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The accent of the present study is determination of Urban Aerosol Pollution Island (UAPI) intensity and spatial variability in particulate matter concentration (PM10 and PM2.5) over Delhi. For analysis, the hourly concentration dataset of PM2.5 and PM10 from January 2019 to December 2020 was obtained from ten air quality monitoring stations of Delhi. Additionally, UAPI Index has been calculated to assess the intensity of particulate pollution. The daily, monthly, and annual variations in the trends of PM10, PM2.5, and UAPI index along with related meteorological parameters have been analyzed. Particulate pollution peaked majorly during two seasons, i.e., summer and winter. The highest concentration of PM10 was observed to be 426.77 µg/m3 while that of PM2.5 was observed to be 301.91 µg/m3 in January 2019 for traffic-affected regions. During winters, higher PM2.5 concentration was observed which can be ascribed to increased local emissions and enhanced secondary particle formations. While the increase in PM10 concentrations led to an increment in pollution episodes during summers over most of the sites in Delhi. The UAPI index was found to be declining in 2020 over traffic affected regions (77.92 and 27.22 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) as well as in the background regions (64.91 and 19.80 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) of Delhi. Low traffic intensity and reduced pollutant emission could have been responsible for the reduction of UAPI intensity in the year 2020. The result indicates that lockdown implemented to control the COVID-19 outbreak led to an unexpected decrease in the PM10 pollution over Delhi.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , COVID-19 , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , COVID-19/epidemiología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Polvo/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , India , Material Particulado/análisis , Aerosoles y Gotitas Respiratorias , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Age is a critical risk factor for many neurologic conditions, including progressive multiple sclerosis. Yet the mechanisms underlying the relationship are unknown. Using lysolecithin-induced demyelinating injury to the mouse spinal cord, we characterized the acute lesion and investigated the mechanisms of increased myelin and axon damage with age. We report exacerbated myelin and axon loss in middle-aged (8-10 months of age) compared with young (6 weeks of age) female C57BL/6 mice by 1-3 d of lesion evolution in the white matter. Transcriptomic analysis linked elevated injury to increased expression of Cybb, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase gp91phox. Immunohistochemistry in male and female Cx3cr1CreER/+:Rosa26tdTom/+ mice for gp91phox revealed that the upregulation in middle-aged animals occurred primarily in microglia and not infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages. Activated NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen species and elevated oxidative damage was corroborated by higher malondialdehyde immunoreactivity in lesions from middle-aged compared with young mice. From a previously conducted screen for generic drugs with antioxidant properties, we selected the antihypertensive CNS-penetrant medication indapamide for investigation. We report that indapamide reduced superoxide derived from microglia cultures and that treatment of middle-aged mice with indapamide was associated with a decrease in age-exacerbated lipid peroxidation, demyelination and axon loss. In summary, age-exacerbated acute injury following lysolecithin administration is mediated in part by microglia NADPH oxidase activation, and this is alleviated by the CNS-penetrant antioxidant, indapamide.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Age is associated with an increased risk for the development of several neurologic conditions including progressive multiple sclerosis, which is represented by substantial microglia activation. We demonstrate that in the lysolecithin demyelination model in young and middle-aged mice, the latter group developed greater acute axonal and myelin loss attributed to elevated oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase in lineage-traced microglia. We thus used a CNS-penetrant generic medication used in hypertension, indapamide, as we found it to have antioxidant properties in a previous drug screen. Following lysolecithin demyelination in middle-aged mice, indapamide treatment was associated with decreased oxidative stress and axon/myelin loss. We propose indapamide as a potential adjunctive therapy in aging-associated neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Axones/patología , Indapamida/farmacología , Microglía/metabolismo , Vaina de Mielina/patología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/genética , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Medicamentos Genéricos , Femenino , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/fisiología , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , NADPH Oxidasa 2/biosíntesis , NADPH Oxidasa 2/genética , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, race-based differences in efficacy for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been studied to date due to the underrepresentation of patients of minority backgrounds in pivotal trials. In the current study, the authors examined real-world differences in outcome in a diverse patient population. