ALKi given was associated with a better outcome. OS and TNT demonstrated a statistically nonsignificant trend for a better outcome in patients receiving a third-line ALKi.

Sidedness Matters: Surrogate Biomarkers Prognosticate Colorectal Cancer upon Anatomic Location.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic location of primary tumors across the colon correlate with survival in the metastatic setting, whereas left-sided tumors may exhibit superior survival compared with right-sided tumors. The Oncotype Recurrence Score (RS) assay is a clinically validated predictor of recurrence risk in patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous studies had indicated that without adjuvant chemotherapy, CDX2-negative stage II CRC tumors are associated with a lower rate of disease-free survival than CDX2-positive stage II CRC tumors. We aimed to evaluate whether these two validated prognostic biomarkers may correlate with primary tumor location, and whether tumor location may reflect differential prognosis in stage II CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with T3 mismatch repair-proficient (MMR-P) stage II CRC for whom RS assay was performed. Pathological report was reviewed for exact primary tumor location and CDX2 immunostaining. RS and CDX2 expression were correlated with primary tumor location. RESULTS: The analysis included 1,147 patients with MMR-P stage II CRC (median age 69 years [range 29-93]). Tumor distribution across the colon was as follows: 46% (n = 551) were right-sided and 54% (n = 596) were left-sided. RS was higher in right-sided tumors (p = .01). The RS results gradually decreased across the colon (cecum, highest score; sigmoid, lowest score; p = .04). Right-sided tumors exhibited more CDX2-negative tumors (p = .07). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that right-sided colorectal tumors may display worse prognosis compared with left-sided tumors in MMR-P stage II CRC. Primary tumor location may serve as a prognostic factor that should be taken into account for recurrence risk assessment and consideration of adjuvant treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Sidedness matters, even in stage II colorectal cancer (CRC). Using two previously established prognostic tools, the Oncotype DX assay and CDX2 expression, this study found that right-sided tumors may display worse prognosis compared with left-sided tumors in mismatch repair-proficient stage II CRC. Therefore, primary tumor location should be taken into account for recurrence risk assessment and consideration of adjuvant treatment.

Impact of the 12-Gene Colon Cancer Assay on Clinical Decision Making for Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the 12-gene Colon Cancer Recurrence Score Assay-a clinically validated prognosticator in stage II colon cancer after surgical resection-on adjuvant treatment decisions in T3 mismatch repair proficient (MMR-P) stage II colon cancer in clinical practice. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included all patients with T3 MMR-P stage II colon cancer (Clalit Health Services members) with Recurrence Score results (time frame January 2011 to May 2012). Treatment recommendations pretesting were compared with the treatments received. Changes were categorized as decreased (to observation alone/removing oxaliplatin from the therapy) or increased (from observation alone/adding oxaliplatin to the therapy) intensity. RESULTS: The analysis included 269 patients; 58%, 32%, and 10% of the values were in the low (<30), intermediate (30-40), and high (≥41) score groups, respectively. In 102 patients (38%), treatment changed post-testing (decreased/increased intensity 76/26 patients). The overall impact was decreased chemotherapy use (45.0% to 27.9%; P < 0.001). Treatment changes occurred in all score groups, but more frequently in the high (change rate 63.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 42.3%-80.6%) than in the intermediate (30.6%; 95% CI 21.0%-41.5%) and low (37.6%; 95% CI 30.0%-45.7%) score groups. The direction of the change was consistent with the assay result, with increased intensity more common in higher score values and decreased intensity more common in lower score values. CONCLUSIONS: Testing significantly affected adjuvant treatment in T3 MMR-P stage II colon cancer in clinical practice. The study is limited by its design, which compared treatment recommendations pretesting to actual treatments received post-testing, lack of a control group, and nonassessment of confounding factors that may have affected treatment decisions.

[THE CURRENT APPROACH TO ADVANCED LUNG CANCER].

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a subtype of lung cancer and accounts for approximately 80% of lung cancer cases. For several years, chemotherapy treatment was the only optional treatment. The combination of two drugs - based on the platinum group, was the first line therapy. However the prognosis for patients with metastatic stage lung cancer is poor with a median survival time of 9-12 months. Recent studies of molecular biology in lung cancer have expanded our understanding of the processes involved in cancer. Subsequently developed targeted drugs operate on cancer cell mechanisms, such as antibodies and kinase inhibitors. However, the majority of patients with metastatic lung cancer still do not benefit from clinical therapy. One reason for this is the development of drug resistance. Today, the major focus is on the development of a personal pharmacological approach - targeted therapy. Progress has been made in the understanding of molecular biomarkers in the cell, due to the execution of many studies that incorporate the new treatments for these patients.

[THE CURRENT APPROACH TO METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA].