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with single-agent immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) between 2013 and July 2018 at Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Primary efficacy comparison between Black patients and White patients was performed using bivariate and multivariate analyses for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Data from 257 patients were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 69 years; 50.6% of the patients were female, 63.4% were White, 29.5% were Black, and 7.1% of the patients were of "other" race. ICB was the first-line treatment in 51 patients (19.9%), the second-line treatment in 161 patients (62.6%), and the third-line treatment in 33 patients (12.9%). The most commonly used agents were nivolumab (49.0%), pembrolizumab (25.2%), and atezolizumab (21.3%). No differences with regard to OS (P = .839) and PFS (P = .235) were noted between Black and White patients. The sample overall response rate was 20.6% (15.2% in Black patients and 23.1% in White patients). No differences with regard to OS (P = .081) and PFS (P = .176) were observed between female and male patients. The rate of immune-related adverse events was found to be similar in Black and White patients (20.0% vs 29.9%; P = .148). On multivariate analysis, race was not found to be significantly associated with OS or PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world analysis of the authors' institutional experience demonstrated similar efficacy and tolerability of ICB in Black versus White patients with advanced NSCLC. Larger multi-institutional studies including other US minority populations would make the findings of the current study more generalizable.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/mortalidad , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Femenino , Georgia , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/efectos adversos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of axonal regrowth and remyelination. More recently, they have also been highlighted as a modulator of macrophage infiltration into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We interrogated results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying in or close to genes regulating CSPG metabolism in the summary results from two publicly available systematic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics. A demyelinating injury model in the spinal cord of exostosin-like 2 deficient (EXTL2-/-) mice was used to investigate the effects of dysregulation of EXTL2 on remyelination. Cell cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons were supplemented with purified CSPGs or conditioned media to assess potential mechanisms of action. RESULTS: The strongest evidence for genetic association was seen for SNPs mapping to the region containing the glycosyltransferase exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2), an enzyme that normally suppresses CSPG biosynthesis. Six of these SNPs showed genome-wide significant evidence for association in one of the studies with concordant and nominally significant effects in the second study. We then went on to show that a demyelinating injury to the spinal cord of EXTL2-/- mice resulted in excessive deposition of CSPGs in the lesion area. EXTL2-/- mice had exacerbated axonal damage and myelin disruption relative to wild-type mice, and increased representation of microglia/macrophages within lesions. In tissue culture, activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from EXTL2-/- mice overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize CSPGs as a prominent modulator of neuroinflammation and they highlight CSPGs accumulating in lesions in promoting axonal injury.
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Proteoglicanos Tipo Condroitín Sulfato/metabolismo , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/genética , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple/metabolismo , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Remyelination following CNS demyelination restores rapid signal propagation and protects axons; however, its efficiency declines with increasing age. Both intrinsic changes in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population and extrinsic factors in the lesion microenvironment of older subjects contribute to this decline. Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for successful remyelination, releasing growth factors and clearing inhibitory myelin debris. Several studies have implicated delayed recruitment of macrophages/microglia into lesions as a key contributor to the decline in remyelination observed in older subjects. Here we show that the decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 of aging mouse microglia and human microglia in culture underlies their reduced phagocytic activity. Overexpression of CD36 in cultured microglia rescues the deficit in phagocytosis of myelin debris. By screening for clinically approved agents that stimulate macrophages/microglia, we have found that niacin (vitamin B3) upregulates CD36 expression and enhances myelin phagocytosis by microglia in culture. This increase in myelin phagocytosis is mediated through the niacin receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2). Genetic fate mapping and multiphoton live imaging show that systemic treatment of 9-12-month-old demyelinated mice with therapeutically relevant doses of niacin promotes myelin debris clearance in lesions by both peripherally derived macrophages and microglia. This is accompanied by enhancement of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers and by improved remyelination in the treated mice. Niacin represents a safe and translationally amenable regenerative therapy for chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Macrófagos/patología , Microglía/metabolismo , Niacina/metabolismo , Rejuvenecimiento/fisiología , Remielinización/fisiología , Animales , Axones/patología , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Humanos , Ratones Transgénicos , Microglía/patología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Fagocitosis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The article Niacinmediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system, written by Khalil S. Rawji, Adam M.H. Young, Tanay Ghosh, Nathan J. Michaels, Reza Mirzaei, Janson Kappen, Kathleen L. Kolehmainen, Nima Alaeiilkhchi, Brian Lozinski, Manoj K. Mishra, Annie Pu, Weiwen Tang, Salma Zein, Deepak K. Kaushik, Michael B. Keough, Jason R. Plemel, Fiona Calvert, Andrew J. Knights, Daniel J. Gaffney, Wolfram Tetzlaff, Robin J. M. Franklin and V. Wee Yong, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet.
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Environmental and hormonal factors are implicated in dysimmunity in multiple sclerosis. We investigated whether bisphenol-A, a prominent contaminant with endocrine-disrupting capabilities, altered susceptibility in an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. We found that gestational, but not adult, exposure to bisphenol-A increased the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adulthood in male, but not female, mice when a suboptimal disease-inducing immunization was used. Gestational bisphenol-A in male mice primed macrophages in adulthood and raised granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and neutrophil counts/activity postsuboptimal immunization. Neutralizing granulocyte-colony stimulating factor blocked susceptibility to disease in bisphenol-A mice. Early life exposure to bisphenol-A may represent an environmental consideration in multiple sclerosis.
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Autoinmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/toxicidad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental , Esclerosis Múltiple , Fenoles/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inducido químicamente , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Esclerosis Múltiple/inducido químicamente , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inmunología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/patologíaRESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis presents with profound changes in the network of molecules involved in maintaining central nervous system architecture, the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix components, particularly the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, have functions beyond structural support including their potential interaction with, and regulation of, inflammatory molecules. To investigate the roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in multiple sclerosis, we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in a time course study. We found that the 4-sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and the core protein of a particular family member, versican V1, were upregulated in the spinal cord of mice at peak clinical severity, correspondent with areas of inflammation. Versican V1 expression in the spinal cord rose progressively over the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A particular structure in the spinal cord and cerebellum that presented with intense upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans is the leucocyte-containing perivascular cuff, an important portal of entry of immune cells into the central nervous system parenchyma. In these inflammatory perivascular cuffs, versican V1 and the glycosaminoglycan side chains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were observed by immunohistochemistry within and in proximity to lymphocytes and macrophages as they migrated across the basement membrane into the central nervous system. Expression of versican V1 transcript was also documented in infiltrating CD45+ leucocytes and F4/80+ macrophages by in situ hybridization. To test the hypothesis that the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate leucocyte mobility, we used macrophages in tissue culture studies. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans significantly upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. Strikingly, and more potently than the toll-like receptor-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans increased the levels of several members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, which are implicated in the capacity of leucocytes to cross barriers. In support, the migratory capacity of macrophages in vitro in a Boyden chamber transwell assay was enhanced by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Finally, using brain specimens from four subjects with multiple sclerosis with active lesions, we found chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans to be associated with leucocytes in inflammatory perivascular cuffs in all four patients. We conclude that the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the perivascular cuff in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis boosts the activity and migration of leucocytes across the glia limitans into the central nervous system parenchyma. Thus, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans represent a new class of molecules to overcome in order to reduce the inflammatory cascades and clinical severity of multiple sclerosis.
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Encéfalo/patología , Proteoglicanos Tipo Condroitín Sulfato/farmacología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Infiltración Neutrófila/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Espinal/patología , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Adyuvante de Freund/toxicidad , Laminina/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/patología , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/toxicidad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/toxicidad , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Versicanos/genética , Versicanos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that affects millions of people with high morbidity and health care costs. The precise etiology of IBD is unknown, but clear evidence suggests that intestinal inflammation is caused by an excessive immune response to mucosal antigens. Recent studies have shown that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppresses autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we investigated if a nontoxic ligand of AhR, 2-(1' H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE), can attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Our studies demonstrated that in mice that received ITE treatment in vivo, colitis pathogenesis, including a decrease in body weight, was significantly reversed along with the systemic and intestinal inflammatory cytokines. ITE increased the expression of Tregs in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and colon lamina propria lymphocytes (cLPL) of mice with colitis when compared with controls. This induction of Tregs was reversed by AhR antagonist treatment in vitro. ITE treatment also increased dendritic cells (CD11c+) and decreased macrophages (F4/80+) from the spleen, MLNs, and cLPL in mice with colitis. ITE also reversed the systemic and intestinal frequency of CD4+ T cells during colitis and suppressed inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and IL-1 as well as induced IL-10 levels. These findings suggest that ITE attenuates colitis through induction of Tregs and reduction in inflammatory CD4+ T cells and cytokines. Therefore, our work demonstrates that the nontoxic endogenous AhR ligand ITE may serve as a therapeutic modality to treat IBD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report the novel finding that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with the nontoxic ligand 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppresses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our data suggest that ITE diminishes colitis pathology through induction of Tregs; reduces inflammatory cytokines, inflammation score, and macrophage frequency; and induces DCs resulting in amelioration of colitis. Therefore, nontoxic endogenous ITE promotes the induction of Tregs and may be useful for the treatment of IBD.