Renal cell carcinona is the most common kidney tumor. In Israel more than 600 cases are diagnosed annually. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma include obesity, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes; 20-30% of the patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease, and 70-80% of patients are diagnosed with an early non-metastatic tumor. The treatment of an early non-metastatic tumor is resection. At present, the role of adjuvant systemic therapy has not been established; 20-40% of the patients operated on for an early tumor will suffer from metastatic disease recurrence. The lungs are the most common site of metastases. Renal cell carcinoma is relatively refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. In the last decade, an improved understanding of the biology of the tumor, led to the development of biologic therapies targeting specific molecular mechanisms involved in the process of the disease, and a significant expansion of treatment horizon in these patients. The biologic therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma belong to two main groups: angiogenesis inhibitors (VEGF-R inhibitors like sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib and axitinib), and inhibitors of the mTOR protein (everolimus and temsirolimus). These biologic therapies led to a significant improvement in the patients' survival. Nonetheless, these therapies are associated with a unique profile of side effects like hypertension, mucositis, and hand-foot syndrome with VEGF-R inhibitors therapy, and non-infectious pneumonitis with mTOR inhibitors therapy. The present review will focus on the modern approach to metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Evaluation of peritoneal CEA levels following colorectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA) levels in the early postoperative period following a curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been previously studied. METHODS: Postoperative peritoneal fluids of 36 CRC patients followed by 24 benign colonic disease patients were evaluated for CEA levels and tumor cell presence. Serum CEA levels were also evaluated prior and after surgery. RESULTS: Although high postoperative pCEA levels were observed in some benign patients, more CRC patients exhibited significant elevation of postoperative pCEA (>5 ng/ml) compared to benign patients (50% vs. 23%, P = 0.039). Postoperative median pCEA levels of CRC patients were significantly higher compared to benign patients (5.4 vs. 2 ng/ml, P = 0.011). Specifically, pCEA levels in CRC patients were significantly elevated when measured during the first 24 hr after surgery. Postoperative pCEA levels were associated with colon tumor location compared to rectal location. However, no correlation was found with known risk factors for cancer recurrence or with serum CEA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative pCEA levels may be significantly elevated following a curative resection for CRC. Its significance within patient's prognostic evaluation remains to be studied. Inclusion of patient's follow-up data may reveal the significance of elevated pCEA levels following CRC resection.

Efficacy and Safety of ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Elderly Patients with Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Findings from the Real-Life Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) efficacy and safety in the elderly. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 53) with ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with an ALK TKI were identified through internal databases of three cancer centers and divided into groups A (< 65 years old; n = 34) and B (≥65 years old; n = 19). Progression-free survival (PFS), ALK TKI safety and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Uni- and multivariate PFS and OS analyses were performed. RESULTS: Crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib were administered in 94 and 100%, 35 and 31%, 38 and 52% of patients in groups A and B, respectively. The median PFS (months) was 5.4 (95% CI, 3.4-12.4) and 5.6 (95% CI, 2.5-14.7) with crizotinib (log-rank 0.0009, p = 0.9), 4.7 (95% CI, 1.0-11.5) and 23.0 (95% CI, 0.8-27.7) with ceritinib (log-rank 0.44, p = 0.5), and 21.2 (95% CI, 1.2 to not reached, NR) and 5.6 (95% CI, 0.5 to NR) with alectinib (log-rank 0.53, p = 0.5) in groups A and B, respectively. The median OS (months) comprised 29.8 (95% CI, 21.0 to NR) and 25.1 (95% CI, 10.8-53.6) in groups A and B, respectively (log-rank 0.57, p = 0.4). Age affected neither PFS nor OS. 19 and 37%, 50 and 40%, and 0 and 0% of patients in groups A and B, treated with crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib, respectively, developed high-grade adverse events. The treatment discontinuation rate was 9 and 21%, 16 and 60%, 0 and 0% with crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib in groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib treatments are associated with similar efficacy but different safety profiles; alectinib is associated with a lower rate of high-grade adverse events and a lower treatment discontinuation rate.