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Colitis , Indoles , Interleucinas/inmunología , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Tiazoles , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/inmunología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Autoinmunidad/inmunología , Colitis/inmunología , Colitis/metabolismo , Indoles/inmunología , Indoles/farmacología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Ligandos , Ratones , Tiazoles/inmunología , Tiazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated on leukocytes in active lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Administration of anti-EMMPRIN Abs reduces the severity of EAE. Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with immune-modulatory properties that decreases the severity of EAE; it was recently found to attenuate the conversion from a first demyelinating event to clinically definite MS in a phase III trial. We investigated whether and how minocycline affects the expression of EMMPRIN on T cells in culture and in mice afflicted with EAE. EMMPRIN expression in cultures of mouse splenocytes or human PBMCs was elevated upon polyclonal T cell activation, and this was reduced by minocycline correspondent with decreased P-Akt levels. An established MS medication, IFN-ß, also diminished EMMPRIN levels on human cells whereas this was not readily observed for fingolimod or monomethylfumarate. In EAE-afflicted mice, minocycline treatment significantly reduced EMMPRIN levels on splenic lymphocytes at the presymptomatic (day 7) phase, and prevented the development of disease. Day 7 spleen transcripts from minocycline-treated EAE mice had a significantly lower MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, and significantly lower MCT-1 and CD98 levels, factors associated with EMMPRIN function. Day 16 (peak clinical severity) CNS samples from EAE mice had prominent representation of inflammatory perivascular cuffs, inflammatory molecules and EMMPRIN, and these were abrogated by minocycline. Overall, minocycline attenuated the activation-induced elevation of EMMPRIN on T cells in culture and in EAE mice, correspondent with reduced immune function and EAE CNS pathology.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Basigina/metabolismo , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Minociclina/uso terapéutico , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Basigina/genética , Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Clínicos Fase III como Asunto , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/prevención & control , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/farmacología , Fumaratos/farmacología , Humanos , Interferón beta/farmacología , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Maleatos/farmacología , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Minociclina/administración & dosificación , Minociclina/farmacología , Monocitos , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple/fisiopatología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Nitric oxide, a signaling molecule, inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding with cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in elevated production of reactive superoxide species (reactive oxygen and nitrogen) in the mitochondria and increased susceptibility to cell death. Generation of mitochondrial superoxide species can be suppressed by natural compounds such as resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol found in the skin of red fruits. In various cancer cells, resveratrol shows anti-oxidant and cancer preventive properties. Since, the effect of resveratrol on reactive superoxide species-independent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is not well illustrated; therefore, we investigated this phenomenon in TRAMP murine prostate cancer cells. To accomplish this, TRAMP cells were incubated with resveratrol, resveratrol + DETA-NONOate, DETA-NONOate (nitric oxide donor), resveratrol + L-NMMA, or L-NMMA (nitric oxide inhibitor) for 48 h, and reactive superoxide species in the mitochondria and culture supernatant were measured. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell viability, expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl2), γ-H2A.x, p53, and caspase-3 was determined. We found that resveratrol suppressed reactive superoxide species such as reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria and nitric oxide in culture supernatant when compared to the DETA-NONOate treatment and disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential. Resveratrol also reduced cell viability, altered the expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl2), and increased expression of γ-H2A.x (indicative marker of DNA fragmentation) and p53 (a critical DNA damage response protein). However, there was no appreciable modulation of the caspase-3. Therefore, our data suggest that resveratrol induces superoxide species-independent apoptosis and may act as a therapeutic agent against prostate cancer.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Estilbenos/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , ResveratrolRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which is thought to result from immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, leads to high morbidity and health care cost. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme crucially involved in the modulation of intestinal physiology through anandamide (AEA) and other endocannabinoids. Here we examined the effects of an FAAH inhibitor (FAAH-II), on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. Treatments with FAAH-II improved overall clinical scores by reversing weight loss and colitis-associated pathogenesis. The frequencies of activated CD4+ T cells in spleens, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), and colon lamina propiria (LP) were reduced by FAAH inhibition. Similarly, the frequencies of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK), and NKT cells in the PPs and LP of mice with colitis declined after FAAH blockade, as did concentrations of systemic and colon inflammatory cytokines. Microarray analysis showed that 26 miRNAs from MLNs and 217 from PPs had a 1.5-fold greater difference in expression after FAAH inhibition. Among them, 8 miRNAs were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to have anti-inflammatory properties. Pathway analysis demonstrated that differentially regulated miRNAs target mRNA associated with inflammation. Thus, FAAH-II ameliorates experimental colitis by reducing not only the number of activated T cells but also the frequency of macrophages, neutrophils, and NK/NKT cell, as well as inflammatory miRNAs and cytokine at effector sites in the colon. These studies demonstrate for the first time that FAAH-II inhibitor may suppress colitis through regulation of pro-inflammatory miRNAs expression.
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Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Colitis/prevención & control , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Animales , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/patología , Colon/patología , Sulfato de Dextran , Femenino , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/prevención & control , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Ageing of the central nervous system results in a loss of both grey and white matter, leading to cognitive decline. Additional injury to both the grey and white matter is documented in many neurological disorders with ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Accompanying neuronal and glial damage is an inflammatory response consisting of activated macrophages and microglia, innate immune cells demonstrated to be both beneficial and detrimental in neurological repair. This article will propose the following: (i) infiltrating macrophages age differently from central nervous system-intrinsic microglia; (ii) several mechanisms underlie the differential ageing process of these two distinct cell types; and (iii) therapeutic strategies that selectively target these diverse mechanisms may rejuvenate macrophages and microglia for repair in the ageing central nervous system. Most responses of macrophages are diminished with senescence, but activated microglia increase their expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while diminishing chemotactic and phagocytic activities. The senescence of macrophages and microglia has a negative impact on several neurological diseases, and the mechanisms underlying their age-dependent phenotypic changes vary from extrinsic microenvironmental changes to intrinsic changes in genomic integrity. We discuss the negative effects of age on neurological diseases, examine the response of senescent macrophages and microglia in these conditions, and propose a theoretical framework of therapeutic strategies that target the different mechanisms contributing to the ageing phenotype in these two distinct cell types. Rejuvenation of ageing macrophage/microglia may preserve neurological integrity and promote regeneration in the ageing central nervous system.
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Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Inmunosenescencia/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Microglía/inmunología , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Envejecimiento/patología , Animales , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Humanos , Macrófagos/patología , Microglía/patología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can result in neurodevelopmental disability, including cerebral palsy. The only treatment, hypothermia, provides incomplete neuroprotection. Hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are being explored for targeted delivery of therapy for HIE. Understanding the biodistribution of dendrimer-conjugated drugs into microglia, neurons and astrocytes after brain injury is essential for optimizing drug delivery. We conjugated N-acetyl-L-cysteine to Cy5-labeled PAMAM dendrimer (Cy5-D-NAC) and used a mouse model of perinatal HIE to study effects of timing of administration, hypothermia, brain injury, and microglial activation on uptake. Dendrimer conjugation delivered therapy most effectively to activated microglia but also targeted some astrocytes and injured neurons. Cy5-D-NAC uptake was correlated with brain injury in all cell types and with activated morphology in microglia. Uptake was not inhibited by hypothermia, except in CD68+ microglia. Thus, dendrimer-conjugated drug delivery can target microglia, astrocytes and neurons and can be used in combination with hypothermia for treatment of HIE.