Efficacy and Safety of BRAF Inhibitors With or Without MEK Inhibitors in BRAF-Mutant Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Findings From a Real-Life Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Real-life comparative data on BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and BRAFi + MEK inhibitors (MEKi) combination in BRAF-mutant (BRAFm) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lacking. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive BRAFm advanced NSCLC patients (n = 58) treated in 9 Israeli centers in 2009-2018 were identified. These were divided according to mutation subtype and treatment into groups A1 (V600E, BRAFi; n = 5), A2 (V600E, BRAFi + MEKi; n = 15), A3 (V600E, no BRAFi; n = 7), B1 (non-V600E, BRAFi ± MEKi; n = 7), and B2 (non-V600E, no BRAFi; n = 23); one patient received both BRAFi and BRAFi + MEKi. Safety, objective response rate, progression-free survival with BRAFi ± MEKi, and overall survival were assessed. RESULTS: Objective response rate was 40%, 67%, and 33% in groups A1, A2, and B1, respectively (P = .5 for comparison between groups A1 and A2). In group B1, G469A and L597R mutations were associated with response to BRAFi + MEKi. Median progression-free survival was 1.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-5.3), 5.5 months (95% CI, 0.7-9.3), and 3.6 months (95% CI, 1.5-6.7) for groups A1, A2, and B1, respectively (log-rank for comparison between groups A1 and A2, P = .04). Median overall survival with BRAFi ± MEKi was 1.7 months (95% CI, 0.5-NR), 9.5 months (95% CI, 0.2-14.9), and 7.1 months (95% CI, 1.8-NR) in groups A1, A2, and B1, respectively (log-rank for comparison between groups A1 and A2, P = .6). Safety profiles differed slightly, and similar treatment discontinuation rates were observed with BRAFi and BRAFi + MEKi. CONCLUSION: In the real-life setting, activity and safety of BRAFi + MEKi in V600E BRAFm NSCLC are comparable to those observed in prospective clinical trials; the combination of BRAFi + MEKi is superior to monotherapy with a BRAFi. Further research should be done to explore the impact of BRAFi + MEKi treatment on the natural history of BRAFm NSCLC.

Inhibition of TNFα in peritoneal fluids of patients following colorectal resection attenuates the postoperative stress-related increase in colon cancer cell migration: A prospective, in vitro study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical trauma in patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection generates local and systemic inflammatory responses that can affect oncological outcomes. Post-operative peritoneal fluids of patients undergoing colorectal surgery increase the pro-malignant effect of cancer cells in vitro with correlation to elevated TNFα in these fluids. This study evaluated whether inhibiting TNFα in patients' postoperative fluid biopsies would attenuate this effect. METHODS: Peritoneal fluids from 53 patients undergoing colorectal surgery were sampled before and daily after surgery via intra-abdominal drains. Fluid biopsies were evaluated for their impact on the migration capacity of colon cancer cells and for cytokine levels. TNFα was inhibited using infliximab and cell migration was reevaluated. RESULTS: Colon cancer migration capacity was increased in postoperative fluid biopsies from all patients (P < 0.005) and was elevated compared to pre-resection levels. Infliximab attenuated this effect in >90%, decreasing migration capacity by 30% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of TNFα in postoperative peritoneal fluids attenuates the increase in cancer cell migration capacity generated following colorectal resection. These findings correlate with other studies suggesting that attenuation of the post-operative inflammatory response may have oncological benefit. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the effect of peri-operative TNFα inhibition in clinical settings.

BRAF Mutant Lung Cancer: Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression, Tumor Mutational Burden, Microsatellite Instability Status, and Response to Immune Check-Point Inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) in BRAF mutant NSCLC is unknown. METHODS: Multi-institutional retrospective chart review identified 39 patients with BRAF mutant NSCLC. The patients were divided into two groups: V600E (group A, n = 21) and non-V600E (group B, n = 18). Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability status were assessed in 29 (74%), 11 (28%), and 12 (31%) patients, respectively. Objective response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) with ICPi, and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS: High (≥50%), intermediate (1-49%), and no (<1%) PD-L1 expression was observed in 8 of 19 (42%), 6 of 19 (32%), 5 of 19 (26%), and 5 of 10 (50%), 1 of 10 (10%), and 4 of 10 (40%) cases in groups A and B, respectively. Two tumors in group A showed high TMB (25%); none were microsatellite instability status-high. Twenty-two patients (group A, n = 12; group B, n = 10) received ICPi. Objective response rate with ICPi was 25% and 33% in groups A and B, respectively (p = 1.0). Median PFS with ICPi was 3.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-6.6), and 4.1 months (95% CI: 0.1-19.6) in groups A and B, respectively (log-rank test = 0.81, p = 0.37). Neither BRAF mutation type nor PD-L1 expression affected the response probability/PFS. Median overall survival was not reached (95% CI: 13-NR) and comprised 21.1 months (95% CI: 1.8-NR) for patients who were and were not exposed to ICPi, respectively (log-rank test = 5.58, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: BRAF mutant NSCLC is associated with high level of PD-L1 expression, low/intermediate TMB and microsatellite-stable status. ICPi have favorable activity both in BRAF V600E and BRAF non-V600E mutant NSCLC.

Treatment of neuroblastoma using the fused imaging guided radiotherapy (FIGURA) system.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe our department's experience with the fused imaging-guided radiotherapy (FIGURA) system for planning radiation treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2002, 11 patients received radiation therapy as consolidation after chemotherapy in 9 and for palliation in 2. Diagnostic metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging was used, which is specific for neuroblastoma, to identify the residual tumor, followed by computed tomography scanning in the radiation treatment position. The FIGURA software fused the images obtained by the 2 modalities and transferred the result to a 3-dimensional radiation treatment planning system. Radiation was delivered at a total dose of 25.2 Gy according to the FIGURA. RESULTS: Five patients achieved complete remission and 2 partial remission; 3 were stabilized. One child with a highly rapid progressive course died of the disease. CONCLUSION: FIGURA is a new, feasible technique for defining target volumes. By using standard hospital equipment, it is possible to treat residual disease identified by sensitive metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging and localized with the anatomic computed tomography scan. Treating a more accurate target volume spares normal tissue and organs and minimizes side effects.

Postcolectomy Peritoneal Environment Increases Colon Cancer Cell Migration Capacity.

Background. Clinical data and animal models support an association between postoperative inflammatory response and the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence. Our aim was to evaluate postoperative peritoneal inflammation and its impact on cultured colon cancer cells' migration capacity. Methods. 23 patients undergoing elective colorectal resection with uneventful recovery were prospectively enrolled. Patients were operated on for both malignant and benign etiologies. Peritoneal fluids collected at surgery initiation and after surgery were evaluated for their effect on migration potential of human colon cancer cells using an in vitro scratch assay and on TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 levels using bead-based fluorokine-linked multianalyte profiling. Results. Postoperative peritoneal fluid from all patients increased the migration capacity of colon cancer cells compared to preoperative levels. This effect was significant during the first two postoperative days and decreased thereafter. The increase in colon cancer cell migration capacity correlated with increased levels of peritoneal TNF-α and IL-10. Conclusion. In this pilot study, we have demonstrated that the intraperitoneal environment following colorectal resection significantly enhances colon cancer cells migration capacity. This effect is associated with postoperative intra-abdominal cytokines level. A larger scale study in colorectal cancer patients is needed in order to correlate these findings with perioperative parameters and clinical outcome.

Cancer disease predictive diagnosis: BAT/CD3-positive lymphocytes in cancer patients.

BAT is an immune-activating monoclonal antibody produced against Daudi cell membranes and selected for stimulating lymphocyte proliferation. The anti-tumor activity of BAT is related to its immunostimulatory properties. Both T and NK cells mediate the anti-tumor activity of BAT. CD4-positive T cells respond to BAT activation by proliferation and INF-gamma production. The aim of the study was to assess the probability that the BAT monoclonal antibody binding capacity to T cells is a marker for different cancers. Human peripheral blood T cells from colon, breast and prostate cancer patients, as well as healthy volunteer donors, were tested for the percentage of binding to BAT mAb (BAT/CD3 cells) by FACS analysis. All patients were tested before undergoing surgery or treatment, and their diagnosis was confirmed by histology. The results showed that the percentage of BAT monoclonal antibody binding to CD3-positive T cells in the peripheral blood was different in cancer patients with diverse tumor types. We found that lymphocytes from the blood of healthy donors contained 25% BAT/CD3 cells. In colon and breast cancer patients, a significant decrease to 13 and 11% of BAT/CD3 cells was found. In contrast, these cells increased ><50% in patients with prostate cancer. These findings may have a potential diagnostic significance and also assist in the evaluation of strategies for the therapeutic use of BAT for different cancer patients.

Randomized phase II study comparing two schedules of everolimus in patients with recurrent/metastatic breast cancer: NCIC Clinical Trials Group IND.163.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, in two different schedules in minimally pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer and to explore for possible biologic correlates of response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who received no or one prior chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer were entered onto this multicenter, noncomparative, randomized phase II study of everolimus 10 mg daily versus 70 mg weekly; the multinomial end points of response and progression were evaluated at 8 weeks. A two-stage accrual design was used, with 15 evaluable patients in each schedule in stage 1. Only daily therapy met criteria for continuing, and another 15 patients were added. pAKT, PTEN, carbonic anhydrase 9, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) were evaluated for possible correlation with response. RESULTS: The most common drug-related toxicities were fatigue, rash, anorexia, diarrhea, stomatitis, cough, and pneumonitis. Pneumonitis occurred at higher than expected rates and seemed to be schedule dependent, with the highest incidence on the daily schedule. Response rate with daily therapy was 12% (95% CI, 3.4% to 28.2%) compared with 0% (95% CI, 0.0% to 20.6%) for weekly therapy. Twenty-seven percent of patients on daily therapy discontinued treatment compared with 13% on weekly therapy (16% v 6% with pneumonitis, respectively). No biologic correlates of response could be identified, although there were trends favoring benefit in ER-positive and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Oral everolimus has activity in metastatic breast cancer that is schedule dependent. Daily therapy with 10 mg is worthy of further study in this patient population.