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Acetilcisteína/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Dendrímeros/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/tratamiento farmacológico , Acetilcisteína/farmacocinética , Acetilcisteína/uso terapéutico , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Parálisis Cerebral/tratamiento farmacológico , Parálisis Cerebral/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/patología , Hipotermia Inducida , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/patología , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Ratones , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/patología , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
IL-15Rα is the widely expressed primary binding partner for IL-15. Because of the wide distribution in nonlymphoid tissues like skeletal muscle, adipose, or liver, IL-15/IL-15Rα take part in physiological and metabolic processes not directly related to immunity. In fast muscle, lack of IL-15Rα promotes an oxidative switch, with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and fatigue resistance. These effects are predicted to reproduce some of the benefits of exercise and, therefore, improve energy homeostasis. However, the direct effects of IL-15Rα on metabolism and obesity are currently unknown. We report that mice lacking IL-15Rα (IL-15Rα(-/-)) are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO). High-fat diet-fed IL-15Rα(-/-) mice have less body and liver fat accumulation than controls. The leaner phenotype is associated with increased energy expenditure and enhanced fatty acid oxidation by muscle mitochondria. Despite being protected against DIO, IL-15Rα(-/-) are hyperglycemic and insulin-resistant. These findings identify novel roles for IL-15Rα in metabolism and obesity.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Subunidad alfa del Receptor de Interleucina-15/metabolismo , Interleucina-15/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Glucemia , Composición Corporal , Temperatura Corporal , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Homeostasis , Insulina/metabolismo , Interleucina-15/genética , Subunidad alfa del Receptor de Interleucina-15/genética , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Obesidad/genética , TermografíaRESUMEN
To study regulatory T (Treg) cell control of chronic autoimmunity in a lymphoreplete host, we created and characterized a new model of autoimmune lung inflammation that targets the medium and small airways. We generated transgenic mice that express a chimeric membrane protein consisting of hen egg lysozyme and a hemoglobin epitope tag under the control of the Clara cell secretory protein promoter, which largely limited transgene expression to the respiratory bronchioles. When Clara cell secretory protein-membrane hen egg lysozyme/hemoglobin transgenic mice were crossed to N3.L2 TCR transgenic mice that recognize the hemoglobin epitope, the bigenic progeny developed dense, pseudo-follicular lymphocytic peribronchiolar infiltrates that resembled the histological pattern of follicular bronchiolitis. Aggregates of activated IFN-γ- and IL-17A-secreting CD4(+) T cells as well as B cells surrounded the airways. Lung pathology was similar in Ifng(-/-) and Il17a(-/-) mice, indicating that either cytokine is sufficient to establish chronic disease. A large number of Ag-specific Treg cells accumulated in the lesions, and Treg cell depletion in the affected mice led to an interstitial spread of the disease that ultimately proved fatal. Thus, Treg cells act to restrain autoimmune responses, resulting in an organized and controlled chronic pathological process rather than a progressive disease.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/inmunología , Bronquiolos/metabolismo , Bronquiolitis/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Movimiento Celular , Células Cultivadas , Enfermedad Crónica , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Hemoglobinas/genética , Humanos , Interferón gamma/genética , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Depleción Linfocítica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Muramidasa/genética , Especificidad de Órganos/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Uteroglobina/genéticaRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that affects millions of people worldwide, results in high morbidity and exorbitant health-care costs. The critical features of both innate and adaptive immunity are to control inflammation and dysfunction in this equilibrium is believed to be the reason for the development of IBD. miR-155, a microRNA, is up-regulated in various inflammatory disease states, including IBD, and is a positive regulator of T-cell responses. To date, no reports have defined a function for miR-155 with regard to cellular responses in IBD. Using an acute experimental colitis model, we found that miR-155(-/-) mice, as compared to wild-type control mice, have decreased clinical scores, a reversal of colitis-associated pathogenesis, and reduced systemic and mucosal inflammatory cytokines. The increased frequency of CD4+ lymphocytes in the spleen and lamina propria with dextran sodium sulphate induction was decreased in miR-155(-/-) mice. Similarly, miR-155 deficiency abrogated the increased numbers of interferon-γ expressing CD4+ T cells typically observed in wild-type mice in this model. The frequency of systemic and mucosal T helper type 17-, CCR9-expressing CD4+ T cells was also reduced in miR-155(-/-) mice compared with control mice. These findings strongly support a role for miR-155 in facilitating pro-inflammatory cellular responses in this model of IBD. Loss of miR-155 also results in decreases in T helper type 1/type 17, CD11b+) and CD11c+ cells, which correlated with reduced clinical scores and severity of disease. miR-155 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IBD.
Asunto(s)
Colitis/genética , Colitis/inmunología , MicroARNs/genética , Células TH1/inmunología , Células TH1/metabolismo , Células Th17/inmunología , Células Th17/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal , Antígeno CD11b/metabolismo , Antígeno CD11c/metabolismo , Colitis/sangre , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/patología , Citocinas/sangre , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Inmunofenotipificación , Recuento de Linfocitos , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Glycosylation of sterols, catalysed by sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs), improves the sterol solubility, chemical stability and compartmentalization, and helps plants to adapt to environmental changes. The SGTs in medicinal plants are of particular interest for their role in the biosynthesis of pharmacologically active substances. WsSGTL1, a SGT isolated from Withania somnifera, was expressed and functionally characterized in transgenic tobacco plants. Transgenic WsSGTL1-Nt lines showed an adaptive mechanism through demonstrating late germination, stunted growth, yellowish-green leaves and enhanced antioxidant system. The reduced chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence with decreased photosynthetic parameters were observed in WsSGTL1-Nt plants. These changes could be due to the enhanced glycosylation by WsSGTL1, as no modulation in chlorophyll biogenesis-related genes was observed in transgenic lines as compared to wildtype (WT) plants. Enhanced accumulation of main sterols like, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol in glycosylated form was observed in WsSGTL1-Nt plants. Apart from these, other secondary metabolites related to plant's antioxidant system along with activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT; two to fourfold) were enhanced in WsSGTL1-Nt as compared to WT. WsSGTL1-Nt plants showed significant resistance towards Spodoptera litura (biotic stress) with up to 27 % reduced larval weight as well as salt stress (abiotic stress) with improved survival capacity of leaf discs. The present study demonstrates that higher glycosylation of sterols and enhanced antioxidant system caused by expression of WsSGTL1 gene confers specific functions in plants to adapt under different environmental challenges.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Nicotiana/genética , Plantas Tolerantes a la Sal/genética , Transcriptoma , Withania/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Bioensayo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Conducta Alimentaria , Fluorescencia , Glicosilación , Hojas de la Planta , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Rutina , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Spodoptera , Estrés Fisiológico , Nicotiana/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotiana/fisiología , Withania/metabolismoRESUMEN
Intrauterine inflammation is associated with preterm birth and can lead to fetal neuroinflammation and neurobehavioral disorders in newborns. Dendrimers can intrinsically target and deliver drugs for the treatment of neuroinflammation. We explore whether hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (G4-OH)-based nanomedicines can be delivered to the fetus by intra-amniotic administration, in a mouse model of intrauterine inflammation. The time-dependent accumulation of G4-OH-fluorophore conjugate was quantified by fluorescence. These studies suggest that, after intra-amniotic administration, there is significant accumulation of dendrimer in the fetus gut and brain. In addition, there is some fetal-maternal transport of the dendrimer. Confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of G4-OH in the fetal brain, with a large accumulation in the brain blood vessels and the brain parenchyma, and some microglial uptake. We believe that intra-amniotic administration of G4-OH-drug nanomedicines may enable the treatment of diseases related to intrauterine inflammation and fetal neuroinflammation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Using a mouse model of intrauterin inflammation leading to neuroinflammation in the fetus, these investigators demonstrate that intra-amniotic delivery of hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (G4-OH)-based nanomedicines may provide an effective method in preventing this complication.
Asunto(s)
Amnios/metabolismo , Dendrímeros/administración & dosificación , Dendrímeros/farmacocinética , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Feto/metabolismo , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Vías de Administración de Medicamentos , Femenino , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Nacimiento Prematuro/tratamiento farmacológico , Nacimiento Prematuro/etiología , Nacimiento Prematuro/patología , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
Cancer remains a leading global cause of mortality, demanding early diagnosis and effective treatment. Traditional therapeutic methods often fall short due to their need for more specificity and systemic toxicity. In this challenging landscape, nanodiamonds (ND) emerge as a potential solution, mitigating the limitations of conventional approaches. ND are tiny carbon particles that mimic traditional diamonds chemical stability and hardness and harness nanomaterials' advantages. ND stands out for the unique properties that make them promising nanotheranostics candidates, combining therapeutic and imaging capabilities in one platform. Many of these applications depend on the design of the particle's surface, as the surface's role is crucial in transporting bioactive molecules, preventing aggregation, and building composite materials. This review delves into ND's distinctive features, structural and optical characteristics, and their profound relevance in advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment methods. The report delves into how these exceptional ND properties drive the development of state-of-the-art techniques for precise tumor targeting, boosting the effectiveness of chemotherapy as a chemosensitizer, harnessing immunotherapy strategies, facilitating precision medicine, and creating localized microfilm devices for targeted therapies.